COMMUNICATION AS A CAUSE AND SOLUTION TO SOCIAL CONFLICT
Larry Akhan
Arizona State University
Course
Professor Denny
July, 2024
Week 1
Introduction
In every social life there is often social conflict. Conflict is always inherent in everyone.
Therefore, conflicts always occur, both in small and simple scopes such as family,
neighbors, friends, groups of organizations or agencies, as well as in larger scopes such as in
every community, society, country to international relations. Social conflict colors
communication in all aspects of human interaction and social structure, even to the point of
open conflict, such as wars, revolutions, strikes and resistance movements.
The conflict perspective is a concept to generalize various analyses that use a conflict
approach. This approach explains not only how a social order is maintained despite
inequalities, but also how social structures undergo change. The conflict approach views
organizations, societies, countries, and even the world as a competition of individuals and
groups to determine who is the winner, or who is the best. Communication is built in order
to realize the character of competition or incompatibility. Coercion is seen as the main way
for people to achieve their ambitions. But on the other hand, it is also assumed that every
human being does not want to be dominated or controlled by force, so that whenever there is
coercion there will always be resistance (see Adam Kuper & Jesika Kuper, in the
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, 2000, pp. 1555-1556). Communication that is built to
force, dominate, and humiliate others will always reap resistance.
Problems
Communication often leads to misunderstandings that cause social conflict. But
communication can also ease tensions and even prevent social conflict. Thus, the following
problems arise: (1) What communication causes social conflict? (2) What communication
can act as a solution to social conflict? (3) What dominant elements can be involved in
communication so that social life achieves peace in competition?
Purpose and Usefulness of Writing
This paper is expected to provide information to predict communication effects, both
from communicators, messages, media, and communicants. This information can be used in
every communication at various levels of the social system to create a peaceful and
harmonious social life.
Writing Method
The method used in this paper is a literature study by combining various sources of
information, both from books and writings of experts in journals, the internet, and other
social media.
Discussion
Communication Causes of Social Conflict
Kuper (2000: 156) observes that "In general, social scientists seek to understand the
kinds of conflict that take place in the context of interdependent relationships and
institutionalized exchange relationships." Relationships Interdependent relationships require
consistency in the form of regular phenomena that make it possible to predict. This
consistency is the basis for the development of all sciences. Severin & James (2001: 155)
state that the general concept of consistency underlies all sciences. The concept of
consistency in human behavior is an extension of the world of physics into the area of
human behavior. Many humans strive to be consistent in a number of ways such as in our
attitudes, behaviors, and even attitudes and behaviors in our perception of the world, of
people, of ambitions, and even of personality development. Humans organize their world by
communicating in ways that they find reasonable and meaningful.
However, in communicating, humans often prioritize their ambitions. While
ambition is more inconsistent, it often manipulates common sense for the sake of its lustful
expectations. The development of such ambitions drives communication to be inconsistent,
emotional, and sentimental, so that it is no longer rational and causes a lot of
misunderstanding. This misunderstood communication is the cause of social conflicts that
develop in various spheres of life, in the family, in the neighborhood, in groups of friends in
the work environment, in agencies, in communities, societies, and countries, even between
countries. Individual ambition in its development drags other individuals to form group
ambitions that have similarities vis-à-vis group ambitions that do not have the same
perspective. Inconsistent communication can occur in the communicator element, it can also
be from the message conveyed or it can also occur in the communicant. Based on R.D. Nye's
analysis, there are five sources of conflict in interpersonal relationships, namely: (1)
Competition; (2) Domination; (3) Failure; (4) Provocation; (5) Value Differences (in
Rakhmat, 1985 p. 146). Communicators who have a closed attitude can cause conflict as
follows: (1) Judging messages based on personal motives; (2) Thinking Simplistic; (3)
Oriented to the source; (4) Seeking information from their own sources; (5) Rigidly defend
and defend themselves or defend the belief system; (6) Unable to allow inconsistencies
Communicator causes of inconsistency, there are many variations of causes of
inconsistency although there are always similarities. The character of the communicator is
an abusive desire to be praised, to be above others and to see others as inferior to them.
Coercion and domination become the means of achieving his expectations. The form of hope
is greed or avarice. Athailah, states that no disease will develop in a person except on the
seeds of greed. From greed, officials are dragged to prison, unbelievers become robbers,
fraudsters, mafia, and other crimes. The messages from corrupt bad character owners are
closely related to the content of the message to be conveyed, the purpose, and the media or
means used. This can be analyzed from communicators who are in prison controlling drug
trafficking outside prison. Many examples of communication in everyday life such as in the
case of elections, elections, even in the election of leadership of every organization, party,
mass organization, agency, always found inconsistent communication built. Ambitious
communicators have colored inconsistent messages and media that have caused uproar and
disharmony which eventually becomes horizontal and vertical conflicts. Likewise, conflicts
at the level of countries in the world, such as in the Middle East, are destroyed because of
inconsistent communicators, messages, and mass media and other means of communication.
Messages as causes of conflict Social scientists generally argue that the sources of
social conflict are social relationships with messages that produce various communication
effects, both planned and unplanned, such as political messages, and economic messages.
They rarely highlight human biological nature as the cause. Ross (1993) states that the
various social conditions faced by one of the parties involved in the conflict are A conflict is
usually enough to reveal the occurrence of disagreement. The causes of conflict can be
traced on the basis of the level of organization, and on the basis of the level of cohesiveness,
even on the basis of goals, and the means used. Conflict on the basis of goals can be
distinguished between consensual conflict and dissensual conflict. Consensual conflict is a
conflict that occurs because of a struggle over something of material value, while dissensual
conflict is a conflict based on a goal that is considered to be of immaterial value. Conflicts
based on the means used vary widely, ranging from overt coercion, threats, to persuasion,
for example the persuasion of political parties during elections, or leaders who want to instill
their power.
Media as a cause of conflict, especially mass media, often causes the development of
social problems that lead to conflict, and a bad image on people's cognition as well as on the
mass media itself. The effects of mass media shape the process of social change. Bungin
(2006: 91) views social change as a change experienced by members of society and all
elements of culture and social systems, at all levels of life, either voluntarily or influenced
by external elements. Then leave the old patterns of life, culture, social system, and adapt or
use new patterns of life, culture and social system. It is in this transitional process that the
sources of conflict receive potential reinforcement through communication, both verbal and
nonverbal communication.
Social conflict can be seen in facial expressions, eye contact, glare, body position,
gesture and interpersonal distance. Physical contact often occurs due to the development of
nonverbal conflict. In fact, there are often someone gets angry just because they smell
something bad from the person next to them. A case in point was a principal staring at a
teacher over and over in a restaurant and then switching the subject to another teacher
because she was wearing a leather jacket during the meal, which the principal saw as
unethical. The effect of the incident was a prolonged conflict that resulted in the teacher
moving to another place of work. From this case it can be understood that nonverbal cues
can be said to communicate information about emotions, speech, individual differences and
interpersonal relationships. Kuper et al. (2000), view the importance of nonverbal cues in
communicating emotions from observations. Darwin (1872) argued that facial expressions
of emotion were part of a natural, adaptive and physiological response. Recent thinking has
been heavily influenced by Ekman's "neuro-cultural" model. (Ekman (1972), Ekman and
Friesen (1986) state that, according to this model, basic emotions that have a natural
expression can be modified through learning what he calls display rules, i.e. norms that
regulate the expression of emotions in diverse social contexts. Natural facial expressions are
both natural and learnable.
Nonverbal communication is related to speech. Gestures are basically an addition to
speech that is used as a tool to elaborate oral messages or as a substitute when speech is
difficult or impossible to pronounce. Kendon (1985) points out that gestures as a way of
silent visual expression have properties that are very different from speech, so consequently
gestures are adequate to convey certain communication tasks. An illustration when two
people elementary school children in class arguing with each other, which was then noticed
by the class teacher and both were scolded, secretly even though their heads were bowed
because they were afraid of the teacher, but the child who felt brave once in a while he
poked his friend while trying to show his fist. The child's fist conveys important information
about individual differences and interpersonal relationships. This view implies that gestures
should not be considered inferior to speech, but rather as an additional source, of
multichannel communication that gives trained speakers further possibilities to convey
meaning. The clenched fist shown is an important source of information to understand as it
can escalate speech conflict to more dangerous physical conflict.
Fakhrimal, concluded the results of his research that: (1) Conflict is a threat to the
harmony of community life, even a threat to the disintegration of the nation. The logical
consequence of a plural nation like United States is the proliferation of horizontal conflict in
society; (2) Horizontal conflict is an expression of social inequality inherited by the New
Order regime. Although at the external level during the New Order, conflicts were almost
non-existent and national security conditions were under control, the potential for conflict
was still embedded and waiting for the trigger; (3) The dissatisfaction of the political elite
with the results of the ongoing competition is one of the factors driving horizontal conflict,
so they tend to utilize the issue of sara (ethnicity, religion, race, intergroup) as an outlet for
unaccommodated interests; (4) Many factors cause horizontal conflicts to occur, but the
most important of all is communication. To follow a pameo, communication is not
everything, but everything needs to be communicated. Communication can be a trigger for
conflict to end, but communication can also be a bulwark to prevent conflict from occurring;
(5) The mass media is involved in the vortex of conflict through news coverage that tends to
exacerbate conflict instead of helping the conflict to end quickly; (6) This is due to the old
paradigm still used by members of the press, namely, bad news is good news. (7) The
government tends to use a hard power approach (military force) in resolving horizontal
conflicts in United States, while the community needs a more humane approach and
prioritizes dignity; (8) The incomplete resolution of conflicts by the government, leaving
residues such as grudges and injustice. This situation will arise at any time as a trigger for
conflict in the community.
Lamira's research states that conflicts that occur in various regions in United States
show, among other things, the government's lack of ability to overcome the causes of
conflict. Conflicts arise using symbols of ethnicity, religion and race. This occurs due to the
accumulation of mental, spiritual, political, social, cultural and economic "pressure" felt by
some people. Communication carried out by employees has a very important role in the
function of each informant's position to achieve organizational goals at the Bina Marga
Office. Factors causing conflict obtained from informants such as limited sources, namely an
informant does not know new information, so that a problem arises or different goals,
namely one person's opinion or thought is not the same as the other is a problem that must
be resolved wisely. They overcome it by discussing or providing good motivation to others,
so that the problem is quickly resolved.
Lack of ability to understand the problems arising from the effects of messages that
are often biased and incomplete, due to existing limitations, leads to miscommunication,
misinterpretation, and misunderstanding that is difficult to control, causing conflict. Lack of
ability to communicate the causes of conflict can lead to various pressures in various sectors
of life.
Communication as a Solution to Social Conflict?
Horizontal conflict can be understood as a social conflict that involves friction as an
effect of unhealthy communication, or does not take place as it should, leading to conflict,
even fighting between communities.
The results of Hidayat's research (2010) show that interpersonal communication
plays a role in resolving conflicts in adolescent friendship relationships at SMU Negeri 7
Medan. This is evidenced by the way they conduct interpersonal communication with an
attitude of willingness to open themselves, a high sense of empathy for their friends, mutual
respect, positive and supportive attitudes towards their friends. So, effective interpersonal
communication that is established can be used as a solution in solving problems in a friendly
relationship.
The results of Latif's research (2012) concluded in his research entitled
"Communication Strategy in Resolving the North Buton Conflict," as follows: (1) The
communication climate that took place between the government of North Buton Regency
and the community showed a poor situation due to the application of inappropriate
communication strategies. This can be seen from (a) the community and the frequency of
communication between the government and the community are very minimal; (b) the
communication atmosphere created is always in a disharmonious atmosphere. (2) Conflict
resolution the determination of the capital city of North Buton Regency was carried out
through: (a) a celling effect approach in order to align information and communication in the
community; (b) a narrow casting approach in order to stimulate active community
involvement in every communication process; (c) utilization of traditional channels by
involving charismatic community leaders and cultural traditions that are part of attitudes and
behavior in society; and (d) creating an audience participation mechanism, namely a
participatory communication mechanism carried out by involving the community / audience
in every communication activity. (participation) of the community/audience in every
communication activity. All of these approaches aim to resolve conflicts related to the
placement of the Capital of North Buton Regency. However, in practice, none of the conflict
resolution approaches were implemented by the North Buton Regency government.
Conflict resolution efforts can be done through communication by negotiation.
Negotiation is a skill that everyone uses in everyday life. Fisher (2001:115) states,
negotiation is a structured process used by conflicting parties to conduct dialog about issues
where each party has a different opinion. The purpose of negotiation is to seek clarification
of issues or problems and try to find agreement on how to resolve them. This negotiation is
principally carried out with decision- and policy-making parties so that decisions and
policies issued are in accordance with the common interest and can resolve conflicts that
have occurred. Conflict resolution through communication can also be done through
mediation. Moelino (2003: 99) states, negotiation with mediation, namely through a
negotiation process with the help of a third party (mediator) as an intermediary. Mediation is
a process of Conflict resolution through intermediaries, which are activities undertaken by
third parties, who are not involved in the dispute, to assist the disputing groups.
Dominant elements that must be directly involved in communicating
From the discussion above, both communication as a cause of conflict and
communication as a solution to conflict, it can be concluded that it is necessary to have a
dominant element that is always involved in every communication wherever and whoever
and at whatever level so that the communication benefits peace in competition for all parties
to the communication, in particular and in the comfort of human life in general. The
dominant element that must always be involved is consistency. Severin et al. (2005: 156)
state that "consistency theory recognizes human efforts to be rational, but in achieving it we
often show striking irrationality." This shows that irrational forces color the efforts of every
human being. The power of irrationality is infinite, therefore the power of the ratio will not
be able to achieve it. Irrational power can only be achieved through belief or faith. Faith
gives meaning to the essence of life, and directs life to the highest value of life consistently.
Severin et al. (2005: 155) state that we use rationalization as an attempt to explain irrational
behavior in a way that is rational or consistent with ourselves. We often use tools that may
seem irrational or inconsistent to others.
Consistency is believing in irrational forces in a rational way, through everything
that is physical and non-physical in every human behavior communication. Consistency is
normative, guiding the communication process to the ideal effect that is the hope of all
humans in social interaction. Therefore, consistency is the dominant element that must
always be involved in communication that builds a peaceful social life in competition.
Conclusion
From the discussion above, it can be concluded that in social life there is always peace
and social conflict caused by communication that takes place in various fields of life from
the simplest to the most complex. Peace occurs because of communication that is consistent
with the highest social norms. Meanwhile, social conflict always occurs because of
communication that is inconsistent with social norms and always creates an unbalanced
situation. An unbalanced state produces tension and tension creates social conflict.
Communication Causes of Social Conflict
Kuper (2000: 156) observes that "In general, social scientists seek to understand the
kinds of conflict that take place in the context of interdependent relationships and
institutionalized exchange relationships." Relationships Interdependent relationships require
consistency in the form of regular phenomena that make it possible to predict. This
consistency is the basis for the development of all sciences. Severin & James (2001: 155)
state that the general concept of consistency underlies all sciences. The concept of
consistency in human behavior is an extension of the world of physics into the area of
human behavior. Many humans strive to be consistent in a number of ways such as in our
attitudes, behaviors, and even attitudes and behaviors in our perception of the world, of
people, of ambitions, and even of personality development. Humans organize their world by
communicating in ways that they find reasonable and meaningful.
However, in communicating, humans often prioritize their ambitions. While
ambition is more inconsistent, it often manipulates common sense for the sake of its lustful
expectations. The development of such ambitions drives communication to be inconsistent,
emotional, and sentimental, so that it is no longer rational and causes a lot of
misunderstanding. This misunderstood communication is the cause of social conflicts that
develop in various spheres of life, in the family, in the neighborhood, in groups of friends in
the work environment, in agencies, in communities, societies, and countries, even between
countries. Individual ambition in its development drags other individuals to form group
ambitions that have similarities vis-à-vis group ambitions that do not have the same
perspective. Inconsistent communication can occur in the communicator element, it can also
be from the message conveyed or it can also occur in the communicant. Based on R.D. Nye's
analysis, there are five sources of conflict in interpersonal relationships, namely: (1)
Competition; (2) Domination; (3) Failure; (4) Provocation; (5) Value Differences (in
Rakhmat, 1985 p. 146). Communicators who have a closed attitude can cause conflict as
follows: (1) Judging messages based on personal motives; (2) Thinking Simplistic; (3)
Oriented to the source; (4) Seeking information from their own sources; (5) Rigidly defend
and defend themselves or defend the belief system; (6) Unable to allow inconsistencies
Communicator causes of inconsistency, there are many variations of causes of
inconsistency although there are always similarities. The character of the communicator is
an abusive desire to be praised, to be above others and to see others as inferior to them.
Coercion and domination become the means of achieving his expectations. The form of hope
is greed or avarice. Athailah, states that no disease will develop in a person except on the
seeds of greed. From greed, officials are dragged to prison, unbelievers become robbers,
fraudsters, mafia, and other crimes. The messages from corrupt bad character owners are
closely related to the content of the message to be conveyed, the purpose, and the media or
means used. This can be analyzed from communicators who are in prison controlling drug
trafficking outside prison. Many examples of communication in everyday life such as in the
case of elections, elections, even in the election of leadership of every organization, party,
mass organization, agency, always found inconsistent communication built. Ambitious
communicators have colored inconsistent messages and media that have caused uproar and
disharmony which eventually becomes horizontal and vertical conflicts. Likewise, conflicts
at the level of countries in the world, such as in the Middle East, are destroyed because of
inconsistent communicators, messages, and mass media and other means of communication.
Messages as causes of conflict Social scientists generally argue that the sources of
social conflict are social relationships with messages that produce various communication
effects, both planned and unplanned, such as political messages, and economic messages.
They rarely highlight human biological nature as the cause. Ross (1993) states that the
various social conditions faced by one of the parties involved in the conflict are A conflict is
usually enough to reveal the occurrence of disagreement. The causes of conflict can be
traced on the basis of the level of organization, and on the basis of the level of cohesiveness,
even on the basis of goals, and the means used. Conflict on the basis of goals can be
distinguished between consensual conflict and dissensual conflict. Consensual conflict is a
conflict that occurs because of a struggle over something of material value, while dissensual
conflict is a conflict based on a goal that is considered to be of immaterial value. Conflicts
based on the means used vary widely, ranging from overt coercion, threats, to persuasion,
for example the persuasion of political parties during elections, or leaders who want to instill
their power.
Media as a cause of conflict, especially mass media, often causes the development of
social problems that lead to conflict, and a bad image on people's cognition as well as on the
mass media itself. The effects of mass media shape the process of social change. Bungin
(2006: 91) views social change as a change experienced by members of society and all
elements of culture and social systems, at all levels of life, either voluntarily or influenced
by external elements. Then leave the old patterns of life, culture, social system, and adapt or
use new patterns of life, culture and social system. It is in this transitional process that the
sources of conflict receive potential reinforcement through communication, both verbal and
nonverbal communication.
Social conflict can be seen in facial expressions, eye contact, glare, body position,
gesture and interpersonal distance. Physical contact often occurs due to the development of
nonverbal conflict. In fact, there are often someone gets angry just because they smell
something bad from the person next to them. A case in point was a principal staring at a
teacher over and over in a restaurant and then switching the subject to another teacher
because she was wearing a leather jacket during the meal, which the principal saw as
unethical. The effect of the incident was a prolonged conflict that resulted in the teacher
moving to another place of work. From this case it can be understood that nonverbal cues
can be said to communicate information about emotions, speech, individual differences and
interpersonal relationships. Kuper et al. (2000), view the importance of nonverbal cues in
communicating emotions from observations. Darwin (1872) argued that facial expressions
of emotion were part of a natural, adaptive and physiological response. Recent thinking has
been heavily influenced by Ekman's "neuro-cultural" model. (Ekman (1972), Ekman and
Friesen (1986) state that, according to this model, basic emotions that have a natural
expression can be modified through learning what he calls display rules, i.e. norms that
regulate the expression of emotions in diverse social contexts. Natural facial expressions are
both natural and learnable.
Nonverbal communication is related to speech. Gestures are basically an addition to
speech that is used as a tool to elaborate oral messages or as a substitute when speech is
difficult or impossible to pronounce. Kendon (1985) points out that gestures as a way of
silent visual expression have properties that are very different from speech, so consequently
gestures are adequate to convey certain communication tasks. An illustration when two
people elementary school children in class arguing with each other, which was then noticed
by the class teacher and both were scolded, secretly even though their heads were bowed
because they were afraid of the teacher, but the child who felt brave once in a while he
poked his friend while trying to show his fist. The child's fist conveys important information
about individual differences and interpersonal relationships. This view implies that gestures
should not be considered inferior to speech, but rather as an additional source, of
multichannel communication that gives trained speakers further possibilities to convey
meaning. The clenched fist shown is an important source of information to understand as it
can escalate speech conflict to more dangerous physical conflict.
Fakhrimal, concluded the results of his research that: (1) Conflict is a threat to the
harmony of community life, even a threat to the disintegration of the nation. The logical
consequence of a plural nation like United States is the proliferation of horizontal conflict in
society; (2) Horizontal conflict is an expression of social inequality inherited by the New
Order regime. Although at the external level during the New Order, conflicts were almost
non-existent and national security conditions were under control, the potential for conflict
was still embedded and waiting for the trigger; (3) The dissatisfaction of the political elite
with the results of the ongoing competition is one of the factors driving horizontal conflict,
so they tend to utilize the issue of sara (ethnicity, religion, race, intergroup) as an outlet for
unaccommodated interests; (4) Many factors cause horizontal conflicts to occur, but the
most important of all is communication. To follow a pameo, communication is not
everything, but everything needs to be communicated. Communication can be a trigger for
conflict to end, but communication can also be a bulwark to prevent conflict from occurring;
(5) The mass media is involved in the vortex of conflict through news coverage that tends to
exacerbate conflict instead of helping the conflict to end quickly; (6) This is due to the old
paradigm still used by members of the press, namely, bad news is good news. (7) The
government tends to use a hard power approach (military force) in resolving horizontal
conflicts in United States, while the community needs a more humane approach and
prioritizes dignity; (8) The incomplete resolution of conflicts by the government, leaving
residues such as grudges and injustice. This situation will arise at any time as a trigger for
conflict in the community.
Lamira's research states that conflicts that occur in various regions in United States
show, among other things, the government's lack of ability to overcome the causes of
conflict. Conflicts arise using symbols of ethnicity, religion and race. This occurs due to the
accumulation of mental, spiritual, political, social, cultural and economic "pressure" felt by
some people. Communication carried out by employees has a very important role in the
function of each informant's position to achieve organizational goals at the Bina Marga
Office. Factors causing conflict obtained from informants such as limited sources, namely an
informant does not know new information, so that a problem arises or different goals,
namely one person's opinion or thought is not the same as the other is a problem that must
be resolved wisely. They overcome it by discussing or providing good motivation to others,
so that the problem is quickly resolved.
Lack of ability to understand the problems arising from the effects of messages that
are often biased and incomplete, due to existing limitations, leads to miscommunication,
misinterpretation, and misunderstanding that is difficult to control, causing conflict. Lack of
ability to communicate the causes of conflict can lead to various pressures in various sectors
of life.
Communication as a Solution to Social Conflict?
Horizontal conflict can be understood as a social conflict that involves friction as an
effect of unhealthy communication, or does not take place as it should, leading to conflict,
even fighting between communities.
The results of Hidayat's research (2010) show that interpersonal communication
plays a role in resolving conflicts in adolescent friendship relationships at SMU Negeri 7
Medan. This is evidenced by the way they conduct interpersonal communication with an
attitude of willingness to open themselves, a high sense of empathy for their friends, mutual
respect, positive and supportive attitudes towards their friends. So, effective interpersonal
communication that is established can be used as a solution in solving problems in a friendly
relationship.
The results of Latif's research (2012) concluded in his research entitled
"Communication Strategy in Resolving the North Buton Conflict," as follows: (1) The
communication climate that took place between the government of North Buton Regency
and the community showed a poor situation due to the application of inappropriate
communication strategies. This can be seen from (a) the community and the frequency of
communication between the government and the community are very minimal; (b) the
communication atmosphere created is always in a disharmonious atmosphere. (2) Conflict
resolution the determination of the capital city of North Buton Regency was carried out
through: (a) a celling effect approach in order to align information and communication in the
community; (b) a narrow casting approach in order to stimulate active community
involvement in every communication process; (c) utilization of traditional channels by
involving charismatic community leaders and cultural traditions that are part of attitudes and
behavior in society; and (d) creating an audience participation mechanism, namely a
participatory communication mechanism carried out by involving the community / audience
in every communication activity. (participation) of the community/audience in every
communication activity. All of these approaches aim to resolve conflicts related to the
placement of the Capital of North Buton Regency. However, in practice, none of the conflict
resolution approaches were implemented by the North Buton Regency government.
Conflict resolution efforts can be done through communication by negotiation.
Negotiation is a skill that everyone uses in everyday life. Fisher (2001:115) states,
negotiation is a structured process used by conflicting parties to conduct dialog about issues
where each party has a different opinion. The purpose of negotiation is to seek clarification
of issues or problems and try to find agreement on how to resolve them. This negotiation is
principally carried out with decision- and policy-making parties so that decisions and
policies issued are in accordance with the common interest and can resolve conflicts that
have occurred. Conflict resolution through communication can also be done through
mediation. Moelino (2003: 99) states, negotiation with mediation, namely through a
negotiation process with the help of a third party (mediator) as an intermediary. Mediation is
a process of Conflict resolution through intermediaries, which are activities undertaken by
third parties, who are not involved in the dispute, to assist the disputing groups.
Dominant elements that must be directly involved in communicating
From the discussion above, both communication as a cause of conflict and
communication as a solution to conflict, it can be concluded that it is necessary to have a
dominant element that is always involved in every communication wherever and whoever
and at whatever level so that the communication benefits peace in competition for all parties
to the communication, in particular and in the comfort of human life in general. The
dominant element that must always be involved is consistency. Severin et al. (2005: 156)
state that "consistency theory recognizes human efforts to be rational, but in achieving it we
often show striking irrationality." This shows that irrational forces color the efforts of every
human being. The power of irrationality is infinite, therefore the power of the ratio will not
be able to achieve it. Irrational power can only be achieved through belief or faith. Faith
gives meaning to the essence of life, and directs life to the highest value of life consistently.
Severin et al. (2005: 155) state that we use rationalization as an attempt to explain irrational
behavior in a way that is rational or consistent with ourselves. We often use tools that may
seem irrational or inconsistent to others.
Consistency is believing in irrational forces in a rational way, through everything
that is physical and non-physical in every human behavior communication. Consistency is
normative, guiding the communication process to the ideal effect that is the hope of all
humans in social interaction. Therefore, consistency is the dominant element that must
always be involved in communication that builds a peaceful social life in competition.
Conclusion
From the discussion above, it can be concluded that in social life there is always peace
and social conflict caused by communication that takes place in various fields of life from
the simplest to the most complex. Peace occurs because of communication that is consistent
with the highest social norms. Meanwhile, social conflict always occurs because of
communication that is inconsistent with social norms and always creates an unbalanced
situation. An unbalanced state produces tension and tension creates social conflict.
Communication Causes of Social Conflict
Kuper (2000: 156) observes that "In general, social scientists seek to understand the
kinds of conflict that take place in the context of interdependent relationships and
institutionalized exchange relationships." Relationships Interdependent relationships require
consistency in the form of regular phenomena that make it possible to predict. This
consistency is the basis for the development of all sciences. Severin & James (2001: 155)
state that the general concept of consistency underlies all sciences. The concept of
consistency in human behavior is an extension of the world of physics into the area of
human behavior. Many humans strive to be consistent in a number of ways such as in our
attitudes, behaviors, and even attitudes and behaviors in our perception of the world, of
people, of ambitions, and even of personality development. Humans organize their world by
communicating in ways that they find reasonable and meaningful.
However, in communicating, humans often prioritize their ambitions. While
ambition is more inconsistent, it often manipulates common sense for the sake of its lustful
expectations. The development of such ambitions drives communication to be inconsistent,
emotional, and sentimental, so that it is no longer rational and causes a lot of
misunderstanding. This misunderstood communication is the cause of social conflicts that
develop in various spheres of life, in the family, in the neighborhood, in groups of friends in
the work environment, in agencies, in communities, societies, and countries, even between
countries. Individual ambition in its development drags other individuals to form group
ambitions that have similarities vis-à-vis group ambitions that do not have the same
perspective. Inconsistent communication can occur in the communicator element, it can also
be from the message conveyed or it can also occur in the communicant. Based on R.D. Nye's
analysis, there are five sources of conflict in interpersonal relationships, namely: (1)
Competition; (2) Domination; (3) Failure; (4) Provocation; (5) Value Differences (in
Rakhmat, 1985 p. 146). Communicators who have a closed attitude can cause conflict as
follows: (1) Judging messages based on personal motives; (2) Thinking Simplistic; (3)
Oriented to the source; (4) Seeking information from their own sources; (5) Rigidly defend
and defend themselves or defend the belief system; (6) Unable to allow inconsistencies
Communicator causes of inconsistency, there are many variations of causes of
inconsistency although there are always similarities. The character of the communicator is
an abusive desire to be praised, to be above others and to see others as inferior to them.
Coercion and domination become the means of achieving his expectations. The form of hope
is greed or avarice. Athailah, states that no disease will develop in a person except on the
seeds of greed. From greed, officials are dragged to prison, unbelievers become robbers,
fraudsters, mafia, and other crimes. The messages from corrupt bad character owners are
closely related to the content of the message to be conveyed, the purpose, and the media or
means used. This can be analyzed from communicators who are in prison controlling drug
trafficking outside prison. Many examples of communication in everyday life such as in the
case of elections, elections, even in the election of leadership of every organization, party,
mass organization, agency, always found inconsistent communication built. Ambitious
communicators have colored inconsistent messages and media that have caused uproar and
disharmony which eventually becomes horizontal and vertical conflicts. Likewise, conflicts
at the level of countries in the world, such as in the Middle East, are destroyed because of
inconsistent communicators, messages, and mass media and other means of communication.
Messages as causes of conflict Social scientists generally argue that the sources of
social conflict are social relationships with messages that produce various communication
effects, both planned and unplanned, such as political messages, and economic messages.
They rarely highlight human biological nature as the cause. Ross (1993) states that the
various social conditions faced by one of the parties involved in the conflict are A conflict is
usually enough to reveal the occurrence of disagreement. The causes of conflict can be
traced on the basis of the level of organization, and on the basis of the level of cohesiveness,
even on the basis of goals, and the means used. Conflict on the basis of goals can be
distinguished between consensual conflict and dissensual conflict. Consensual conflict is a
conflict that occurs because of a struggle over something of material value, while dissensual
conflict is a conflict based on a goal that is considered to be of immaterial value. Conflicts
based on the means used vary widely, ranging from overt coercion, threats, to persuasion,
for example the persuasion of political parties during elections, or leaders who want to instill
their power.
Media as a cause of conflict, especially mass media, often causes the development of
social problems that lead to conflict, and a bad image on people's cognition as well as on the
mass media itself. The effects of mass media shape the process of social change. Bungin
(2006: 91) views social change as a change experienced by members of society and all
elements of culture and social systems, at all levels of life, either voluntarily or influenced
by external elements. Then leave the old patterns of life, culture, social system, and adapt or
use new patterns of life, culture and social system. It is in this transitional process that the
sources of conflict receive potential reinforcement through communication, both verbal and
nonverbal communication.
Social conflict can be seen in facial expressions, eye contact, glare, body position,
gesture and interpersonal distance. Physical contact often occurs due to the development of
nonverbal conflict. In fact, there are often someone gets angry just because they smell
something bad from the person next to them. A case in point was a principal staring at a
teacher over and over in a restaurant and then switching the subject to another teacher
because she was wearing a leather jacket during the meal, which the principal saw as
unethical. The effect of the incident was a prolonged conflict that resulted in the teacher
moving to another place of work. From this case it can be understood that nonverbal cues
can be said to communicate information about emotions, speech, individual differences and
interpersonal relationships. Kuper et al. (2000), view the importance of nonverbal cues in
communicating emotions from observations. Darwin (1872) argued that facial expressions
of emotion were part of a natural, adaptive and physiological response. Recent thinking has
been heavily influenced by Ekman's "neuro-cultural" model. (Ekman (1972), Ekman and
Friesen (1986) state that, according to this model, basic emotions that have a natural
expression can be modified through learning what he calls display rules, i.e. norms that
regulate the expression of emotions in diverse social contexts. Natural facial expressions are
both natural and learnable.
Nonverbal communication is related to speech. Gestures are basically an addition to
speech that is used as a tool to elaborate oral messages or as a substitute when speech is
difficult or impossible to pronounce. Kendon (1985) points out that gestures as a way of
silent visual expression have properties that are very different from speech, so consequently
gestures are adequate to convey certain communication tasks. An illustration when two
people elementary school children in class arguing with each other, which was then noticed
by the class teacher and both were scolded, secretly even though their heads were bowed
because they were afraid of the teacher, but the child who felt brave once in a while he
poked his friend while trying to show his fist. The child's fist conveys important information
about individual differences and interpersonal relationships. This view implies that gestures
should not be considered inferior to speech, but rather as an additional source, of
multichannel communication that gives trained speakers further possibilities to convey
meaning. The clenched fist shown is an important source of information to understand as it
can escalate speech conflict to more dangerous physical conflict.
Fakhrimal, concluded the results of his research that: (1) Conflict is a threat to the
harmony of community life, even a threat to the disintegration of the nation. The logical
consequence of a plural nation like United States is the proliferation of horizontal conflict in
society; (2) Horizontal conflict is an expression of social inequality inherited by the New
Order regime. Although at the external level during the New Order, conflicts were almost
non-existent and national security conditions were under control, the potential for conflict
was still embedded and waiting for the trigger; (3) The dissatisfaction of the political elite
with the results of the ongoing competition is one of the factors driving horizontal conflict,
so they tend to utilize the issue of sara (ethnicity, religion, race, intergroup) as an outlet for
unaccommodated interests; (4) Many factors cause horizontal conflicts to occur, but the
most important of all is communication. To follow a pameo, communication is not
everything, but everything needs to be communicated. Communication can be a trigger for
conflict to end, but communication can also be a bulwark to prevent conflict from occurring;
(5) The mass media is involved in the vortex of conflict through news coverage that tends to
exacerbate conflict instead of helping the conflict to end quickly; (6) This is due to the old
paradigm still used by members of the press, namely, bad news is good news. (7) The
government tends to use a hard power approach (military force) in resolving horizontal
conflicts in United States, while the community needs a more humane approach and
prioritizes dignity; (8) The incomplete resolution of conflicts by the government, leaving
residues such as grudges and injustice. This situation will arise at any time as a trigger for
conflict in the community.
Lamira's research states that conflicts that occur in various regions in United States
show, among other things, the government's lack of ability to overcome the causes of
conflict. Conflicts arise using symbols of ethnicity, religion and race. This occurs due to the
accumulation of mental, spiritual, political, social, cultural and economic "pressure" felt by
some people. Communication carried out by employees has a very important role in the
function of each informant's position to achieve organizational goals at the Bina Marga
Office. Factors causing conflict obtained from informants such as limited sources, namely an
informant does not know new information, so that a problem arises or different goals,
namely one person's opinion or thought is not the same as the other is a problem that must
be resolved wisely. They overcome it by discussing or providing good motivation to others,
so that the problem is quickly resolved.
Lack of ability to understand the problems arising from the effects of messages that
are often biased and incomplete, due to existing limitations, leads to miscommunication,
misinterpretation, and misunderstanding that is difficult to control, causing conflict. Lack of
ability to communicate the causes of conflict can lead to various pressures in various sectors
of life.
Communication as a Solution to Social Conflict?
Horizontal conflict can be understood as a social conflict that involves friction as an
effect of unhealthy communication, or does not take place as it should, leading to conflict,
even fighting between communities.
The results of Hidayat's research (2010) show that interpersonal communication
plays a role in resolving conflicts in adolescent friendship relationships at SMU Negeri 7
Medan. This is evidenced by the way they conduct interpersonal communication with an
attitude of willingness to open themselves, a high sense of empathy for their friends, mutual
respect, positive and supportive attitudes towards their friends. So, effective interpersonal
communication that is established can be used as a solution in solving problems in a friendly
relationship.
The results of Latif's research (2012) concluded in his research entitled
"Communication Strategy in Resolving the North Buton Conflict," as follows: (1) The
communication climate that took place between the government of North Buton Regency
and the community showed a poor situation due to the application of inappropriate
communication strategies. This can be seen from (a) the community and the frequency of
communication between the government and the community are very minimal; (b) the
communication atmosphere created is always in a disharmonious atmosphere. (2) Conflict
resolution the determination of the capital city of North Buton Regency was carried out
through: (a) a celling effect approach in order to align information and communication in the
community; (b) a narrow casting approach in order to stimulate active community
involvement in every communication process; (c) utilization of traditional channels by
involving charismatic community leaders and cultural traditions that are part of attitudes and
behavior in society; and (d) creating an audience participation mechanism, namely a
participatory communication mechanism carried out by involving the community / audience
in every communication activity. (participation) of the community/audience in every
communication activity. All of these approaches aim to resolve conflicts related to the
placement of the Capital of North Buton Regency. However, in practice, none of the conflict
resolution approaches were implemented by the North Buton Regency government.
Conflict resolution efforts can be done through communication by negotiation.
Negotiation is a skill that everyone uses in everyday life. Fisher (2001:115) states,
negotiation is a structured process used by conflicting parties to conduct dialog about issues
where each party has a different opinion. The purpose of negotiation is to seek clarification
of issues or problems and try to find agreement on how to resolve them. This negotiation is
principally carried out with decision- and policy-making parties so that decisions and
policies issued are in accordance with the common interest and can resolve conflicts that
have occurred. Conflict resolution through communication can also be done through
mediation. Moelino (2003: 99) states, negotiation with mediation, namely through a
negotiation process with the help of a third party (mediator) as an intermediary. Mediation is
a process of Conflict resolution through intermediaries, which are activities undertaken by
third parties, who are not involved in the dispute, to assist the disputing groups.
Dominant elements that must be directly involved in communicating
From the discussion above, both communication as a cause of conflict and
communication as a solution to conflict, it can be concluded that it is necessary to have a
dominant element that is always involved in every communication wherever and whoever
and at whatever level so that the communication benefits peace in competition for all parties
to the communication, in particular and in the comfort of human life in general. The
dominant element that must always be involved is consistency. Severin et al. (2005: 156)
state that "consistency theory recognizes human efforts to be rational, but in achieving it we
often show striking irrationality." This shows that irrational forces color the efforts of every
human being. The power of irrationality is infinite, therefore the power of the ratio will not
be able to achieve it. Irrational power can only be achieved through belief or faith. Faith
gives meaning to the essence of life, and directs life to the highest value of life consistently.
Severin et al. (2005: 155) state that we use rationalization as an attempt to explain irrational
behavior in a way that is rational or consistent with ourselves. We often use tools that may
seem irrational or inconsistent to others.
Consistency is believing in irrational forces in a rational way, through everything
that is physical and non-physical in every human behavior communication. Consistency is
normative, guiding the communication process to the ideal effect that is the hope of all
humans in social interaction. Therefore, consistency is the dominant element that must
always be involved in communication that builds a peaceful social life in competition.
Conclusion
From the discussion above, it can be concluded that in social life there is always peace
and social conflict caused by communication that takes place in various fields of life from
the simplest to the most complex. Peace occurs because of communication that is consistent
with the highest social norms. Meanwhile, social conflict always occurs because of
communication that is inconsistent with social norms and always creates an unbalanced
situation. An unbalanced state produces tension and tension creates social conflict.
Communication Causes of Social Conflict
Kuper (2000: 156) observes that "In general, social scientists seek to understand the
kinds of conflict that take place in the context of interdependent relationships and
institutionalized exchange relationships." Relationships Interdependent relationships require
consistency in the form of regular phenomena that make it possible to predict. This
consistency is the basis for the development of all sciences. Severin & James (2001: 155)
state that the general concept of consistency underlies all sciences. The concept of
consistency in human behavior is an extension of the world of physics into the area of
human behavior. Many humans strive to be consistent in a number of ways such as in our
attitudes, behaviors, and even attitudes and behaviors in our perception of the world, of
people, of ambitions, and even of personality development. Humans organize their world by
communicating in ways that they find reasonable and meaningful.
However, in communicating, humans often prioritize their ambitions. While
ambition is more inconsistent, it often manipulates common sense for the sake of its lustful
expectations. The development of such ambitions drives communication to be inconsistent,
emotional, and sentimental, so that it is no longer rational and causes a lot of
misunderstanding. This misunderstood communication is the cause of social conflicts that
develop in various spheres of life, in the family, in the neighborhood, in groups of friends in
the work environment, in agencies, in communities, societies, and countries, even between
countries. Individual ambition in its development drags other individuals to form group
ambitions that have similarities vis-à-vis group ambitions that do not have the same
perspective. Inconsistent communication can occur in the communicator element, it can also
be from the message conveyed or it can also occur in the communicant. Based on R.D. Nye's
analysis, there are five sources of conflict in interpersonal relationships, namely: (1)
Competition; (2) Domination; (3) Failure; (4) Provocation; (5) Value Differences (in
Rakhmat, 1985 p. 146). Communicators who have a closed attitude can cause conflict as
follows: (1) Judging messages based on personal motives; (2) Thinking Simplistic; (3)
Oriented to the source; (4) Seeking information from their own sources; (5) Rigidly defend
and defend themselves or defend the belief system; (6) Unable to allow inconsistencies
Communicator causes of inconsistency, there are many variations of causes of
inconsistency although there are always similarities. The character of the communicator is
an abusive desire to be praised, to be above others and to see others as inferior to them.
Coercion and domination become the means of achieving his expectations. The form of hope
is greed or avarice. Athailah, states that no disease will develop in a person except on the
seeds of greed. From greed, officials are dragged to prison, unbelievers become robbers,
fraudsters, mafia, and other crimes. The messages from corrupt bad character owners are
closely related to the content of the message to be conveyed, the purpose, and the media or
means used. This can be analyzed from communicators who are in prison controlling drug
trafficking outside prison. Many examples of communication in everyday life such as in the
case of elections, elections, even in the election of leadership of every organization, party,
mass organization, agency, always found inconsistent communication built. Ambitious
communicators have colored inconsistent messages and media that have caused uproar and
disharmony which eventually becomes horizontal and vertical conflicts. Likewise, conflicts
at the level of countries in the world, such as in the Middle East, are destroyed because of
inconsistent communicators, messages, and mass media and other means of communication.
Messages as causes of conflict Social scientists generally argue that the sources of
social conflict are social relationships with messages that produce various communication
effects, both planned and unplanned, such as political messages, and economic messages.
They rarely highlight human biological nature as the cause. Ross (1993) states that the
various social conditions faced by one of the parties involved in the conflict are A conflict is
usually enough to reveal the occurrence of disagreement. The causes of conflict can be
traced on the basis of the level of organization, and on the basis of the level of cohesiveness,
even on the basis of goals, and the means used. Conflict on the basis of goals can be
distinguished between consensual conflict and dissensual conflict. Consensual conflict is a
conflict that occurs because of a struggle over something of material value, while dissensual
conflict is a conflict based on a goal that is considered to be of immaterial value. Conflicts
based on the means used vary widely, ranging from overt coercion, threats, to persuasion,
for example the persuasion of political parties during elections, or leaders who want to instill
their power.
Media as a cause of conflict, especially mass media, often causes the development of
social problems that lead to conflict, and a bad image on people's cognition as well as on the
mass media itself. The effects of mass media shape the process of social change. Bungin
(2006: 91) views social change as a change experienced by members of society and all
elements of culture and social systems, at all levels of life, either voluntarily or influenced
by external elements. Then leave the old patterns of life, culture, social system, and adapt or
use new patterns of life, culture and social system. It is in this transitional process that the
sources of conflict receive potential reinforcement through communication, both verbal and
nonverbal communication.
Social conflict can be seen in facial expressions, eye contact, glare, body position,
gesture and interpersonal distance. Physical contact often occurs due to the development of
nonverbal conflict. In fact, there are often someone gets angry just because they smell
something bad from the person next to them. A case in point was a principal staring at a
teacher over and over in a restaurant and then switching the subject to another teacher
because she was wearing a leather jacket during the meal, which the principal saw as
unethical. The effect of the incident was a prolonged conflict that resulted in the teacher
moving to another place of work. From this case it can be understood that nonverbal cues
can be said to communicate information about emotions, speech, individual differences and
interpersonal relationships. Kuper et al. (2000), view the importance of nonverbal cues in
communicating emotions from observations. Darwin (1872) argued that facial expressions
of emotion were part of a natural, adaptive and physiological response. Recent thinking has
been heavily influenced by Ekman's "neuro-cultural" model. (Ekman (1972), Ekman and
Friesen (1986) state that, according to this model, basic emotions that have a natural
expression can be modified through learning what he calls display rules, i.e. norms that
regulate the expression of emotions in diverse social contexts. Natural facial expressions are
both natural and learnable.
Nonverbal communication is related to speech. Gestures are basically an addition to
speech that is used as a tool to elaborate oral messages or as a substitute when speech is
difficult or impossible to pronounce. Kendon (1985) points out that gestures as a way of
silent visual expression have properties that are very different from speech, so consequently
gestures are adequate to convey certain communication tasks. An illustration when two
people elementary school children in class arguing with each other, which was then noticed
by the class teacher and both were scolded, secretly even though their heads were bowed
because they were afraid of the teacher, but the child who felt brave once in a while he
poked his friend while trying to show his fist. The child's fist conveys important information
about individual differences and interpersonal relationships. This view implies that gestures
should not be considered inferior to speech, but rather as an additional source, of
multichannel communication that gives trained speakers further possibilities to convey
meaning. The clenched fist shown is an important source of information to understand as it
can escalate speech conflict to more dangerous physical conflict.
Fakhrimal, concluded the results of his research that: (1) Conflict is a threat to the
harmony of community life, even a threat to the disintegration of the nation. The logical
consequence of a plural nation like United States is the proliferation of horizontal conflict in
society; (2) Horizontal conflict is an expression of social inequality inherited by the New
Order regime. Although at the external level during the New Order, conflicts were almost
non-existent and national security conditions were under control, the potential for conflict
was still embedded and waiting for the trigger; (3) The dissatisfaction of the political elite
with the results of the ongoing competition is one of the factors driving horizontal conflict,
so they tend to utilize the issue of sara (ethnicity, religion, race, intergroup) as an outlet for
unaccommodated interests; (4) Many factors cause horizontal conflicts to occur, but the
most important of all is communication. To follow a pameo, communication is not
everything, but everything needs to be communicated. Communication can be a trigger for
conflict to end, but communication can also be a bulwark to prevent conflict from occurring;
(5) The mass media is involved in the vortex of conflict through news coverage that tends to
exacerbate conflict instead of helping the conflict to end quickly; (6) This is due to the old
paradigm still used by members of the press, namely, bad news is good news. (7) The
government tends to use a hard power approach (military force) in resolving horizontal
conflicts in United States, while the community needs a more humane approach and
prioritizes dignity; (8) The incomplete resolution of conflicts by the government, leaving
residues such as grudges and injustice. This situation will arise at any time as a trigger for
conflict in the community.
Lamira's research states that conflicts that occur in various regions in United States
show, among other things, the government's lack of ability to overcome the causes of
conflict. Conflicts arise using symbols of ethnicity, religion and race. This occurs due to the
accumulation of mental, spiritual, political, social, cultural and economic "pressure" felt by
some people. Communication carried out by employees has a very important role in the
function of each informant's position to achieve organizational goals at the Bina Marga
Office. Factors causing conflict obtained from informants such as limited sources, namely an
informant does not know new information, so that a problem arises or different goals,
namely one person's opinion or thought is not the same as the other is a problem that must
be resolved wisely. They overcome it by discussing or providing good motivation to others,
so that the problem is quickly resolved.
Lack of ability to understand the problems arising from the effects of messages that
are often biased and incomplete, due to existing limitations, leads to miscommunication,
misinterpretation, and misunderstanding that is difficult to control, causing conflict. Lack of
ability to communicate the causes of conflict can lead to various pressures in various sectors
of life.
Communication as a Solution to Social Conflict?
Horizontal conflict can be understood as a social conflict that involves friction as an
effect of unhealthy communication, or does not take place as it should, leading to conflict,
even fighting between communities.
The results of Hidayat's research (2010) show that interpersonal communication
plays a role in resolving conflicts in adolescent friendship relationships at SMU Negeri 7
Medan. This is evidenced by the way they conduct interpersonal communication with an
attitude of willingness to open themselves, a high sense of empathy for their friends, mutual
respect, positive and supportive attitudes towards their friends. So, effective interpersonal
communication that is established can be used as a solution in solving problems in a friendly
relationship.
The results of Latif's research (2012) concluded in his research entitled
"Communication Strategy in Resolving the North Buton Conflict," as follows: (1) The
communication climate that took place between the government of North Buton Regency
and the community showed a poor situation due to the application of inappropriate
communication strategies. This can be seen from (a) the community and the frequency of
communication between the government and the community are very minimal; (b) the
communication atmosphere created is always in a disharmonious atmosphere. (2) Conflict
resolution the determination of the capital city of North Buton Regency was carried out
through: (a) a celling effect approach in order to align information and communication in the
community; (b) a narrow casting approach in order to stimulate active community
involvement in every communication process; (c) utilization of traditional channels by
involving charismatic community leaders and cultural traditions that are part of attitudes and
behavior in society; and (d) creating an audience participation mechanism, namely a
participatory communication mechanism carried out by involving the community / audience
in every communication activity. (participation) of the community/audience in every
communication activity. All of these approaches aim to resolve conflicts related to the
placement of the Capital of North Buton Regency. However, in practice, none of the conflict
resolution approaches were implemented by the North Buton Regency government.
Conflict resolution efforts can be done through communication by negotiation.
Negotiation is a skill that everyone uses in everyday life. Fisher (2001:115) states,
negotiation is a structured process used by conflicting parties to conduct dialog about issues
where each party has a different opinion. The purpose of negotiation is to seek clarification
of issues or problems and try to find agreement on how to resolve them. This negotiation is
principally carried out with decision- and policy-making parties so that decisions and
policies issued are in accordance with the common interest and can resolve conflicts that
have occurred. Conflict resolution through communication can also be done through
mediation. Moelino (2003: 99) states, negotiation with mediation, namely through a
negotiation process with the help of a third party (mediator) as an intermediary. Mediation is
a process of Conflict resolution through intermediaries, which are activities undertaken by
third parties, who are not involved in the dispute, to assist the disputing groups.
Dominant elements that must be directly involved in communicating
From the discussion above, both communication as a cause of conflict and
communication as a solution to conflict, it can be concluded that it is necessary to have a
dominant element that is always involved in every communication wherever and whoever
and at whatever level so that the communication benefits peace in competition for all parties
to the communication, in particular and in the comfort of human life in general. The
dominant element that must always be involved is consistency. Severin et al. (2005: 156)
state that "consistency theory recognizes human efforts to be rational, but in achieving it we
often show striking irrationality." This shows that irrational forces color the efforts of every
human being. The power of irrationality is infinite, therefore the power of the ratio will not
be able to achieve it. Irrational power can only be achieved through belief or faith. Faith
gives meaning to the essence of life, and directs life to the highest value of life consistently.
Severin et al. (2005: 155) state that we use rationalization as an attempt to explain irrational
behavior in a way that is rational or consistent with ourselves. We often use tools that may
seem irrational or inconsistent to others.
Consistency is believing in irrational forces in a rational way, through everything
that is physical and non-physical in every human behavior communication. Consistency is
normative, guiding the communication process to the ideal effect that is the hope of all
humans in social interaction. Therefore, consistency is the dominant element that must
always be involved in communication that builds a peaceful social life in competition.
Conclusion
From the discussion above, it can be concluded that in social life there is always peace
and social conflict caused by communication that takes place in various fields of life from
the simplest to the most complex. Peace occurs because of communication that is consistent
with the highest social norms. Meanwhile, social conflict always occurs because of
communication that is inconsistent with social norms and always creates an unbalanced
situation. An unbalanced state produces tension and tension creates social conflict.
Communication Causes of Social Conflict
Kuper (2000: 156) observes that "In general, social scientists seek to understand the
kinds of conflict that take place in the context of interdependent relationships and
institutionalized exchange relationships." Relationships Interdependent relationships require
consistency in the form of regular phenomena that make it possible to predict. This
consistency is the basis for the development of all sciences. Severin & James (2001: 155)
state that the general concept of consistency underlies all sciences. The concept of
consistency in human behavior is an extension of the world of physics into the area of
human behavior. Many humans strive to be consistent in a number of ways such as in our
attitudes, behaviors, and even attitudes and behaviors in our perception of the world, of
people, of ambitions, and even of personality development. Humans organize their world by
communicating in ways that they find reasonable and meaningful.
However, in communicating, humans often prioritize their ambitions. While
ambition is more inconsistent, it often manipulates common sense for the sake of its lustful
expectations. The development of such ambitions drives communication to be inconsistent,
emotional, and sentimental, so that it is no longer rational and causes a lot of
misunderstanding. This misunderstood communication is the cause of social conflicts that
develop in various spheres of life, in the family, in the neighborhood, in groups of friends in
the work environment, in agencies, in communities, societies, and countries, even between
countries. Individual ambition in its development drags other individuals to form group
ambitions that have similarities vis-à-vis group ambitions that do not have the same
perspective. Inconsistent communication can occur in the communicator element, it can also
be from the message conveyed or it can also occur in the communicant. Based on R.D. Nye's
analysis, there are five sources of conflict in interpersonal relationships, namely: (1)
Competition; (2) Domination; (3) Failure; (4) Provocation; (5) Value Differences (in
Rakhmat, 1985 p. 146). Communicators who have a closed attitude can cause conflict as
follows: (1) Judging messages based on personal motives; (2) Thinking Simplistic; (3)
Oriented to the source; (4) Seeking information from their own sources; (5) Rigidly defend
and defend themselves or defend the belief system; (6) Unable to allow inconsistencies
Communicator causes of inconsistency, there are many variations of causes of
inconsistency although there are always similarities. The character of the communicator is
an abusive desire to be praised, to be above others and to see others as inferior to them.
Coercion and domination become the means of achieving his expectations. The form of hope
is greed or avarice. Athailah, states that no disease will develop in a person except on the
seeds of greed. From greed, officials are dragged to prison, unbelievers become robbers,
fraudsters, mafia, and other crimes. The messages from corrupt bad character owners are
closely related to the content of the message to be conveyed, the purpose, and the media or
means used. This can be analyzed from communicators who are in prison controlling drug
trafficking outside prison. Many examples of communication in everyday life such as in the
case of elections, elections, even in the election of leadership of every organization, party,
mass organization, agency, always found inconsistent communication built. Ambitious
communicators have colored inconsistent messages and media that have caused uproar and
disharmony which eventually becomes horizontal and vertical conflicts. Likewise, conflicts
at the level of countries in the world, such as in the Middle East, are destroyed because of
inconsistent communicators, messages, and mass media and other means of communication.
Messages as causes of conflict Social scientists generally argue that the sources of
social conflict are social relationships with messages that produce various communication
effects, both planned and unplanned, such as political messages, and economic messages.
They rarely highlight human biological nature as the cause. Ross (1993) states that the
various social conditions faced by one of the parties involved in the conflict are A conflict is
usually enough to reveal the occurrence of disagreement. The causes of conflict can be
traced on the basis of the level of organization, and on the basis of the level of cohesiveness,
even on the basis of goals, and the means used. Conflict on the basis of goals can be
distinguished between consensual conflict and dissensual conflict. Consensual conflict is a
conflict that occurs because of a struggle over something of material value, while dissensual
conflict is a conflict based on a goal that is considered to be of immaterial value. Conflicts
based on the means used vary widely, ranging from overt coercion, threats, to persuasion,
for example the persuasion of political parties during elections, or leaders who want to instill
their power.
Media as a cause of conflict, especially mass media, often causes the development of
social problems that lead to conflict, and a bad image on people's cognition as well as on the
mass media itself. The effects of mass media shape the process of social change. Bungin
(2006: 91) views social change as a change experienced by members of society and all
elements of culture and social systems, at all levels of life, either voluntarily or influenced
by external elements. Then leave the old patterns of life, culture, social system, and adapt or
use new patterns of life, culture and social system. It is in this transitional process that the
sources of conflict receive potential reinforcement through communication, both verbal and
nonverbal communication.
Social conflict can be seen in facial expressions, eye contact, glare, body position,
gesture and interpersonal distance. Physical contact often occurs due to the development of
nonverbal conflict. In fact, there are often someone gets angry just because they smell
something bad from the person next to them. A case in point was a principal staring at a
teacher over and over in a restaurant and then switching the subject to another teacher
because she was wearing a leather jacket during the meal, which the principal saw as
unethical. The effect of the incident was a prolonged conflict that resulted in the teacher
moving to another place of work. From this case it can be understood that nonverbal cues
can be said to communicate information about emotions, speech, individual differences and
interpersonal relationships. Kuper et al. (2000), view the importance of nonverbal cues in
communicating emotions from observations. Darwin (1872) argued that facial expressions
of emotion were part of a natural, adaptive and physiological response. Recent thinking has
been heavily influenced by Ekman's "neuro-cultural" model. (Ekman (1972), Ekman and
Friesen (1986) state that, according to this model, basic emotions that have a natural
expression can be modified through learning what he calls display rules, i.e. norms that
regulate the expression of emotions in diverse social contexts. Natural facial expressions are
both natural and learnable.
Nonverbal communication is related to speech. Gestures are basically an addition to
speech that is used as a tool to elaborate oral messages or as a substitute when speech is
difficult or impossible to pronounce. Kendon (1985) points out that gestures as a way of
silent visual expression have properties that are very different from speech, so consequently
gestures are adequate to convey certain communication tasks. An illustration when two
people elementary school children in class arguing with each other, which was then noticed
by the class teacher and both were scolded, secretly even though their heads were bowed
because they were afraid of the teacher, but the child who felt brave once in a while he
poked his friend while trying to show his fist. The child's fist conveys important information
about individual differences and interpersonal relationships. This view implies that gestures
should not be considered inferior to speech, but rather as an additional source, of
multichannel communication that gives trained speakers further possibilities to convey
meaning. The clenched fist shown is an important source of information to understand as it
can escalate speech conflict to more dangerous physical conflict.
Fakhrimal, concluded the results of his research that: (1) Conflict is a threat to the
harmony of community life, even a threat to the disintegration of the nation. The logical
consequence of a plural nation like United States is the proliferation of horizontal conflict in
society; (2) Horizontal conflict is an expression of social inequality inherited by the New
Order regime. Although at the external level during the New Order, conflicts were almost
non-existent and national security conditions were under control, the potential for conflict
was still embedded and waiting for the trigger; (3) The dissatisfaction of the political elite
with the results of the ongoing competition is one of the factors driving horizontal conflict,
so they tend to utilize the issue of sara (ethnicity, religion, race, intergroup) as an outlet for
unaccommodated interests; (4) Many factors cause horizontal conflicts to occur, but the
most important of all is communication. To follow a pameo, communication is not
everything, but everything needs to be communicated. Communication can be a trigger for
conflict to end, but communication can also be a bulwark to prevent conflict from occurring;
(5) The mass media is involved in the vortex of conflict through news coverage that tends to
exacerbate conflict instead of helping the conflict to end quickly; (6) This is due to the old
paradigm still used by members of the press, namely, bad news is good news. (7) The
government tends to use a hard power approach (military force) in resolving horizontal
conflicts in United States, while the community needs a more humane approach and
prioritizes dignity; (8) The incomplete resolution of conflicts by the government, leaving
residues such as grudges and injustice. This situation will arise at any time as a trigger for
conflict in the community.
Lamira's research states that conflicts that occur in various regions in United States
show, among other things, the government's lack of ability to overcome the causes of
conflict. Conflicts arise using symbols of ethnicity, religion and race. This occurs due to the
accumulation of mental, spiritual, political, social, cultural and economic "pressure" felt by
some people. Communication carried out by employees has a very important role in the
function of each informant's position to achieve organizational goals at the Bina Marga
Office. Factors causing conflict obtained from informants such as limited sources, namely an
informant does not know new information, so that a problem arises or different goals,
namely one person's opinion or thought is not the same as the other is a problem that must
be resolved wisely. They overcome it by discussing or providing good motivation to others,
so that the problem is quickly resolved.
Lack of ability to understand the problems arising from the effects of messages that
are often biased and incomplete, due to existing limitations, leads to miscommunication,
misinterpretation, and misunderstanding that is difficult to control, causing conflict. Lack of
ability to communicate the causes of conflict can lead to various pressures in various sectors
of life.
Communication as a Solution to Social Conflict?
Horizontal conflict can be understood as a social conflict that involves friction as an
effect of unhealthy communication, or does not take place as it should, leading to conflict,
even fighting between communities.
The results of Hidayat's research (2010) show that interpersonal communication
plays a role in resolving conflicts in adolescent friendship relationships at SMU Negeri 7
Medan. This is evidenced by the way they conduct interpersonal communication with an
attitude of willingness to open themselves, a high sense of empathy for their friends, mutual
respect, positive and supportive attitudes towards their friends. So, effective interpersonal
communication that is established can be used as a solution in solving problems in a friendly
relationship.
The results of Latif's research (2012) concluded in his research entitled
"Communication Strategy in Resolving the North Buton Conflict," as follows: (1) The
communication climate that took place between the government of North Buton Regency
and the community showed a poor situation due to the application of inappropriate
communication strategies. This can be seen from (a) the community and the frequency of
communication between the government and the community are very minimal; (b) the
communication atmosphere created is always in a disharmonious atmosphere. (2) Conflict
resolution the determination of the capital city of North Buton Regency was carried out
through: (a) a celling effect approach in order to align information and communication in the
community; (b) a narrow casting approach in order to stimulate active community
involvement in every communication process; (c) utilization of traditional channels by
involving charismatic community leaders and cultural traditions that are part of attitudes and
behavior in society; and (d) creating an audience participation mechanism, namely a
participatory communication mechanism carried out by involving the community / audience
in every communication activity. (participation) of the community/audience in every
communication activity. All of these approaches aim to resolve conflicts related to the
placement of the Capital of North Buton Regency. However, in practice, none of the conflict
resolution approaches were implemented by the North Buton Regency government.
Conflict resolution efforts can be done through communication by negotiation.
Negotiation is a skill that everyone uses in everyday life. Fisher (2001:115) states,
negotiation is a structured process used by conflicting parties to conduct dialog about issues
where each party has a different opinion. The purpose of negotiation is to seek clarification
of issues or problems and try to find agreement on how to resolve them. This negotiation is
principally carried out with decision- and policy-making parties so that decisions and
policies issued are in accordance with the common interest and can resolve conflicts that
have occurred. Conflict resolution through communication can also be done through
mediation. Moelino (2003: 99) states, negotiation with mediation, namely through a
negotiation process with the help of a third party (mediator) as an intermediary. Mediation is
a process of Conflict resolution through intermediaries, which are activities undertaken by
third parties, who are not involved in the dispute, to assist the disputing groups.
Dominant elements that must be directly involved in communicating
From the discussion above, both communication as a cause of conflict and
communication as a solution to conflict, it can be concluded that it is necessary to have a
dominant element that is always involved in every communication wherever and whoever
and at whatever level so that the communication benefits peace in competition for all parties
to the communication, in particular and in the comfort of human life in general. The
dominant element that must always be involved is consistency. Severin et al. (2005: 156)
state that "consistency theory recognizes human efforts to be rational, but in achieving it we
often show striking irrationality." This shows that irrational forces color the efforts of every
human being. The power of irrationality is infinite, therefore the power of the ratio will not
be able to achieve it. Irrational power can only be achieved through belief or faith. Faith
gives meaning to the essence of life, and directs life to the highest value of life consistently.
Severin et al. (2005: 155) state that we use rationalization as an attempt to explain irrational
behavior in a way that is rational or consistent with ourselves. We often use tools that may
seem irrational or inconsistent to others.
Consistency is believing in irrational forces in a rational way, through everything
that is physical and non-physical in every human behavior communication. Consistency is
normative, guiding the communication process to the ideal effect that is the hope of all
humans in social interaction. Therefore, consistency is the dominant element that must
always be involved in communication that builds a peaceful social life in competition.
Conclusion
From the discussion above, it can be concluded that in social life there is always peace
and social conflict caused by communication that takes place in various fields of life from
the simplest to the most complex. Peace occurs because of communication that is consistent
with the highest social norms. Meanwhile, social conflict always occurs because of
communication that is inconsistent with social norms and always creates an unbalanced
situation. An unbalanced state produces tension and tension creates social conflict.
Communication Causes of Social Conflict
Kuper (2000: 156) observes that "In general, social scientists seek to understand the
kinds of conflict that take place in the context of interdependent relationships and
institutionalized exchange relationships." Relationships Interdependent relationships require
consistency in the form of regular phenomena that make it possible to predict. This
consistency is the basis for the development of all sciences. Severin & James (2001: 155)
state that the general concept of consistency underlies all sciences. The concept of
consistency in human behavior is an extension of the world of physics into the area of
human behavior. Many humans strive to be consistent in a number of ways such as in our
attitudes, behaviors, and even attitudes and behaviors in our perception of the world, of
people, of ambitions, and even of personality development. Humans organize their world by
communicating in ways that they find reasonable and meaningful.
However, in communicating, humans often prioritize their ambitions. While
ambition is more inconsistent, it often manipulates common sense for the sake of its lustful
expectations. The development of such ambitions drives communication to be inconsistent,
emotional, and sentimental, so that it is no longer rational and causes a lot of
misunderstanding. This misunderstood communication is the cause of social conflicts that
develop in various spheres of life, in the family, in the neighborhood, in groups of friends in
the work environment, in agencies, in communities, societies, and countries, even between
countries. Individual ambition in its development drags other individuals to form group
ambitions that have similarities vis-à-vis group ambitions that do not have the same
perspective. Inconsistent communication can occur in the communicator element, it can also
be from the message conveyed or it can also occur in the communicant. Based on R.D. Nye's
analysis, there are five sources of conflict in interpersonal relationships, namely: (1)
Competition; (2) Domination; (3) Failure; (4) Provocation; (5) Value Differences (in
Rakhmat, 1985 p. 146). Communicators who have a closed attitude can cause conflict as
follows: (1) Judging messages based on personal motives; (2) Thinking Simplistic; (3)
Oriented to the source; (4) Seeking information from their own sources; (5) Rigidly defend
and defend themselves or defend the belief system; (6) Unable to allow inconsistencies
Communicator causes of inconsistency, there are many variations of causes of
inconsistency although there are always similarities. The character of the communicator is
an abusive desire to be praised, to be above others and to see others as inferior to them.
Coercion and domination become the means of achieving his expectations. The form of hope
is greed or avarice. Athailah, states that no disease will develop in a person except on the
seeds of greed. From greed, officials are dragged to prison, unbelievers become robbers,
fraudsters, mafia, and other crimes. The messages from corrupt bad character owners are
closely related to the content of the message to be conveyed, the purpose, and the media or
means used. This can be analyzed from communicators who are in prison controlling drug
trafficking outside prison. Many examples of communication in everyday life such as in the
case of elections, elections, even in the election of leadership of every organization, party,
mass organization, agency, always found inconsistent communication built. Ambitious
communicators have colored inconsistent messages and media that have caused uproar and
disharmony which eventually becomes horizontal and vertical conflicts. Likewise, conflicts
at the level of countries in the world, such as in the Middle East, are destroyed because of
inconsistent communicators, messages, and mass media and other means of communication.
Messages as causes of conflict Social scientists generally argue that the sources of
social conflict are social relationships with messages that produce various communication
effects, both planned and unplanned, such as political messages, and economic messages.
They rarely highlight human biological nature as the cause. Ross (1993) states that the
various social conditions faced by one of the parties involved in the conflict are A conflict is
usually enough to reveal the occurrence of disagreement. The causes of conflict can be
traced on the basis of the level of organization, and on the basis of the level of cohesiveness,
even on the basis of goals, and the means used. Conflict on the basis of goals can be
distinguished between consensual conflict and dissensual conflict. Consensual conflict is a
conflict that occurs because of a struggle over something of material value, while dissensual
conflict is a conflict based on a goal that is considered to be of immaterial value. Conflicts
based on the means used vary widely, ranging from overt coercion, threats, to persuasion,
for example the persuasion of political parties during elections, or leaders who want to instill
their power.
Media as a cause of conflict, especially mass media, often causes the development of
social problems that lead to conflict, and a bad image on people's cognition as well as on the
mass media itself. The effects of mass media shape the process of social change. Bungin
(2006: 91) views social change as a change experienced by members of society and all
elements of culture and social systems, at all levels of life, either voluntarily or influenced
by external elements. Then leave the old patterns of life, culture, social system, and adapt or
use new patterns of life, culture and social system. It is in this transitional process that the
sources of conflict receive potential reinforcement through communication, both verbal and
nonverbal communication.
Social conflict can be seen in facial expressions, eye contact, glare, body position,
gesture and interpersonal distance. Physical contact often occurs due to the development of
nonverbal conflict. In fact, there are often someone gets angry just because they smell
something bad from the person next to them. A case in point was a principal staring at a
teacher over and over in a restaurant and then switching the subject to another teacher
because she was wearing a leather jacket during the meal, which the principal saw as
unethical. The effect of the incident was a prolonged conflict that resulted in the teacher
moving to another place of work. From this case it can be understood that nonverbal cues
can be said to communicate information about emotions, speech, individual differences and
interpersonal relationships. Kuper et al. (2000), view the importance of nonverbal cues in
communicating emotions from observations. Darwin (1872) argued that facial expressions
of emotion were part of a natural, adaptive and physiological response. Recent thinking has
been heavily influenced by Ekman's "neuro-cultural" model. (Ekman (1972), Ekman and
Friesen (1986) state that, according to this model, basic emotions that have a natural
expression can be modified through learning what he calls display rules, i.e. norms that
regulate the expression of emotions in diverse social contexts. Natural facial expressions are
both natural and learnable.
Nonverbal communication is related to speech. Gestures are basically an addition to
speech that is used as a tool to elaborate oral messages or as a substitute when speech is
difficult or impossible to pronounce. Kendon (1985) points out that gestures as a way of
silent visual expression have properties that are very different from speech, so consequently
gestures are adequate to convey certain communication tasks. An illustration when two
people elementary school children in class arguing with each other, which was then noticed
by the class teacher and both were scolded, secretly even though their heads were bowed
because they were afraid of the teacher, but the child who felt brave once in a while he
poked his friend while trying to show his fist. The child's fist conveys important information
about individual differences and interpersonal relationships. This view implies that gestures
should not be considered inferior to speech, but rather as an additional source, of
multichannel communication that gives trained speakers further possibilities to convey
meaning. The clenched fist shown is an important source of information to understand as it
can escalate speech conflict to more dangerous physical conflict.
Fakhrimal, concluded the results of his research that: (1) Conflict is a threat to the
harmony of community life, even a threat to the disintegration of the nation. The logical
consequence of a plural nation like United States is the proliferation of horizontal conflict in
society; (2) Horizontal conflict is an expression of social inequality inherited by the New
Order regime. Although at the external level during the New Order, conflicts were almost
non-existent and national security conditions were under control, the potential for conflict
was still embedded and waiting for the trigger; (3) The dissatisfaction of the political elite
with the results of the ongoing competition is one of the factors driving horizontal conflict,
so they tend to utilize the issue of sara (ethnicity, religion, race, intergroup) as an outlet for
unaccommodated interests; (4) Many factors cause horizontal conflicts to occur, but the
most important of all is communication. To follow a pameo, communication is not
everything, but everything needs to be communicated. Communication can be a trigger for
conflict to end, but communication can also be a bulwark to prevent conflict from occurring;
(5) The mass media is involved in the vortex of conflict through news coverage that tends to
exacerbate conflict instead of helping the conflict to end quickly; (6) This is due to the old
paradigm still used by members of the press, namely, bad news is good news. (7) The
government tends to use a hard power approach (military force) in resolving horizontal
conflicts in United States, while the community needs a more humane approach and
prioritizes dignity; (8) The incomplete resolution of conflicts by the government, leaving
residues such as grudges and injustice. This situation will arise at any time as a trigger for
conflict in the community.
Lamira's research states that conflicts that occur in various regions in United States
show, among other things, the government's lack of ability to overcome the causes of
conflict. Conflicts arise using symbols of ethnicity, religion and race. This occurs due to the
accumulation of mental, spiritual, political, social, cultural and economic "pressure" felt by
some people. Communication carried out by employees has a very important role in the
function of each informant's position to achieve organizational goals at the Bina Marga
Office. Factors causing conflict obtained from informants such as limited sources, namely an
informant does not know new information, so that a problem arises or different goals,
namely one person's opinion or thought is not the same as the other is a problem that must
be resolved wisely. They overcome it by discussing or providing good motivation to others,
so that the problem is quickly resolved.
Lack of ability to understand the problems arising from the effects of messages that
are often biased and incomplete, due to existing limitations, leads to miscommunication,
misinterpretation, and misunderstanding that is difficult to control, causing conflict. Lack of
ability to communicate the causes of conflict can lead to various pressures in various sectors
of life.
Communication as a Solution to Social Conflict?
Horizontal conflict can be understood as a social conflict that involves friction as an
effect of unhealthy communication, or does not take place as it should, leading to conflict,
even fighting between communities.
The results of Hidayat's research (2010) show that interpersonal communication
plays a role in resolving conflicts in adolescent friendship relationships at SMU Negeri 7
Medan. This is evidenced by the way they conduct interpersonal communication with an
attitude of willingness to open themselves, a high sense of empathy for their friends, mutual
respect, positive and supportive attitudes towards their friends. So, effective interpersonal
communication that is established can be used as a solution in solving problems in a friendly
relationship.
The results of Latif's research (2012) concluded in his research entitled
"Communication Strategy in Resolving the North Buton Conflict," as follows: (1) The
communication climate that took place between the government of North Buton Regency
and the community showed a poor situation due to the application of inappropriate
communication strategies. This can be seen from (a) the community and the frequency of
communication between the government and the community are very minimal; (b) the
communication atmosphere created is always in a disharmonious atmosphere. (2) Conflict
resolution the determination of the capital city of North Buton Regency was carried out
through: (a) a celling effect approach in order to align information and communication in the
community; (b) a narrow casting approach in order to stimulate active community
involvement in every communication process; (c) utilization of traditional channels by
involving charismatic community leaders and cultural traditions that are part of attitudes and
behavior in society; and (d) creating an audience participation mechanism, namely a
participatory communication mechanism carried out by involving the community / audience
in every communication activity. (participation) of the community/audience in every
communication activity. All of these approaches aim to resolve conflicts related to the
placement of the Capital of North Buton Regency. However, in practice, none of the conflict
resolution approaches were implemented by the North Buton Regency government.
Conflict resolution efforts can be done through communication by negotiation.
Negotiation is a skill that everyone uses in everyday life. Fisher (2001:115) states,
negotiation is a structured process used by conflicting parties to conduct dialog about issues
where each party has a different opinion. The purpose of negotiation is to seek clarification
of issues or problems and try to find agreement on how to resolve them. This negotiation is
principally carried out with decision- and policy-making parties so that decisions and
policies issued are in accordance with the common interest and can resolve conflicts that
have occurred. Conflict resolution through communication can also be done through
mediation. Moelino (2003: 99) states, negotiation with mediation, namely through a
negotiation process with the help of a third party (mediator) as an intermediary. Mediation is
a process of Conflict resolution through intermediaries, which are activities undertaken by
third parties, who are not involved in the dispute, to assist the disputing groups.
Dominant elements that must be directly involved in communicating
From the discussion above, both communication as a cause of conflict and
communication as a solution to conflict, it can be concluded that it is necessary to have a
dominant element that is always involved in every communication wherever and whoever
and at whatever level so that the communication benefits peace in competition for all parties
to the communication, in particular and in the comfort of human life in general. The
dominant element that must always be involved is consistency. Severin et al. (2005: 156)
state that "consistency theory recognizes human efforts to be rational, but in achieving it we
often show striking irrationality." This shows that irrational forces color the efforts of every
human being. The power of irrationality is infinite, therefore the power of the ratio will not
be able to achieve it. Irrational power can only be achieved through belief or faith. Faith
gives meaning to the essence of life, and directs life to the highest value of life consistently.
Severin et al. (2005: 155) state that we use rationalization as an attempt to explain irrational
behavior in a way that is rational or consistent with ourselves. We often use tools that may
seem irrational or inconsistent to others.
Consistency is believing in irrational forces in a rational way, through everything
that is physical and non-physical in every human behavior communication. Consistency is
normative, guiding the communication process to the ideal effect that is the hope of all
humans in social interaction. Therefore, consistency is the dominant element that must
always be involved in communication that builds a peaceful social life in competition.
Conclusion
From the discussion above, it can be concluded that in social life there is always peace
and social conflict caused by communication that takes place in various fields of life from
the simplest to the most complex. Peace occurs because of communication that is consistent
with the highest social norms. Meanwhile, social conflict always occurs because of
communication that is inconsistent with social norms and always creates an unbalanced
situation. An unbalanced state produces tension and tension creates social conflict.
Communication Causes of Social Conflict
Kuper (2000: 156) observes that "In general, social scientists seek to understand the
kinds of conflict that take place in the context of interdependent relationships and
institutionalized exchange relationships." Relationships Interdependent relationships require
consistency in the form of regular phenomena that make it possible to predict. This
consistency is the basis for the development of all sciences. Severin & James (2001: 155)
state that the general concept of consistency underlies all sciences. The concept of
consistency in human behavior is an extension of the world of physics into the area of
human behavior. Many humans strive to be consistent in a number of ways such as in our
attitudes, behaviors, and even attitudes and behaviors in our perception of the world, of
people, of ambitions, and even of personality development. Humans organize their world by
communicating in ways that they find reasonable and meaningful.
However, in communicating, humans often prioritize their ambitions. While
ambition is more inconsistent, it often manipulates common sense for the sake of its lustful
expectations. The development of such ambitions drives communication to be inconsistent,
emotional, and sentimental, so that it is no longer rational and causes a lot of
misunderstanding. This misunderstood communication is the cause of social conflicts that
develop in various spheres of life, in the family, in the neighborhood, in groups of friends in
the work environment, in agencies, in communities, societies, and countries, even between
countries. Individual ambition in its development drags other individuals to form group
ambitions that have similarities vis-à-vis group ambitions that do not have the same
perspective. Inconsistent communication can occur in the communicator element, it can also
be from the message conveyed or it can also occur in the communicant. Based on R.D. Nye's
analysis, there are five sources of conflict in interpersonal relationships, namely: (1)
Competition; (2) Domination; (3) Failure; (4) Provocation; (5) Value Differences (in
Rakhmat, 1985 p. 146). Communicators who have a closed attitude can cause conflict as
follows: (1) Judging messages based on personal motives; (2) Thinking Simplistic; (3)
Oriented to the source; (4) Seeking information from their own sources; (5) Rigidly defend
and defend themselves or defend the belief system; (6) Unable to allow inconsistencies
Communicator causes of inconsistency, there are many variations of causes of
inconsistency although there are always similarities. The character of the communicator is
an abusive desire to be praised, to be above others and to see others as inferior to them.
Coercion and domination become the means of achieving his expectations. The form of hope
is greed or avarice. Athailah, states that no disease will develop in a person except on the
seeds of greed. From greed, officials are dragged to prison, unbelievers become robbers,
fraudsters, mafia, and other crimes. The messages from corrupt bad character owners are
closely related to the content of the message to be conveyed, the purpose, and the media or
means used. This can be analyzed from communicators who are in prison controlling drug
trafficking outside prison. Many examples of communication in everyday life such as in the
case of elections, elections, even in the election of leadership of every organization, party,
mass organization, agency, always found inconsistent communication built. Ambitious
communicators have colored inconsistent messages and media that have caused uproar and
disharmony which eventually becomes horizontal and vertical conflicts. Likewise, conflicts
at the level of countries in the world, such as in the Middle East, are destroyed because of
inconsistent communicators, messages, and mass media and other means of communication.
Messages as causes of conflict Social scientists generally argue that the sources of
social conflict are social relationships with messages that produce various communication
effects, both planned and unplanned, such as political messages, and economic messages.
They rarely highlight human biological nature as the cause. Ross (1993) states that the
various social conditions faced by one of the parties involved in the conflict are A conflict is
usually enough to reveal the occurrence of disagreement. The causes of conflict can be
traced on the basis of the level of organization, and on the basis of the level of cohesiveness,
even on the basis of goals, and the means used. Conflict on the basis of goals can be
distinguished between consensual conflict and dissensual conflict. Consensual conflict is a
conflict that occurs because of a struggle over something of material value, while dissensual
conflict is a conflict based on a goal that is considered to be of immaterial value. Conflicts
based on the means used vary widely, ranging from overt coercion, threats, to persuasion,
for example the persuasion of political parties during elections, or leaders who want to instill
their power.
Media as a cause of conflict, especially mass media, often causes the development of
social problems that lead to conflict, and a bad image on people's cognition as well as on the
mass media itself. The effects of mass media shape the process of social change. Bungin
(2006: 91) views social change as a change experienced by members of society and all
elements of culture and social systems, at all levels of life, either voluntarily or influenced
by external elements. Then leave the old patterns of life, culture, social system, and adapt or
use new patterns of life, culture and social system. It is in this transitional process that the
sources of conflict receive potential reinforcement through communication, both verbal and
nonverbal communication.
Social conflict can be seen in facial expressions, eye contact, glare, body position,
gesture and interpersonal distance. Physical contact often occurs due to the development of
nonverbal conflict. In fact, there are often someone gets angry just because they smell
something bad from the person next to them. A case in point was a principal staring at a
teacher over and over in a restaurant and then switching the subject to another teacher
because she was wearing a leather jacket during the meal, which the principal saw as
unethical. The effect of the incident was a prolonged conflict that resulted in the teacher
moving to another place of work. From this case it can be understood that nonverbal cues
can be said to communicate information about emotions, speech, individual differences and
interpersonal relationships. Kuper et al. (2000), view the importance of nonverbal cues in
communicating emotions from observations. Darwin (1872) argued that facial expressions
of emotion were part of a natural, adaptive and physiological response. Recent thinking has
been heavily influenced by Ekman's "neuro-cultural" model. (Ekman (1972), Ekman and
Friesen (1986) state that, according to this model, basic emotions that have a natural
expression can be modified through learning what he calls display rules, i.e. norms that
regulate the expression of emotions in diverse social contexts. Natural facial expressions are
both natural and learnable.
Nonverbal communication is related to speech. Gestures are basically an addition to
speech that is used as a tool to elaborate oral messages or as a substitute when speech is
difficult or impossible to pronounce. Kendon (1985) points out that gestures as a way of
silent visual expression have properties that are very different from speech, so consequently
gestures are adequate to convey certain communication tasks. An illustration when two
people elementary school children in class arguing with each other, which was then noticed
by the class teacher and both were scolded, secretly even though their heads were bowed
because they were afraid of the teacher, but the child who felt brave once in a while he
poked his friend while trying to show his fist. The child's fist conveys important information
about individual differences and interpersonal relationships. This view implies that gestures
should not be considered inferior to speech, but rather as an additional source, of
multichannel communication that gives trained speakers further possibilities to convey
meaning. The clenched fist shown is an important source of information to understand as it
can escalate speech conflict to more dangerous physical conflict.
Fakhrimal, concluded the results of his research that: (1) Conflict is a threat to the
harmony of community life, even a threat to the disintegration of the nation. The logical
consequence of a plural nation like United States is the proliferation of horizontal conflict in
society; (2) Horizontal conflict is an expression of social inequality inherited by the New
Order regime. Although at the external level during the New Order, conflicts were almost
non-existent and national security conditions were under control, the potential for conflict
was still embedded and waiting for the trigger; (3) The dissatisfaction of the political elite
with the results of the ongoing competition is one of the factors driving horizontal conflict,
so they tend to utilize the issue of sara (ethnicity, religion, race, intergroup) as an outlet for
unaccommodated interests; (4) Many factors cause horizontal conflicts to occur, but the
most important of all is communication. To follow a pameo, communication is not
everything, but everything needs to be communicated. Communication can be a trigger for
conflict to end, but communication can also be a bulwark to prevent conflict from occurring;
(5) The mass media is involved in the vortex of conflict through news coverage that tends to
exacerbate conflict instead of helping the conflict to end quickly; (6) This is due to the old
paradigm still used by members of the press, namely, bad news is good news. (7) The
government tends to use a hard power approach (military force) in resolving horizontal
conflicts in United States, while the community needs a more humane approach and
prioritizes dignity; (8) The incomplete resolution of conflicts by the government, leaving
residues such as grudges and injustice. This situation will arise at any time as a trigger for
conflict in the community.
Lamira's research states that conflicts that occur in various regions in United States
show, among other things, the government's lack of ability to overcome the causes of
conflict. Conflicts arise using symbols of ethnicity, religion and race. This occurs due to the
accumulation of mental, spiritual, political, social, cultural and economic "pressure" felt by
some people. Communication carried out by employees has a very important role in the
function of each informant's position to achieve organizational goals at the Bina Marga
Office. Factors causing conflict obtained from informants such as limited sources, namely an
informant does not know new information, so that a problem arises or different goals,
namely one person's opinion or thought is not the same as the other is a problem that must
be resolved wisely. They overcome it by discussing or providing good motivation to others,
so that the problem is quickly resolved.
Lack of ability to understand the problems arising from the effects of messages that
are often biased and incomplete, due to existing limitations, leads to miscommunication,
misinterpretation, and misunderstanding that is difficult to control, causing conflict. Lack of
ability to communicate the causes of conflict can lead to various pressures in various sectors
of life.
Communication as a Solution to Social Conflict?
Horizontal conflict can be understood as a social conflict that involves friction as an
effect of unhealthy communication, or does not take place as it should, leading to conflict,
even fighting between communities.
The results of Hidayat's research (2010) show that interpersonal communication
plays a role in resolving conflicts in adolescent friendship relationships at SMU Negeri 7
Medan. This is evidenced by the way they conduct interpersonal communication with an
attitude of willingness to open themselves, a high sense of empathy for their friends, mutual
respect, positive and supportive attitudes towards their friends. So, effective interpersonal
communication that is established can be used as a solution in solving problems in a friendly
relationship.
The results of Latif's research (2012) concluded in his research entitled
"Communication Strategy in Resolving the North Buton Conflict," as follows: (1) The
communication climate that took place between the government of North Buton Regency
and the community showed a poor situation due to the application of inappropriate
communication strategies. This can be seen from (a) the community and the frequency of
communication between the government and the community are very minimal; (b) the
communication atmosphere created is always in a disharmonious atmosphere. (2) Conflict
resolution the determination of the capital city of North Buton Regency was carried out
through: (a) a celling effect approach in order to align information and communication in the
community; (b) a narrow casting approach in order to stimulate active community
involvement in every communication process; (c) utilization of traditional channels by
involving charismatic community leaders and cultural traditions that are part of attitudes and
behavior in society; and (d) creating an audience participation mechanism, namely a
participatory communication mechanism carried out by involving the community / audience
in every communication activity. (participation) of the community/audience in every
communication activity. All of these approaches aim to resolve conflicts related to the
placement of the Capital of North Buton Regency. However, in practice, none of the conflict
resolution approaches were implemented by the North Buton Regency government.
Conflict resolution efforts can be done through communication by negotiation.
Negotiation is a skill that everyone uses in everyday life. Fisher (2001:115) states,
negotiation is a structured process used by conflicting parties to conduct dialog about issues
where each party has a different opinion. The purpose of negotiation is to seek clarification
of issues or problems and try to find agreement on how to resolve them. This negotiation is
principally carried out with decision- and policy-making parties so that decisions and
policies issued are in accordance with the common interest and can resolve conflicts that
have occurred. Conflict resolution through communication can also be done through
mediation. Moelino (2003: 99) states, negotiation with mediation, namely through a
negotiation process with the help of a third party (mediator) as an intermediary. Mediation is
a process of Conflict resolution through intermediaries, which are activities undertaken by
third parties, who are not involved in the dispute, to assist the disputing groups.
Dominant elements that must be directly involved in communicating
From the discussion above, both communication as a cause of conflict and
communication as a solution to conflict, it can be concluded that it is necessary to have a
dominant element that is always involved in every communication wherever and whoever
and at whatever level so that the communication benefits peace in competition for all parties
to the communication, in particular and in the comfort of human life in general. The
dominant element that must always be involved is consistency. Severin et al. (2005: 156)
state that "consistency theory recognizes human efforts to be rational, but in achieving it we
often show striking irrationality." This shows that irrational forces color the efforts of every
human being. The power of irrationality is infinite, therefore the power of the ratio will not
be able to achieve it. Irrational power can only be achieved through belief or faith. Faith
gives meaning to the essence of life, and directs life to the highest value of life consistently.
Severin et al. (2005: 155) state that we use rationalization as an attempt to explain irrational
behavior in a way that is rational or consistent with ourselves. We often use tools that may
seem irrational or inconsistent to others.
Consistency is believing in irrational forces in a rational way, through everything
that is physical and non-physical in every human behavior communication. Consistency is
normative, guiding the communication process to the ideal effect that is the hope of all
humans in social interaction. Therefore, consistency is the dominant element that must
always be involved in communication that builds a peaceful social life in competition.
Conclusion
From the discussion above, it can be concluded that in social life there is always peace
and social conflict caused by communication that takes place in various fields of life from
the simplest to the most complex. Peace occurs because of communication that is consistent
with the highest social norms. Meanwhile, social conflict always occurs because of
communication that is inconsistent with social norms and always creates an unbalanced
situation. An unbalanced state produces tension and tension creates social conflict.
Communication Causes of Social Conflict
Kuper (2000: 156) observes that "In general, social scientists seek to understand the
kinds of conflict that take place in the context of interdependent relationships and
institutionalized exchange relationships." Relationships Interdependent relationships require
consistency in the form of regular phenomena that make it possible to predict. This
consistency is the basis for the development of all sciences. Severin & James (2001: 155)
state that the general concept of consistency underlies all sciences. The concept of
consistency in human behavior is an extension of the world of physics into the area of
human behavior. Many humans strive to be consistent in a number of ways such as in our
attitudes, behaviors, and even attitudes and behaviors in our perception of the world, of
people, of ambitions, and even of personality development. Humans organize their world by
communicating in ways that they find reasonable and meaningful.
However, in communicating, humans often prioritize their ambitions. While
ambition is more inconsistent, it often manipulates common sense for the sake of its lustful
expectations. The development of such ambitions drives communication to be inconsistent,
emotional, and sentimental, so that it is no longer rational and causes a lot of
misunderstanding. This misunderstood communication is the cause of social conflicts that
develop in various spheres of life, in the family, in the neighborhood, in groups of friends in
the work environment, in agencies, in communities, societies, and countries, even between
countries. Individual ambition in its development drags other individuals to form group
ambitions that have similarities vis-à-vis group ambitions that do not have the same
perspective. Inconsistent communication can occur in the communicator element, it can also
be from the message conveyed or it can also occur in the communicant. Based on R.D. Nye's
analysis, there are five sources of conflict in interpersonal relationships, namely: (1)
Competition; (2) Domination; (3) Failure; (4) Provocation; (5) Value Differences (in
Rakhmat, 1985 p. 146). Communicators who have a closed attitude can cause conflict as
follows: (1) Judging messages based on personal motives; (2) Thinking Simplistic; (3)
Oriented to the source; (4) Seeking information from their own sources; (5) Rigidly defend
and defend themselves or defend the belief system; (6) Unable to allow inconsistencies
Communicator causes of inconsistency, there are many variations of causes of
inconsistency although there are always similarities. The character of the communicator is
an abusive desire to be praised, to be above others and to see others as inferior to them.
Coercion and domination become the means of achieving his expectations. The form of hope
is greed or avarice. Athailah, states that no disease will develop in a person except on the
seeds of greed. From greed, officials are dragged to prison, unbelievers become robbers,
fraudsters, mafia, and other crimes. The messages from corrupt bad character owners are
closely related to the content of the message to be conveyed, the purpose, and the media or
means used. This can be analyzed from communicators who are in prison controlling drug
trafficking outside prison. Many examples of communication in everyday life such as in the
case of elections, elections, even in the election of leadership of every organization, party,
mass organization, agency, always found inconsistent communication built. Ambitious
communicators have colored inconsistent messages and media that have caused uproar and
disharmony which eventually becomes horizontal and vertical conflicts. Likewise, conflicts
at the level of countries in the world, such as in the Middle East, are destroyed because of
inconsistent communicators, messages, and mass media and other means of communication.
Messages as causes of conflict Social scientists generally argue that the sources of
social conflict are social relationships with messages that produce various communication
effects, both planned and unplanned, such as political messages, and economic messages.
They rarely highlight human biological nature as the cause. Ross (1993) states that the
various social conditions faced by one of the parties involved in the conflict are A conflict is
usually enough to reveal the occurrence of disagreement. The causes of conflict can be
traced on the basis of the level of organization, and on the basis of the level of cohesiveness,
even on the basis of goals, and the means used. Conflict on the basis of goals can be
distinguished between consensual conflict and dissensual conflict. Consensual conflict is a
conflict that occurs because of a struggle over something of material value, while dissensual
conflict is a conflict based on a goal that is considered to be of immaterial value. Conflicts
based on the means used vary widely, ranging from overt coercion, threats, to persuasion,
for example the persuasion of political parties during elections, or leaders who want to instill
their power.
Media as a cause of conflict, especially mass media, often causes the development of
social problems that lead to conflict, and a bad image on people's cognition as well as on the
mass media itself. The effects of mass media shape the process of social change. Bungin
(2006: 91) views social change as a change experienced by members of society and all
elements of culture and social systems, at all levels of life, either voluntarily or influenced
by external elements. Then leave the old patterns of life, culture, social system, and adapt or
use new patterns of life, culture and social system. It is in this transitional process that the
sources of conflict receive potential reinforcement through communication, both verbal and
nonverbal communication.
Social conflict can be seen in facial expressions, eye contact, glare, body position,
gesture and interpersonal distance. Physical contact often occurs due to the development of
nonverbal conflict. In fact, there are often someone gets angry just because they smell
something bad from the person next to them. A case in point was a principal staring at a
teacher over and over in a restaurant and then switching the subject to another teacher
because she was wearing a leather jacket during the meal, which the principal saw as
unethical. The effect of the incident was a prolonged conflict that resulted in the teacher
moving to another place of work. From this case it can be understood that nonverbal cues
can be said to communicate information about emotions, speech, individual differences and
interpersonal relationships. Kuper et al. (2000), view the importance of nonverbal cues in
communicating emotions from observations. Darwin (1872) argued that facial expressions
of emotion were part of a natural, adaptive and physiological response. Recent thinking has
been heavily influenced by Ekman's "neuro-cultural" model. (Ekman (1972), Ekman and
Friesen (1986) state that, according to this model, basic emotions that have a natural
expression can be modified through learning what he calls display rules, i.e. norms that
regulate the expression of emotions in diverse social contexts. Natural facial expressions are
both natural and learnable.
Nonverbal communication is related to speech. Gestures are basically an addition to
speech that is used as a tool to elaborate oral messages or as a substitute when speech is
difficult or impossible to pronounce. Kendon (1985) points out that gestures as a way of
silent visual expression have properties that are very different from speech, so consequently
gestures are adequate to convey certain communication tasks. An illustration when two
people elementary school children in class arguing with each other, which was then noticed
by the class teacher and both were scolded, secretly even though their heads were bowed
because they were afraid of the teacher, but the child who felt brave once in a while he
poked his friend while trying to show his fist. The child's fist conveys important information
about individual differences and interpersonal relationships. This view implies that gestures
should not be considered inferior to speech, but rather as an additional source, of
multichannel communication that gives trained speakers further possibilities to convey
meaning. The clenched fist shown is an important source of information to understand as it
can escalate speech conflict to more dangerous physical conflict.
Fakhrimal, concluded the results of his research that: (1) Conflict is a threat to the
harmony of community life, even a threat to the disintegration of the nation. The logical
consequence of a plural nation like United States is the proliferation of horizontal conflict in
society; (2) Horizontal conflict is an expression of social inequality inherited by the New
Order regime. Although at the external level during the New Order, conflicts were almost
non-existent and national security conditions were under control, the potential for conflict
was still embedded and waiting for the trigger; (3) The dissatisfaction of the political elite
with the results of the ongoing competition is one of the factors driving horizontal conflict,
so they tend to utilize the issue of sara (ethnicity, religion, race, intergroup) as an outlet for
unaccommodated interests; (4) Many factors cause horizontal conflicts to occur, but the
most important of all is communication. To follow a pameo, communication is not
everything, but everything needs to be communicated. Communication can be a trigger for
conflict to end, but communication can also be a bulwark to prevent conflict from occurring;
(5) The mass media is involved in the vortex of conflict through news coverage that tends to
exacerbate conflict instead of helping the conflict to end quickly; (6) This is due to the old
paradigm still used by members of the press, namely, bad news is good news. (7) The
government tends to use a hard power approach (military force) in resolving horizontal
conflicts in United States, while the community needs a more humane approach and
prioritizes dignity; (8) The incomplete resolution of conflicts by the government, leaving
residues such as grudges and injustice. This situation will arise at any time as a trigger for
conflict in the community.
Lamira's research states that conflicts that occur in various regions in United States
show, among other things, the government's lack of ability to overcome the causes of
conflict. Conflicts arise using symbols of ethnicity, religion and race. This occurs due to the
accumulation of mental, spiritual, political, social, cultural and economic "pressure" felt by
some people. Communication carried out by employees has a very important role in the
function of each informant's position to achieve organizational goals at the Bina Marga
Office. Factors causing conflict obtained from informants such as limited sources, namely an
informant does not know new information, so that a problem arises or different goals,
namely one person's opinion or thought is not the same as the other is a problem that must
be resolved wisely. They overcome it by discussing or providing good motivation to others,
so that the problem is quickly resolved.
Lack of ability to understand the problems arising from the effects of messages that
are often biased and incomplete, due to existing limitations, leads to miscommunication,
misinterpretation, and misunderstanding that is difficult to control, causing conflict. Lack of
ability to communicate the causes of conflict can lead to various pressures in various sectors
of life.
Communication as a Solution to Social Conflict?
Horizontal conflict can be understood as a social conflict that involves friction as an
effect of unhealthy communication, or does not take place as it should, leading to conflict,
even fighting between communities.
The results of Hidayat's research (2010) show that interpersonal communication
plays a role in resolving conflicts in adolescent friendship relationships at SMU Negeri 7
Medan. This is evidenced by the way they conduct interpersonal communication with an
attitude of willingness to open themselves, a high sense of empathy for their friends, mutual
respect, positive and supportive attitudes towards their friends. So, effective interpersonal
communication that is established can be used as a solution in solving problems in a friendly
relationship.
The results of Latif's research (2012) concluded in his research entitled
"Communication Strategy in Resolving the North Buton Conflict," as follows: (1) The
communication climate that took place between the government of North Buton Regency
and the community showed a poor situation due to the application of inappropriate
communication strategies. This can be seen from (a) the community and the frequency of
communication between the government and the community are very minimal; (b) the
communication atmosphere created is always in a disharmonious atmosphere. (2) Conflict
resolution the determination of the capital city of North Buton Regency was carried out
through: (a) a celling effect approach in order to align information and communication in the
community; (b) a narrow casting approach in order to stimulate active community
involvement in every communication process; (c) utilization of traditional channels by
involving charismatic community leaders and cultural traditions that are part of attitudes and
behavior in society; and (d) creating an audience participation mechanism, namely a
participatory communication mechanism carried out by involving the community / audience
in every communication activity. (participation) of the community/audience in every
communication activity. All of these approaches aim to resolve conflicts related to the
placement of the Capital of North Buton Regency. However, in practice, none of the conflict
resolution approaches were implemented by the North Buton Regency government.
Conflict resolution efforts can be done through communication by negotiation.
Negotiation is a skill that everyone uses in everyday life. Fisher (2001:115) states,
negotiation is a structured process used by conflicting parties to conduct dialog about issues
where each party has a different opinion. The purpose of negotiation is to seek clarification
of issues or problems and try to find agreement on how to resolve them. This negotiation is
principally carried out with decision- and policy-making parties so that decisions and
policies issued are in accordance with the common interest and can resolve conflicts that
have occurred. Conflict resolution through communication can also be done through
mediation. Moelino (2003: 99) states, negotiation with mediation, namely through a
negotiation process with the help of a third party (mediator) as an intermediary. Mediation is
a process of Conflict resolution through intermediaries, which are activities undertaken by
third parties, who are not involved in the dispute, to assist the disputing groups.
Dominant elements that must be directly involved in communicating
From the discussion above, both communication as a cause of conflict and
communication as a solution to conflict, it can be concluded that it is necessary to have a
dominant element that is always involved in every communication wherever and whoever
and at whatever level so that the communication benefits peace in competition for all parties
to the communication, in particular and in the comfort of human life in general. The
dominant element that must always be involved is consistency. Severin et al. (2005: 156)
state that "consistency theory recognizes human efforts to be rational, but in achieving it we
often show striking irrationality." This shows that irrational forces color the efforts of every
human being. The power of irrationality is infinite, therefore the power of the ratio will not
be able to achieve it. Irrational power can only be achieved through belief or faith. Faith
gives meaning to the essence of life, and directs life to the highest value of life consistently.
Severin et al. (2005: 155) state that we use rationalization as an attempt to explain irrational
behavior in a way that is rational or consistent with ourselves. We often use tools that may
seem irrational or inconsistent to others.
Consistency is believing in irrational forces in a rational way, through everything
that is physical and non-physical in every human behavior communication. Consistency is
normative, guiding the communication process to the ideal effect that is the hope of all
humans in social interaction. Therefore, consistency is the dominant element that must
always be involved in communication that builds a peaceful social life in competition.
Conclusion
From the discussion above, it can be concluded that in social life there is always peace
and social conflict caused by communication that takes place in various fields of life from
the simplest to the most complex. Peace occurs because of communication that is consistent
with the highest social norms. Meanwhile, social conflict always occurs because of
communication that is inconsistent with social norms and always creates an unbalanced
situation. An unbalanced state produces tension and tension creates social conflict.
Communication Causes of Social Conflict
Kuper (2000: 156) observes that "In general, social scientists seek to understand the
kinds of conflict that take place in the context of interdependent relationships and
institutionalized exchange relationships." Relationships Interdependent relationships require
consistency in the form of regular phenomena that make it possible to predict. This
consistency is the basis for the development of all sciences. Severin & James (2001: 155)
state that the general concept of consistency underlies all sciences. The concept of
consistency in human behavior is an extension of the world of physics into the area of
human behavior. Many humans strive to be consistent in a number of ways such as in our
attitudes, behaviors, and even attitudes and behaviors in our perception of the world, of
people, of ambitions, and even of personality development. Humans organize their world by
communicating in ways that they find reasonable and meaningful.
However, in communicating, humans often prioritize their ambitions. While
ambition is more inconsistent, it often manipulates common sense for the sake of its lustful
expectations. The development of such ambitions drives communication to be inconsistent,
emotional, and sentimental, so that it is no longer rational and causes a lot of
misunderstanding. This misunderstood communication is the cause of social conflicts that
develop in various spheres of life, in the family, in the neighborhood, in groups of friends in
the work environment, in agencies, in communities, societies, and countries, even between
countries. Individual ambition in its development drags other individuals to form group
ambitions that have similarities vis-à-vis group ambitions that do not have the same
perspective. Inconsistent communication can occur in the communicator element, it can also
be from the message conveyed or it can also occur in the communicant. Based on R.D. Nye's
analysis, there are five sources of conflict in interpersonal relationships, namely: (1)
Competition; (2) Domination; (3) Failure; (4) Provocation; (5) Value Differences (in
Rakhmat, 1985 p. 146). Communicators who have a closed attitude can cause conflict as
follows: (1) Judging messages based on personal motives; (2) Thinking Simplistic; (3)
Oriented to the source; (4) Seeking information from their own sources; (5) Rigidly defend
and defend themselves or defend the belief system; (6) Unable to allow inconsistencies
Communicator causes of inconsistency, there are many variations of causes of
inconsistency although there are always similarities. The character of the communicator is
an abusive desire to be praised, to be above others and to see others as inferior to them.
Coercion and domination become the means of achieving his expectations. The form of hope
is greed or avarice. Athailah, states that no disease will develop in a person except on the
seeds of greed. From greed, officials are dragged to prison, unbelievers become robbers,
fraudsters, mafia, and other crimes. The messages from corrupt bad character owners are
closely related to the content of the message to be conveyed, the purpose, and the media or
means used. This can be analyzed from communicators who are in prison controlling drug
trafficking outside prison. Many examples of communication in everyday life such as in the
case of elections, elections, even in the election of leadership of every organization, party,
mass organization, agency, always found inconsistent communication built. Ambitious
communicators have colored inconsistent messages and media that have caused uproar and
disharmony which eventually becomes horizontal and vertical conflicts. Likewise, conflicts
at the level of countries in the world, such as in the Middle East, are destroyed because of
inconsistent communicators, messages, and mass media and other means of communication.
Messages as causes of conflict Social scientists generally argue that the sources of
social conflict are social relationships with messages that produce various communication
effects, both planned and unplanned, such as political messages, and economic messages.
They rarely highlight human biological nature as the cause. Ross (1993) states that the
various social conditions faced by one of the parties involved in the conflict are A conflict is
usually enough to reveal the occurrence of disagreement. The causes of conflict can be
traced on the basis of the level of organization, and on the basis of the level of cohesiveness,
even on the basis of goals, and the means used. Conflict on the basis of goals can be
distinguished between consensual conflict and dissensual conflict. Consensual conflict is a
conflict that occurs because of a struggle over something of material value, while dissensual
conflict is a conflict based on a goal that is considered to be of immaterial value. Conflicts
based on the means used vary widely, ranging from overt coercion, threats, to persuasion,
for example the persuasion of political parties during elections, or leaders who want to instill
their power.
Media as a cause of conflict, especially mass media, often causes the development of
social problems that lead to conflict, and a bad image on people's cognition as well as on the
mass media itself. The effects of mass media shape the process of social change. Bungin
(2006: 91) views social change as a change experienced by members of society and all
elements of culture and social systems, at all levels of life, either voluntarily or influenced
by external elements. Then leave the old patterns of life, culture, social system, and adapt or
use new patterns of life, culture and social system. It is in this transitional process that the
sources of conflict receive potential reinforcement through communication, both verbal and
nonverbal communication.
Social conflict can be seen in facial expressions, eye contact, glare, body position,
gesture and interpersonal distance. Physical contact often occurs due to the development of
nonverbal conflict. In fact, there are often someone gets angry just because they smell
something bad from the person next to them. A case in point was a principal staring at a
teacher over and over in a restaurant and then switching the subject to another teacher
because she was wearing a leather jacket during the meal, which the principal saw as
unethical. The effect of the incident was a prolonged conflict that resulted in the teacher
moving to another place of work. From this case it can be understood that nonverbal cues
can be said to communicate information about emotions, speech, individual differences and
interpersonal relationships. Kuper et al. (2000), view the importance of nonverbal cues in
communicating emotions from observations. Darwin (1872) argued that facial expressions
of emotion were part of a natural, adaptive and physiological response. Recent thinking has
been heavily influenced by Ekman's "neuro-cultural" model. (Ekman (1972), Ekman and
Friesen (1986) state that, according to this model, basic emotions that have a natural
expression can be modified through learning what he calls display rules, i.e. norms that
regulate the expression of emotions in diverse social contexts. Natural facial expressions are
both natural and learnable.
Nonverbal communication is related to speech. Gestures are basically an addition to
speech that is used as a tool to elaborate oral messages or as a substitute when speech is
difficult or impossible to pronounce. Kendon (1985) points out that gestures as a way of
silent visual expression have properties that are very different from speech, so consequently
gestures are adequate to convey certain communication tasks. An illustration when two
people elementary school children in class arguing with each other, which was then noticed
by the class teacher and both were scolded, secretly even though their heads were bowed
because they were afraid of the teacher, but the child who felt brave once in a while he
poked his friend while trying to show his fist. The child's fist conveys important information
about individual differences and interpersonal relationships. This view implies that gestures
should not be considered inferior to speech, but rather as an additional source, of
multichannel communication that gives trained speakers further possibilities to convey
meaning. The clenched fist shown is an important source of information to understand as it
can escalate speech conflict to more dangerous physical conflict.
Fakhrimal, concluded the results of his research that: (1) Conflict is a threat to the
harmony of community life, even a threat to the disintegration of the nation. The logical
consequence of a plural nation like United States is the proliferation of horizontal conflict in
society; (2) Horizontal conflict is an expression of social inequality inherited by the New
Order regime. Although at the external level during the New Order, conflicts were almost
non-existent and national security conditions were under control, the potential for conflict
was still embedded and waiting for the trigger; (3) The dissatisfaction of the political elite
with the results of the ongoing competition is one of the factors driving horizontal conflict,
so they tend to utilize the issue of sara (ethnicity, religion, race, intergroup) as an outlet for
unaccommodated interests; (4) Many factors cause horizontal conflicts to occur, but the
most important of all is communication. To follow a pameo, communication is not
everything, but everything needs to be communicated. Communication can be a trigger for
conflict to end, but communication can also be a bulwark to prevent conflict from occurring;
(5) The mass media is involved in the vortex of conflict through news coverage that tends to
exacerbate conflict instead of helping the conflict to end quickly; (6) This is due to the old
paradigm still used by members of the press, namely, bad news is good news. (7) The
government tends to use a hard power approach (military force) in resolving horizontal
conflicts in United States, while the community needs a more humane approach and
prioritizes dignity; (8) The incomplete resolution of conflicts by the government, leaving
residues such as grudges and injustice. This situation will arise at any time as a trigger for
conflict in the community.
Lamira's research states that conflicts that occur in various regions in United States
show, among other things, the government's lack of ability to overcome the causes of
conflict. Conflicts arise using symbols of ethnicity, religion and race. This occurs due to the
accumulation of mental, spiritual, political, social, cultural and economic "pressure" felt by
some people. Communication carried out by employees has a very important role in the
function of each informant's position to achieve organizational goals at the Bina Marga
Office. Factors causing conflict obtained from informants such as limited sources, namely an
informant does not know new information, so that a problem arises or different goals,
namely one person's opinion or thought is not the same as the other is a problem that must
be resolved wisely. They overcome it by discussing or providing good motivation to others,
so that the problem is quickly resolved.
Lack of ability to understand the problems arising from the effects of messages that
are often biased and incomplete, due to existing limitations, leads to miscommunication,
misinterpretation, and misunderstanding that is difficult to control, causing conflict. Lack of
ability to communicate the causes of conflict can lead to various pressures in various sectors
of life.
Communication as a Solution to Social Conflict?
Horizontal conflict can be understood as a social conflict that involves friction as an
effect of unhealthy communication, or does not take place as it should, leading to conflict,
even fighting between communities.
The results of Hidayat's research (2010) show that interpersonal communication
plays a role in resolving conflicts in adolescent friendship relationships at SMU Negeri 7
Medan. This is evidenced by the way they conduct interpersonal communication with an
attitude of willingness to open themselves, a high sense of empathy for their friends, mutual
respect, positive and supportive attitudes towards their friends. So, effective interpersonal
communication that is established can be used as a solution in solving problems in a friendly
relationship.
The results of Latif's research (2012) concluded in his research entitled
"Communication Strategy in Resolving the North Buton Conflict," as follows: (1) The
communication climate that took place between the government of North Buton Regency
and the community showed a poor situation due to the application of inappropriate
communication strategies. This can be seen from (a) the community and the frequency of
communication between the government and the community are very minimal; (b) the
communication atmosphere created is always in a disharmonious atmosphere. (2) Conflict
resolution the determination of the capital city of North Buton Regency was carried out
through: (a) a celling effect approach in order to align information and communication in the
community; (b) a narrow casting approach in order to stimulate active community
involvement in every communication process; (c) utilization of traditional channels by
involving charismatic community leaders and cultural traditions that are part of attitudes and
behavior in society; and (d) creating an audience participation mechanism, namely a
participatory communication mechanism carried out by involving the community / audience
in every communication activity. (participation) of the community/audience in every
communication activity. All of these approaches aim to resolve conflicts related to the
placement of the Capital of North Buton Regency. However, in practice, none of the conflict
resolution approaches were implemented by the North Buton Regency government.
Conflict resolution efforts can be done through communication by negotiation.
Negotiation is a skill that everyone uses in everyday life. Fisher (2001:115) states,
negotiation is a structured process used by conflicting parties to conduct dialog about issues
where each party has a different opinion. The purpose of negotiation is to seek clarification
of issues or problems and try to find agreement on how to resolve them. This negotiation is
principally carried out with decision- and policy-making parties so that decisions and
policies issued are in accordance with the common interest and can resolve conflicts that
have occurred. Conflict resolution through communication can also be done through
mediation. Moelino (2003: 99) states, negotiation with mediation, namely through a
negotiation process with the help of a third party (mediator) as an intermediary. Mediation is
a process of Conflict resolution through intermediaries, which are activities undertaken by
third parties, who are not involved in the dispute, to assist the disputing groups.
Dominant elements that must be directly involved in communicating
From the discussion above, both communication as a cause of conflict and
communication as a solution to conflict, it can be concluded that it is necessary to have a
dominant element that is always involved in every communication wherever and whoever
and at whatever level so that the communication benefits peace in competition for all parties
to the communication, in particular and in the comfort of human life in general. The
dominant element that must always be involved is consistency. Severin et al. (2005: 156)
state that "consistency theory recognizes human efforts to be rational, but in achieving it we
often show striking irrationality." This shows that irrational forces color the efforts of every
human being. The power of irrationality is infinite, therefore the power of the ratio will not
be able to achieve it. Irrational power can only be achieved through belief or faith. Faith
gives meaning to the essence of life, and directs life to the highest value of life consistently.
Severin et al. (2005: 155) state that we use rationalization as an attempt to explain irrational
behavior in a way that is rational or consistent with ourselves. We often use tools that may
seem irrational or inconsistent to others.
Consistency is believing in irrational forces in a rational way, through everything
that is physical and non-physical in every human behavior communication. Consistency is
normative, guiding the communication process to the ideal effect that is the hope of all
humans in social interaction. Therefore, consistency is the dominant element that must
always be involved in communication that builds a peaceful social life in competition.
Conclusion
From the discussion above, it can be concluded that in social life there is always peace
and social conflict caused by communication that takes place in various fields of life from
the simplest to the most complex. Peace occurs because of communication that is consistent
with the highest social norms. Meanwhile, social conflict always occurs because of
communication that is inconsistent with social norms and always creates an unbalanced
situation. An unbalanced state produces tension and tension creates social conflict.
Communication Causes of Social Conflict
Kuper (2000: 156) observes that "In general, social scientists seek to understand the
kinds of conflict that take place in the context of interdependent relationships and
institutionalized exchange relationships." Relationships Interdependent relationships require
consistency in the form of regular phenomena that make it possible to predict. This
consistency is the basis for the development of all sciences. Severin & James (2001: 155)
state that the general concept of consistency underlies all sciences. The concept of
consistency in human behavior is an extension of the world of physics into the area of
human behavior. Many humans strive to be consistent in a number of ways such as in our
attitudes, behaviors, and even attitudes and behaviors in our perception of the world, of
people, of ambitions, and even of personality development. Humans organize their world by
communicating in ways that they find reasonable and meaningful.
However, in communicating, humans often prioritize their ambitions. While
ambition is more inconsistent, it often manipulates common sense for the sake of its lustful
expectations. The development of such ambitions drives communication to be inconsistent,
emotional, and sentimental, so that it is no longer rational and causes a lot of
misunderstanding. This misunderstood communication is the cause of social conflicts that
develop in various spheres of life, in the family, in the neighborhood, in groups of friends in
the work environment, in agencies, in communities, societies, and countries, even between
countries. Individual ambition in its development drags other individuals to form group
ambitions that have similarities vis-à-vis group ambitions that do not have the same
perspective. Inconsistent communication can occur in the communicator element, it can also
be from the message conveyed or it can also occur in the communicant. Based on R.D. Nye's
analysis, there are five sources of conflict in interpersonal relationships, namely: (1)
Competition; (2) Domination; (3) Failure; (4) Provocation; (5) Value Differences (in
Rakhmat, 1985 p. 146). Communicators who have a closed attitude can cause conflict as
follows: (1) Judging messages based on personal motives; (2) Thinking Simplistic; (3)
Oriented to the source; (4) Seeking information from their own sources; (5) Rigidly defend
and defend themselves or defend the belief system; (6) Unable to allow inconsistencies
Communicator causes of inconsistency, there are many variations of causes of
inconsistency although there are always similarities. The character of the communicator is
an abusive desire to be praised, to be above others and to see others as inferior to them.
Coercion and domination become the means of achieving his expectations. The form of hope
is greed or avarice. Athailah, states that no disease will develop in a person except on the
seeds of greed. From greed, officials are dragged to prison, unbelievers become robbers,
fraudsters, mafia, and other crimes. The messages from corrupt bad character owners are
closely related to the content of the message to be conveyed, the purpose, and the media or
means used. This can be analyzed from communicators who are in prison controlling drug
trafficking outside prison. Many examples of communication in everyday life such as in the
case of elections, elections, even in the election of leadership of every organization, party,
mass organization, agency, always found inconsistent communication built. Ambitious
communicators have colored inconsistent messages and media that have caused uproar and
disharmony which eventually becomes horizontal and vertical conflicts. Likewise, conflicts
at the level of countries in the world, such as in the Middle East, are destroyed because of
inconsistent communicators, messages, and mass media and other means of communication.
Messages as causes of conflict Social scientists generally argue that the sources of
social conflict are social relationships with messages that produce various communication
effects, both planned and unplanned, such as political messages, and economic messages.
They rarely highlight human biological nature as the cause. Ross (1993) states that the
various social conditions faced by one of the parties involved in the conflict are A conflict is
usually enough to reveal the occurrence of disagreement. The causes of conflict can be
traced on the basis of the level of organization, and on the basis of the level of cohesiveness,
even on the basis of goals, and the means used. Conflict on the basis of goals can be
distinguished between consensual conflict and dissensual conflict. Consensual conflict is a
conflict that occurs because of a struggle over something of material value, while dissensual
conflict is a conflict based on a goal that is considered to be of immaterial value. Conflicts
based on the means used vary widely, ranging from overt coercion, threats, to persuasion,
for example the persuasion of political parties during elections, or leaders who want to instill
their power.
Media as a cause of conflict, especially mass media, often causes the development of
social problems that lead to conflict, and a bad image on people's cognition as well as on the
mass media itself. The effects of mass media shape the process of social change. Bungin
(2006: 91) views social change as a change experienced by members of society and all
elements of culture and social systems, at all levels of life, either voluntarily or influenced
by external elements. Then leave the old patterns of life, culture, social system, and adapt or
use new patterns of life, culture and social system. It is in this transitional process that the
sources of conflict receive potential reinforcement through communication, both verbal and
nonverbal communication.
Social conflict can be seen in facial expressions, eye contact, glare, body position,
gesture and interpersonal distance. Physical contact often occurs due to the development of
nonverbal conflict. In fact, there are often someone gets angry just because they smell
something bad from the person next to them. A case in point was a principal staring at a
teacher over and over in a restaurant and then switching the subject to another teacher
because she was wearing a leather jacket during the meal, which the principal saw as
unethical. The effect of the incident was a prolonged conflict that resulted in the teacher
moving to another place of work. From this case it can be understood that nonverbal cues
can be said to communicate information about emotions, speech, individual differences and
interpersonal relationships. Kuper et al. (2000), view the importance of nonverbal cues in
communicating emotions from observations. Darwin (1872) argued that facial expressions
of emotion were part of a natural, adaptive and physiological response. Recent thinking has
been heavily influenced by Ekman's "neuro-cultural" model. (Ekman (1972), Ekman and
Friesen (1986) state that, according to this model, basic emotions that have a natural
expression can be modified through learning what he calls display rules, i.e. norms that
regulate the expression of emotions in diverse social contexts. Natural facial expressions are
both natural and learnable.
Nonverbal communication is related to speech. Gestures are basically an addition to
speech that is used as a tool to elaborate oral messages or as a substitute when speech is
difficult or impossible to pronounce. Kendon (1985) points out that gestures as a way of
silent visual expression have properties that are very different from speech, so consequently
gestures are adequate to convey certain communication tasks. An illustration when two
people elementary school children in class arguing with each other, which was then noticed
by the class teacher and both were scolded, secretly even though their heads were bowed
because they were afraid of the teacher, but the child who felt brave once in a while he
poked his friend while trying to show his fist. The child's fist conveys important information
about individual differences and interpersonal relationships. This view implies that gestures
should not be considered inferior to speech, but rather as an additional source, of
multichannel communication that gives trained speakers further possibilities to convey
meaning. The clenched fist shown is an important source of information to understand as it
can escalate speech conflict to more dangerous physical conflict.
Fakhrimal, concluded the results of his research that: (1) Conflict is a threat to the
harmony of community life, even a threat to the disintegration of the nation. The logical
consequence of a plural nation like United States is the proliferation of horizontal conflict in
society; (2) Horizontal conflict is an expression of social inequality inherited by the New
Order regime. Although at the external level during the New Order, conflicts were almost
non-existent and national security conditions were under control, the potential for conflict
was still embedded and waiting for the trigger; (3) The dissatisfaction of the political elite
with the results of the ongoing competition is one of the factors driving horizontal conflict,
so they tend to utilize the issue of sara (ethnicity, religion, race, intergroup) as an outlet for
unaccommodated interests; (4) Many factors cause horizontal conflicts to occur, but the
most important of all is communication. To follow a pameo, communication is not
everything, but everything needs to be communicated. Communication can be a trigger for
conflict to end, but communication can also be a bulwark to prevent conflict from occurring;
(5) The mass media is involved in the vortex of conflict through news coverage that tends to
exacerbate conflict instead of helping the conflict to end quickly; (6) This is due to the old
paradigm still used by members of the press, namely, bad news is good news. (7) The
government tends to use a hard power approach (military force) in resolving horizontal
conflicts in United States, while the community needs a more humane approach and
prioritizes dignity; (8) The incomplete resolution of conflicts by the government, leaving
residues such as grudges and injustice. This situation will arise at any time as a trigger for
conflict in the community.
Lamira's research states that conflicts that occur in various regions in United States
show, among other things, the government's lack of ability to overcome the causes of
conflict. Conflicts arise using symbols of ethnicity, religion and race. This occurs due to the
accumulation of mental, spiritual, political, social, cultural and economic "pressure" felt by
some people. Communication carried out by employees has a very important role in the
function of each informant's position to achieve organizational goals at the Bina Marga
Office. Factors causing conflict obtained from informants such as limited sources, namely an
informant does not know new information, so that a problem arises or different goals,
namely one person's opinion or thought is not the same as the other is a problem that must
be resolved wisely. They overcome it by discussing or providing good motivation to others,
so that the problem is quickly resolved.
Lack of ability to understand the problems arising from the effects of messages that
are often biased and incomplete, due to existing limitations, leads to miscommunication,
misinterpretation, and misunderstanding that is difficult to control, causing conflict. Lack of
ability to communicate the causes of conflict can lead to various pressures in various sectors
of life.
Communication as a Solution to Social Conflict?
Horizontal conflict can be understood as a social conflict that involves friction as an
effect of unhealthy communication, or does not take place as it should, leading to conflict,
even fighting between communities.
The results of Hidayat's research (2010) show that interpersonal communication
plays a role in resolving conflicts in adolescent friendship relationships at SMU Negeri 7
Medan. This is evidenced by the way they conduct interpersonal communication with an
attitude of willingness to open themselves, a high sense of empathy for their friends, mutual
respect, positive and supportive attitudes towards their friends. So, effective interpersonal
communication that is established can be used as a solution in solving problems in a friendly
relationship.
The results of Latif's research (2012) concluded in his research entitled
"Communication Strategy in Resolving the North Buton Conflict," as follows: (1) The
communication climate that took place between the government of North Buton Regency
and the community showed a poor situation due to the application of inappropriate
communication strategies. This can be seen from (a) the community and the frequency of
communication between the government and the community are very minimal; (b) the
communication atmosphere created is always in a disharmonious atmosphere. (2) Conflict
resolution the determination of the capital city of North Buton Regency was carried out
through: (a) a celling effect approach in order to align information and communication in the
community; (b) a narrow casting approach in order to stimulate active community
involvement in every communication process; (c) utilization of traditional channels by
involving charismatic community leaders and cultural traditions that are part of attitudes and
behavior in society; and (d) creating an audience participation mechanism, namely a
participatory communication mechanism carried out by involving the community / audience
in every communication activity. (participation) of the community/audience in every
communication activity. All of these approaches aim to resolve conflicts related to the
placement of the Capital of North Buton Regency. However, in practice, none of the conflict
resolution approaches were implemented by the North Buton Regency government.
Conflict resolution efforts can be done through communication by negotiation.
Negotiation is a skill that everyone uses in everyday life. Fisher (2001:115) states,
negotiation is a structured process used by conflicting parties to conduct dialog about issues
where each party has a different opinion. The purpose of negotiation is to seek clarification
of issues or problems and try to find agreement on how to resolve them. This negotiation is
principally carried out with decision- and policy-making parties so that decisions and
policies issued are in accordance with the common interest and can resolve conflicts that
have occurred. Conflict resolution through communication can also be done through
mediation. Moelino (2003: 99) states, negotiation with mediation, namely through a
negotiation process with the help of a third party (mediator) as an intermediary. Mediation is
a process of Conflict resolution through intermediaries, which are activities undertaken by
third parties, who are not involved in the dispute, to assist the disputing groups.
Dominant elements that must be directly involved in communicating
From the discussion above, both communication as a cause of conflict and
communication as a solution to conflict, it can be concluded that it is necessary to have a
dominant element that is always involved in every communication wherever and whoever
and at whatever level so that the communication benefits peace in competition for all parties
to the communication, in particular and in the comfort of human life in general. The
dominant element that must always be involved is consistency. Severin et al. (2005: 156)
state that "consistency theory recognizes human efforts to be rational, but in achieving it we
often show striking irrationality." This shows that irrational forces color the efforts of every
human being. The power of irrationality is infinite, therefore the power of the ratio will not
be able to achieve it. Irrational power can only be achieved through belief or faith. Faith
gives meaning to the essence of life, and directs life to the highest value of life consistently.
Severin et al. (2005: 155) state that we use rationalization as an attempt to explain irrational
behavior in a way that is rational or consistent with ourselves. We often use tools that may
seem irrational or inconsistent to others.
Consistency is believing in irrational forces in a rational way, through everything
that is physical and non-physical in every human behavior communication. Consistency is
normative, guiding the communication process to the ideal effect that is the hope of all
humans in social interaction. Therefore, consistency is the dominant element that must
always be involved in communication that builds a peaceful social life in competition.
Conclusion
From the discussion above, it can be concluded that in social life there is always peace
and social conflict caused by communication that takes place in various fields of life from
the simplest to the most complex. Peace occurs because of communication that is consistent
with the highest social norms. Meanwhile, social conflict always occurs because of
communication that is inconsistent with social norms and always creates an unbalanced
situation. An unbalanced state produces tension and tension creates social conflict.
Communication Causes of Social Conflict
Kuper (2000: 156) observes that "In general, social scientists seek to understand the
kinds of conflict that take place in the context of interdependent relationships and
institutionalized exchange relationships." Relationships Interdependent relationships require
consistency in the form of regular phenomena that make it possible to predict. This
consistency is the basis for the development of all sciences. Severin & James (2001: 155)
state that the general concept of consistency underlies all sciences. The concept of
consistency in human behavior is an extension of the world of physics into the area of
human behavior. Many humans strive to be consistent in a number of ways such as in our
attitudes, behaviors, and even attitudes and behaviors in our perception of the world, of
people, of ambitions, and even of personality development. Humans organize their world by
communicating in ways that they find reasonable and meaningful.
However, in communicating, humans often prioritize their ambitions. While
ambition is more inconsistent, it often manipulates common sense for the sake of its lustful
expectations. The development of such ambitions drives communication to be inconsistent,
emotional, and sentimental, so that it is no longer rational and causes a lot of
misunderstanding. This misunderstood communication is the cause of social conflicts that
develop in various spheres of life, in the family, in the neighborhood, in groups of friends in
the work environment, in agencies, in communities, societies, and countries, even between
countries. Individual ambition in its development drags other individuals to form group
ambitions that have similarities vis-à-vis group ambitions that do not have the same
perspective. Inconsistent communication can occur in the communicator element, it can also
be from the message conveyed or it can also occur in the communicant. Based on R.D. Nye's
analysis, there are five sources of conflict in interpersonal relationships, namely: (1)
Competition; (2) Domination; (3) Failure; (4) Provocation; (5) Value Differences (in
Rakhmat, 1985 p. 146). Communicators who have a closed attitude can cause conflict as
follows: (1) Judging messages based on personal motives; (2) Thinking Simplistic; (3)
Oriented to the source; (4) Seeking information from their own sources; (5) Rigidly defend
and defend themselves or defend the belief system; (6) Unable to allow inconsistencies
Communicator causes of inconsistency, there are many variations of causes of
inconsistency although there are always similarities. The character of the communicator is
an abusive desire to be praised, to be above others and to see others as inferior to them.
Coercion and domination become the means of achieving his expectations. The form of hope
is greed or avarice. Athailah, states that no disease will develop in a person except on the
seeds of greed. From greed, officials are dragged to prison, unbelievers become robbers,
fraudsters, mafia, and other crimes. The messages from corrupt bad character owners are
closely related to the content of the message to be conveyed, the purpose, and the media or
means used. This can be analyzed from communicators who are in prison controlling drug
trafficking outside prison. Many examples of communication in everyday life such as in the
case of elections, elections, even in the election of leadership of every organization, party,
mass organization, agency, always found inconsistent communication built. Ambitious
communicators have colored inconsistent messages and media that have caused uproar and
disharmony which eventually becomes horizontal and vertical conflicts. Likewise, conflicts
at the level of countries in the world, such as in the Middle East, are destroyed because of
inconsistent communicators, messages, and mass media and other means of communication.
Messages as causes of conflict Social scientists generally argue that the sources of
social conflict are social relationships with messages that produce various communication
effects, both planned and unplanned, such as political messages, and economic messages.
They rarely highlight human biological nature as the cause. Ross (1993) states that the
various social conditions faced by one of the parties involved in the conflict are A conflict is
usually enough to reveal the occurrence of disagreement. The causes of conflict can be
traced on the basis of the level of organization, and on the basis of the level of cohesiveness,
even on the basis of goals, and the means used. Conflict on the basis of goals can be
distinguished between consensual conflict and dissensual conflict. Consensual conflict is a
conflict that occurs because of a struggle over something of material value, while dissensual
conflict is a conflict based on a goal that is considered to be of immaterial value. Conflicts
based on the means used vary widely, ranging from overt coercion, threats, to persuasion,
for example the persuasion of political parties during elections, or leaders who want to instill
their power.
Media as a cause of conflict, especially mass media, often causes the development of
social problems that lead to conflict, and a bad image on people's cognition as well as on the
mass media itself. The effects of mass media shape the process of social change. Bungin
(2006: 91) views social change as a change experienced by members of society and all
elements of culture and social systems, at all levels of life, either voluntarily or influenced
by external elements. Then leave the old patterns of life, culture, social system, and adapt or
use new patterns of life, culture and social system. It is in this transitional process that the
sources of conflict receive potential reinforcement through communication, both verbal and
nonverbal communication.
Social conflict can be seen in facial expressions, eye contact, glare, body position,
gesture and interpersonal distance. Physical contact often occurs due to the development of
nonverbal conflict. In fact, there are often someone gets angry just because they smell
something bad from the person next to them. A case in point was a principal staring at a
teacher over and over in a restaurant and then switching the subject to another teacher
because she was wearing a leather jacket during the meal, which the principal saw as
unethical. The effect of the incident was a prolonged conflict that resulted in the teacher
moving to another place of work. From this case it can be understood that nonverbal cues
can be said to communicate information about emotions, speech, individual differences and
interpersonal relationships. Kuper et al. (2000), view the importance of nonverbal cues in
communicating emotions from observations. Darwin (1872) argued that facial expressions
of emotion were part of a natural, adaptive and physiological response. Recent thinking has
been heavily influenced by Ekman's "neuro-cultural" model. (Ekman (1972), Ekman and
Friesen (1986) state that, according to this model, basic emotions that have a natural
expression can be modified through learning what he calls display rules, i.e. norms that
regulate the expression of emotions in diverse social contexts. Natural facial expressions are
both natural and learnable.
Nonverbal communication is related to speech. Gestures are basically an addition to
speech that is used as a tool to elaborate oral messages or as a substitute when speech is
difficult or impossible to pronounce. Kendon (1985) points out that gestures as a way of
silent visual expression have properties that are very different from speech, so consequently
gestures are adequate to convey certain communication tasks. An illustration when two
people elementary school children in class arguing with each other, which was then noticed
by the class teacher and both were scolded, secretly even though their heads were bowed
because they were afraid of the teacher, but the child who felt brave once in a while he
poked his friend while trying to show his fist. The child's fist conveys important information
about individual differences and interpersonal relationships. This view implies that gestures
should not be considered inferior to speech, but rather as an additional source, of
multichannel communication that gives trained speakers further possibilities to convey
meaning. The clenched fist shown is an important source of information to understand as it
can escalate speech conflict to more dangerous physical conflict.
Fakhrimal, concluded the results of his research that: (1) Conflict is a threat to the
harmony of community life, even a threat to the disintegration of the nation. The logical
consequence of a plural nation like United States is the proliferation of horizontal conflict in
society; (2) Horizontal conflict is an expression of social inequality inherited by the New
Order regime. Although at the external level during the New Order, conflicts were almost
non-existent and national security conditions were under control, the potential for conflict
was still embedded and waiting for the trigger; (3) The dissatisfaction of the political elite
with the results of the ongoing competition is one of the factors driving horizontal conflict,
so they tend to utilize the issue of sara (ethnicity, religion, race, intergroup) as an outlet for
unaccommodated interests; (4) Many factors cause horizontal conflicts to occur, but the
most important of all is communication. To follow a pameo, communication is not
everything, but everything needs to be communicated. Communication can be a trigger for
conflict to end, but communication can also be a bulwark to prevent conflict from occurring;
(5) The mass media is involved in the vortex of conflict through news coverage that tends to
exacerbate conflict instead of helping the conflict to end quickly; (6) This is due to the old
paradigm still used by members of the press, namely, bad news is good news. (7) The
government tends to use a hard power approach (military force) in resolving horizontal
conflicts in United States, while the community needs a more humane approach and
prioritizes dignity; (8) The incomplete resolution of conflicts by the government, leaving
residues such as grudges and injustice. This situation will arise at any time as a trigger for
conflict in the community.
Lamira's research states that conflicts that occur in various regions in United States
show, among other things, the government's lack of ability to overcome the causes of
conflict. Conflicts arise using symbols of ethnicity, religion and race. This occurs due to the
accumulation of mental, spiritual, political, social, cultural and economic "pressure" felt by
some people. Communication carried out by employees has a very important role in the
function of each informant's position to achieve organizational goals at the Bina Marga
Office. Factors causing conflict obtained from informants such as limited sources, namely an
informant does not know new information, so that a problem arises or different goals,
namely one person's opinion or thought is not the same as the other is a problem that must
be resolved wisely. They overcome it by discussing or providing good motivation to others,
so that the problem is quickly resolved.
Lack of ability to understand the problems arising from the effects of messages that
are often biased and incomplete, due to existing limitations, leads to miscommunication,
misinterpretation, and misunderstanding that is difficult to control, causing conflict. Lack of
ability to communicate the causes of conflict can lead to various pressures in various sectors
of life.
Communication as a Solution to Social Conflict?
Horizontal conflict can be understood as a social conflict that involves friction as an
effect of unhealthy communication, or does not take place as it should, leading to conflict,
even fighting between communities.
The results of Hidayat's research (2010) show that interpersonal communication
plays a role in resolving conflicts in adolescent friendship relationships at SMU Negeri 7
Medan. This is evidenced by the way they conduct interpersonal communication with an
attitude of willingness to open themselves, a high sense of empathy for their friends, mutual
respect, positive and supportive attitudes towards their friends. So, effective interpersonal
communication that is established can be used as a solution in solving problems in a friendly
relationship.
The results of Latif's research (2012) concluded in his research entitled
"Communication Strategy in Resolving the North Buton Conflict," as follows: (1) The
communication climate that took place between the government of North Buton Regency
and the community showed a poor situation due to the application of inappropriate
communication strategies. This can be seen from (a) the community and the frequency of
communication between the government and the community are very minimal; (b) the
communication atmosphere created is always in a disharmonious atmosphere. (2) Conflict
resolution the determination of the capital city of North Buton Regency was carried out
through: (a) a celling effect approach in order to align information and communication in the
community; (b) a narrow casting approach in order to stimulate active community
involvement in every communication process; (c) utilization of traditional channels by
involving charismatic community leaders and cultural traditions that are part of attitudes and
behavior in society; and (d) creating an audience participation mechanism, namely a
participatory communication mechanism carried out by involving the community / audience
in every communication activity. (participation) of the community/audience in every
communication activity. All of these approaches aim to resolve conflicts related to the
placement of the Capital of North Buton Regency. However, in practice, none of the conflict
resolution approaches were implemented by the North Buton Regency government.
Conflict resolution efforts can be done through communication by negotiation.
Negotiation is a skill that everyone uses in everyday life. Fisher (2001:115) states,
negotiation is a structured process used by conflicting parties to conduct dialog about issues
where each party has a different opinion. The purpose of negotiation is to seek clarification
of issues or problems and try to find agreement on how to resolve them. This negotiation is
principally carried out with decision- and policy-making parties so that decisions and
policies issued are in accordance with the common interest and can resolve conflicts that
have occurred. Conflict resolution through communication can also be done through
mediation. Moelino (2003: 99) states, negotiation with mediation, namely through a
negotiation process with the help of a third party (mediator) as an intermediary. Mediation is
a process of Conflict resolution through intermediaries, which are activities undertaken by
third parties, who are not involved in the dispute, to assist the disputing groups.
Dominant elements that must be directly involved in communicating
From the discussion above, both communication as a cause of conflict and
communication as a solution to conflict, it can be concluded that it is necessary to have a
dominant element that is always involved in every communication wherever and whoever
and at whatever level so that the communication benefits peace in competition for all parties
to the communication, in particular and in the comfort of human life in general. The
dominant element that must always be involved is consistency. Severin et al. (2005: 156)
state that "consistency theory recognizes human efforts to be rational, but in achieving it we
often show striking irrationality." This shows that irrational forces color the efforts of every
human being. The power of irrationality is infinite, therefore the power of the ratio will not
be able to achieve it. Irrational power can only be achieved through belief or faith. Faith
gives meaning to the essence of life, and directs life to the highest value of life consistently.
Severin et al. (2005: 155) state that we use rationalization as an attempt to explain irrational
behavior in a way that is rational or consistent with ourselves. We often use tools that may
seem irrational or inconsistent to others.
Consistency is believing in irrational forces in a rational way, through everything
that is physical and non-physical in every human behavior communication. Consistency is
normative, guiding the communication process to the ideal effect that is the hope of all
humans in social interaction. Therefore, consistency is the dominant element that must
always be involved in communication that builds a peaceful social life in competition.
Conclusion
From the discussion above, it can be concluded that in social life there is always peace
and social conflict caused by communication that takes place in various fields of life from
the simplest to the most complex. Peace occurs because of communication that is consistent
with the highest social norms. Meanwhile, social conflict always occurs because of
communication that is inconsistent with social norms and always creates an unbalanced
situation. An unbalanced state produces tension and tension creates social conflict.
Communication Causes of Social Conflict
Kuper (2000: 156) observes that "In general, social scientists seek to understand the
kinds of conflict that take place in the context of interdependent relationships and
institutionalized exchange relationships." Relationships Interdependent relationships require
consistency in the form of regular phenomena that make it possible to predict. This
consistency is the basis for the development of all sciences. Severin & James (2001: 155)
state that the general concept of consistency underlies all sciences. The concept of
consistency in human behavior is an extension of the world of physics into the area of
human behavior. Many humans strive to be consistent in a number of ways such as in our
attitudes, behaviors, and even attitudes and behaviors in our perception of the world, of
people, of ambitions, and even of personality development. Humans organize their world by
communicating in ways that they find reasonable and meaningful.
However, in communicating, humans often prioritize their ambitions. While
ambition is more inconsistent, it often manipulates common sense for the sake of its lustful
expectations. The development of such ambitions drives communication to be inconsistent,
emotional, and sentimental, so that it is no longer rational and causes a lot of
misunderstanding. This misunderstood communication is the cause of social conflicts that
develop in various spheres of life, in the family, in the neighborhood, in groups of friends in
the work environment, in agencies, in communities, societies, and countries, even between
countries. Individual ambition in its development drags other individuals to form group
ambitions that have similarities vis-à-vis group ambitions that do not have the same
perspective. Inconsistent communication can occur in the communicator element, it can also
be from the message conveyed or it can also occur in the communicant. Based on R.D. Nye's
analysis, there are five sources of conflict in interpersonal relationships, namely: (1)
Competition; (2) Domination; (3) Failure; (4) Provocation; (5) Value Differences (in
Rakhmat, 1985 p. 146). Communicators who have a closed attitude can cause conflict as
follows: (1) Judging messages based on personal motives; (2) Thinking Simplistic; (3)
Oriented to the source; (4) Seeking information from their own sources; (5) Rigidly defend
and defend themselves or defend the belief system; (6) Unable to allow inconsistencies
Communicator causes of inconsistency, there are many variations of causes of
inconsistency although there are always similarities. The character of the communicator is
an abusive desire to be praised, to be above others and to see others as inferior to them.
Coercion and domination become the means of achieving his expectations. The form of hope
is greed or avarice. Athailah, states that no disease will develop in a person except on the
seeds of greed. From greed, officials are dragged to prison, unbelievers become robbers,
fraudsters, mafia, and other crimes. The messages from corrupt bad character owners are
closely related to the content of the message to be conveyed, the purpose, and the media or
means used. This can be analyzed from communicators who are in prison controlling drug
trafficking outside prison. Many examples of communication in everyday life such as in the
case of elections, elections, even in the election of leadership of every organization, party,
mass organization, agency, always found inconsistent communication built. Ambitious
communicators have colored inconsistent messages and media that have caused uproar and
disharmony which eventually becomes horizontal and vertical conflicts. Likewise, conflicts
at the level of countries in the world, such as in the Middle East, are destroyed because of
inconsistent communicators, messages, and mass media and other means of communication.
Messages as causes of conflict Social scientists generally argue that the sources of
social conflict are social relationships with messages that produce various communication
effects, both planned and unplanned, such as political messages, and economic messages.
They rarely highlight human biological nature as the cause. Ross (1993) states that the
various social conditions faced by one of the parties involved in the conflict are A conflict is
usually enough to reveal the occurrence of disagreement. The causes of conflict can be
traced on the basis of the level of organization, and on the basis of the level of cohesiveness,
even on the basis of goals, and the means used. Conflict on the basis of goals can be
distinguished between consensual conflict and dissensual conflict. Consensual conflict is a
conflict that occurs because of a struggle over something of material value, while dissensual
conflict is a conflict based on a goal that is considered to be of immaterial value. Conflicts
based on the means used vary widely, ranging from overt coercion, threats, to persuasion,
for example the persuasion of political parties during elections, or leaders who want to instill
their power.
Media as a cause of conflict, especially mass media, often causes the development of
social problems that lead to conflict, and a bad image on people's cognition as well as on the
mass media itself. The effects of mass media shape the process of social change. Bungin
(2006: 91) views social change as a change experienced by members of society and all
elements of culture and social systems, at all levels of life, either voluntarily or influenced
by external elements. Then leave the old patterns of life, culture, social system, and adapt or
use new patterns of life, culture and social system. It is in this transitional process that the
sources of conflict receive potential reinforcement through communication, both verbal and
nonverbal communication.
Social conflict can be seen in facial expressions, eye contact, glare, body position,
gesture and interpersonal distance. Physical contact often occurs due to the development of
nonverbal conflict. In fact, there are often someone gets angry just because they smell
something bad from the person next to them. A case in point was a principal staring at a
teacher over and over in a restaurant and then switching the subject to another teacher
because she was wearing a leather jacket during the meal, which the principal saw as
unethical. The effect of the incident was a prolonged conflict that resulted in the teacher
moving to another place of work. From this case it can be understood that nonverbal cues
can be said to communicate information about emotions, speech, individual differences and
interpersonal relationships. Kuper et al. (2000), view the importance of nonverbal cues in
communicating emotions from observations. Darwin (1872) argued that facial expressions
of emotion were part of a natural, adaptive and physiological response. Recent thinking has
been heavily influenced by Ekman's "neuro-cultural" model. (Ekman (1972), Ekman and
Friesen (1986) state that, according to this model, basic emotions that have a natural
expression can be modified through learning what he calls display rules, i.e. norms that
regulate the expression of emotions in diverse social contexts. Natural facial expressions are
both natural and learnable.
Nonverbal communication is related to speech. Gestures are basically an addition to
speech that is used as a tool to elaborate oral messages or as a substitute when speech is
difficult or impossible to pronounce. Kendon (1985) points out that gestures as a way of
silent visual expression have properties that are very different from speech, so consequently
gestures are adequate to convey certain communication tasks. An illustration when two
people elementary school children in class arguing with each other, which was then noticed
by the class teacher and both were scolded, secretly even though their heads were bowed
because they were afraid of the teacher, but the child who felt brave once in a while he
poked his friend while trying to show his fist. The child's fist conveys important information
about individual differences and interpersonal relationships. This view implies that gestures
should not be considered inferior to speech, but rather as an additional source, of
multichannel communication that gives trained speakers further possibilities to convey
meaning. The clenched fist shown is an important source of information to understand as it
can escalate speech conflict to more dangerous physical conflict.
Fakhrimal, concluded the results of his research that: (1) Conflict is a threat to the
harmony of community life, even a threat to the disintegration of the nation. The logical
consequence of a plural nation like United States is the proliferation of horizontal conflict in
society; (2) Horizontal conflict is an expression of social inequality inherited by the New
Order regime. Although at the external level during the New Order, conflicts were almost
non-existent and national security conditions were under control, the potential for conflict
was still embedded and waiting for the trigger; (3) The dissatisfaction of the political elite
with the results of the ongoing competition is one of the factors driving horizontal conflict,
so they tend to utilize the issue of sara (ethnicity, religion, race, intergroup) as an outlet for
unaccommodated interests; (4) Many factors cause horizontal conflicts to occur, but the
most important of all is communication. To follow a pameo, communication is not
everything, but everything needs to be communicated. Communication can be a trigger for
conflict to end, but communication can also be a bulwark to prevent conflict from occurring;
(5) The mass media is involved in the vortex of conflict through news coverage that tends to
exacerbate conflict instead of helping the conflict to end quickly; (6) This is due to the old
paradigm still used by members of the press, namely, bad news is good news. (7) The
government tends to use a hard power approach (military force) in resolving horizontal
conflicts in United States, while the community needs a more humane approach and
prioritizes dignity; (8) The incomplete resolution of conflicts by the government, leaving
residues such as grudges and injustice. This situation will arise at any time as a trigger for
conflict in the community.
Lamira's research states that conflicts that occur in various regions in United States
show, among other things, the government's lack of ability to overcome the causes of
conflict. Conflicts arise using symbols of ethnicity, religion and race. This occurs due to the
accumulation of mental, spiritual, political, social, cultural and economic "pressure" felt by
some people. Communication carried out by employees has a very important role in the
function of each informant's position to achieve organizational goals at the Bina Marga
Office. Factors causing conflict obtained from informants such as limited sources, namely an
informant does not know new information, so that a problem arises or different goals,
namely one person's opinion or thought is not the same as the other is a problem that must
be resolved wisely. They overcome it by discussing or providing good motivation to others,
so that the problem is quickly resolved.
Lack of ability to understand the problems arising from the effects of messages that
are often biased and incomplete, due to existing limitations, leads to miscommunication,
misinterpretation, and misunderstanding that is difficult to control, causing conflict. Lack of
ability to communicate the causes of conflict can lead to various pressures in various sectors
of life.
Communication as a Solution to Social Conflict?
Horizontal conflict can be understood as a social conflict that involves friction as an
effect of unhealthy communication, or does not take place as it should, leading to conflict,
even fighting between communities.
The results of Hidayat's research (2010) show that interpersonal communication
plays a role in resolving conflicts in adolescent friendship relationships at SMU Negeri 7
Medan. This is evidenced by the way they conduct interpersonal communication with an
attitude of willingness to open themselves, a high sense of empathy for their friends, mutual
respect, positive and supportive attitudes towards their friends. So, effective interpersonal
communication that is established can be used as a solution in solving problems in a friendly
relationship.
The results of Latif's research (2012) concluded in his research entitled
"Communication Strategy in Resolving the North Buton Conflict," as follows: (1) The
communication climate that took place between the government of North Buton Regency
and the community showed a poor situation due to the application of inappropriate
communication strategies. This can be seen from (a) the community and the frequency of
communication between the government and the community are very minimal; (b) the
communication atmosphere created is always in a disharmonious atmosphere. (2) Conflict
resolution the determination of the capital city of North Buton Regency was carried out
through: (a) a celling effect approach in order to align information and communication in the
community; (b) a narrow casting approach in order to stimulate active community
involvement in every communication process; (c) utilization of traditional channels by
involving charismatic community leaders and cultural traditions that are part of attitudes and
behavior in society; and (d) creating an audience participation mechanism, namely a
participatory communication mechanism carried out by involving the community / audience
in every communication activity. (participation) of the community/audience in every
communication activity. All of these approaches aim to resolve conflicts related to the
placement of the Capital of North Buton Regency. However, in practice, none of the conflict
resolution approaches were implemented by the North Buton Regency government.
Conflict resolution efforts can be done through communication by negotiation.
Negotiation is a skill that everyone uses in everyday life. Fisher (2001:115) states,
negotiation is a structured process used by conflicting parties to conduct dialog about issues
where each party has a different opinion. The purpose of negotiation is to seek clarification
of issues or problems and try to find agreement on how to resolve them. This negotiation is
principally carried out with decision- and policy-making parties so that decisions and
policies issued are in accordance with the common interest and can resolve conflicts that
have occurred. Conflict resolution through communication can also be done through
mediation. Moelino (2003: 99) states, negotiation with mediation, namely through a
negotiation process with the help of a third party (mediator) as an intermediary. Mediation is
a process of Conflict resolution through intermediaries, which are activities undertaken by
third parties, who are not involved in the dispute, to assist the disputing groups.
Dominant elements that must be directly involved in communicating
From the discussion above, both communication as a cause of conflict and
communication as a solution to conflict, it can be concluded that it is necessary to have a
dominant element that is always involved in every communication wherever and whoever
and at whatever level so that the communication benefits peace in competition for all parties
to the communication, in particular and in the comfort of human life in general. The
dominant element that must always be involved is consistency. Severin et al. (2005: 156)
state that "consistency theory recognizes human efforts to be rational, but in achieving it we
often show striking irrationality." This shows that irrational forces color the efforts of every
human being. The power of irrationality is infinite, therefore the power of the ratio will not
be able to achieve it. Irrational power can only be achieved through belief or faith. Faith
gives meaning to the essence of life, and directs life to the highest value of life consistently.
Severin et al. (2005: 155) state that we use rationalization as an attempt to explain irrational
behavior in a way that is rational or consistent with ourselves. We often use tools that may
seem irrational or inconsistent to others.
Consistency is believing in irrational forces in a rational way, through everything
that is physical and non-physical in every human behavior communication. Consistency is
normative, guiding the communication process to the ideal effect that is the hope of all
humans in social interaction. Therefore, consistency is the dominant element that must
always be involved in communication that builds a peaceful social life in competition.
Conclusion
From the discussion above, it can be concluded that in social life there is always peace
and social conflict caused by communication that takes place in various fields of life from
the simplest to the most complex. Peace occurs because of communication that is consistent
with the highest social norms. Meanwhile, social conflict always occurs because of
communication that is inconsistent with social norms and always creates an unbalanced
situation. An unbalanced state produces tension and tension creates social conflict.
Communication Causes of Social Conflict
Kuper (2000: 156) observes that "In general, social scientists seek to understand the
kinds of conflict that take place in the context of interdependent relationships and
institutionalized exchange relationships." Relationships Interdependent relationships require
consistency in the form of regular phenomena that make it possible to predict. This
consistency is the basis for the development of all sciences. Severin & James (2001: 155)
state that the general concept of consistency underlies all sciences. The concept of
consistency in human behavior is an extension of the world of physics into the area of
human behavior. Many humans strive to be consistent in a number of ways such as in our
attitudes, behaviors, and even attitudes and behaviors in our perception of the world, of
people, of ambitions, and even of personality development. Humans organize their world by
communicating in ways that they find reasonable and meaningful.
However, in communicating, humans often prioritize their ambitions. While
ambition is more inconsistent, it often manipulates common sense for the sake of its lustful
expectations. The development of such ambitions drives communication to be inconsistent,
emotional, and sentimental, so that it is no longer rational and causes a lot of
misunderstanding. This misunderstood communication is the cause of social conflicts that
develop in various spheres of life, in the family, in the neighborhood, in groups of friends in
the work environment, in agencies, in communities, societies, and countries, even between
countries. Individual ambition in its development drags other individuals to form group
ambitions that have similarities vis-à-vis group ambitions that do not have the same
perspective. Inconsistent communication can occur in the communicator element, it can also
be from the message conveyed or it can also occur in the communicant. Based on R.D. Nye's
analysis, there are five sources of conflict in interpersonal relationships, namely: (1)
Competition; (2) Domination; (3) Failure; (4) Provocation; (5) Value Differences (in
Rakhmat, 1985 p. 146). Communicators who have a closed attitude can cause conflict as
follows: (1) Judging messages based on personal motives; (2) Thinking Simplistic; (3)
Oriented to the source; (4) Seeking information from their own sources; (5) Rigidly defend
and defend themselves or defend the belief system; (6) Unable to allow inconsistencies
Communicator causes of inconsistency, there are many variations of causes of
inconsistency although there are always similarities. The character of the communicator is
an abusive desire to be praised, to be above others and to see others as inferior to them.
Coercion and domination become the means of achieving his expectations. The form of hope
is greed or avarice. Athailah, states that no disease will develop in a person except on the
seeds of greed. From greed, officials are dragged to prison, unbelievers become robbers,
fraudsters, mafia, and other crimes. The messages from corrupt bad character owners are
closely related to the content of the message to be conveyed, the purpose, and the media or
means used. This can be analyzed from communicators who are in prison controlling drug
trafficking outside prison. Many examples of communication in everyday life such as in the
case of elections, elections, even in the election of leadership of every organization, party,
mass organization, agency, always found inconsistent communication built. Ambitious
communicators have colored inconsistent messages and media that have caused uproar and
disharmony which eventually becomes horizontal and vertical conflicts. Likewise, conflicts
at the level of countries in the world, such as in the Middle East, are destroyed because of
inconsistent communicators, messages, and mass media and other means of communication.
Messages as causes of conflict Social scientists generally argue that the sources of
social conflict are social relationships with messages that produce various communication
effects, both planned and unplanned, such as political messages, and economic messages.
They rarely highlight human biological nature as the cause. Ross (1993) states that the
various social conditions faced by one of the parties involved in the conflict are A conflict is
usually enough to reveal the occurrence of disagreement. The causes of conflict can be
traced on the basis of the level of organization, and on the basis of the level of cohesiveness,
even on the basis of goals, and the means used. Conflict on the basis of goals can be
distinguished between consensual conflict and dissensual conflict. Consensual conflict is a
conflict that occurs because of a struggle over something of material value, while dissensual
conflict is a conflict based on a goal that is considered to be of immaterial value. Conflicts
based on the means used vary widely, ranging from overt coercion, threats, to persuasion,
for example the persuasion of political parties during elections, or leaders who want to instill
their power.
Media as a cause of conflict, especially mass media, often causes the development of
social problems that lead to conflict, and a bad image on people's cognition as well as on the
mass media itself. The effects of mass media shape the process of social change. Bungin
(2006: 91) views social change as a change experienced by members of society and all
elements of culture and social systems, at all levels of life, either voluntarily or influenced
by external elements. Then leave the old patterns of life, culture, social system, and adapt or
use new patterns of life, culture and social system. It is in this transitional process that the
sources of conflict receive potential reinforcement through communication, both verbal and
nonverbal communication.
Social conflict can be seen in facial expressions, eye contact, glare, body position,
gesture and interpersonal distance. Physical contact often occurs due to the development of
nonverbal conflict. In fact, there are often someone gets angry just because they smell
something bad from the person next to them. A case in point was a principal staring at a
teacher over and over in a restaurant and then switching the subject to another teacher
because she was wearing a leather jacket during the meal, which the principal saw as
unethical. The effect of the incident was a prolonged conflict that resulted in the teacher
moving to another place of work. From this case it can be understood that nonverbal cues
can be said to communicate information about emotions, speech, individual differences and
interpersonal relationships. Kuper et al. (2000), view the importance of nonverbal cues in
communicating emotions from observations. Darwin (1872) argued that facial expressions
of emotion were part of a natural, adaptive and physiological response. Recent thinking has
been heavily influenced by Ekman's "neuro-cultural" model. (Ekman (1972), Ekman and
Friesen (1986) state that, according to this model, basic emotions that have a natural
expression can be modified through learning what he calls display rules, i.e. norms that
regulate the expression of emotions in diverse social contexts. Natural facial expressions are
both natural and learnable.
Nonverbal communication is related to speech. Gestures are basically an addition to
speech that is used as a tool to elaborate oral messages or as a substitute when speech is
difficult or impossible to pronounce. Kendon (1985) points out that gestures as a way of
silent visual expression have properties that are very different from speech, so consequently
gestures are adequate to convey certain communication tasks. An illustration when two
people elementary school children in class arguing with each other, which was then noticed
by the class teacher and both were scolded, secretly even though their heads were bowed
because they were afraid of the teacher, but the child who felt brave once in a while he
poked his friend while trying to show his fist. The child's fist conveys important information
about individual differences and interpersonal relationships. This view implies that gestures
should not be considered inferior to speech, but rather as an additional source, of
multichannel communication that gives trained speakers further possibilities to convey
meaning. The clenched fist shown is an important source of information to understand as it
can escalate speech conflict to more dangerous physical conflict.
Fakhrimal, concluded the results of his research that: (1) Conflict is a threat to the
harmony of community life, even a threat to the disintegration of the nation. The logical
consequence of a plural nation like United States is the proliferation of horizontal conflict in
society; (2) Horizontal conflict is an expression of social inequality inherited by the New
Order regime. Although at the external level during the New Order, conflicts were almost
non-existent and national security conditions were under control, the potential for conflict
was still embedded and waiting for the trigger; (3) The dissatisfaction of the political elite
with the results of the ongoing competition is one of the factors driving horizontal conflict,
so they tend to utilize the issue of sara (ethnicity, religion, race, intergroup) as an outlet for
unaccommodated interests; (4) Many factors cause horizontal conflicts to occur, but the
most important of all is communication. To follow a pameo, communication is not
everything, but everything needs to be communicated. Communication can be a trigger for
conflict to end, but communication can also be a bulwark to prevent conflict from occurring;
(5) The mass media is involved in the vortex of conflict through news coverage that tends to
exacerbate conflict instead of helping the conflict to end quickly; (6) This is due to the old
paradigm still used by members of the press, namely, bad news is good news. (7) The
government tends to use a hard power approach (military force) in resolving horizontal
conflicts in United States, while the community needs a more humane approach and
prioritizes dignity; (8) The incomplete resolution of conflicts by the government, leaving
residues such as grudges and injustice. This situation will arise at any time as a trigger for
conflict in the community.
Lamira's research states that conflicts that occur in various regions in United States
show, among other things, the government's lack of ability to overcome the causes of
conflict. Conflicts arise using symbols of ethnicity, religion and race. This occurs due to the
accumulation of mental, spiritual, political, social, cultural and economic "pressure" felt by
some people. Communication carried out by employees has a very important role in the
function of each informant's position to achieve organizational goals at the Bina Marga
Office. Factors causing conflict obtained from informants such as limited sources, namely an
informant does not know new information, so that a problem arises or different goals,
namely one person's opinion or thought is not the same as the other is a problem that must
be resolved wisely. They overcome it by discussing or providing good motivation to others,
so that the problem is quickly resolved.
Lack of ability to understand the problems arising from the effects of messages that
are often biased and incomplete, due to existing limitations, leads to miscommunication,
misinterpretation, and misunderstanding that is difficult to control, causing conflict. Lack of
ability to communicate the causes of conflict can lead to various pressures in various sectors
of life.
Communication as a Solution to Social Conflict?
Horizontal conflict can be understood as a social conflict that involves friction as an
effect of unhealthy communication, or does not take place as it should, leading to conflict,
even fighting between communities.
The results of Hidayat's research (2010) show that interpersonal communication
plays a role in resolving conflicts in adolescent friendship relationships at SMU Negeri 7
Medan. This is evidenced by the way they conduct interpersonal communication with an
attitude of willingness to open themselves, a high sense of empathy for their friends, mutual
respect, positive and supportive attitudes towards their friends. So, effective interpersonal
communication that is established can be used as a solution in solving problems in a friendly
relationship.
The results of Latif's research (2012) concluded in his research entitled
"Communication Strategy in Resolving the North Buton Conflict," as follows: (1) The
communication climate that took place between the government of North Buton Regency
and the community showed a poor situation due to the application of inappropriate
communication strategies. This can be seen from (a) the community and the frequency of
communication between the government and the community are very minimal; (b) the
communication atmosphere created is always in a disharmonious atmosphere. (2) Conflict
resolution the determination of the capital city of North Buton Regency was carried out
through: (a) a celling effect approach in order to align information and communication in the
community; (b) a narrow casting approach in order to stimulate active community
involvement in every communication process; (c) utilization of traditional channels by
involving charismatic community leaders and cultural traditions that are part of attitudes and
behavior in society; and (d) creating an audience participation mechanism, namely a
participatory communication mechanism carried out by involving the community / audience
in every communication activity. (participation) of the community/audience in every
communication activity. All of these approaches aim to resolve conflicts related to the
placement of the Capital of North Buton Regency. However, in practice, none of the conflict
resolution approaches were implemented by the North Buton Regency government.
Conflict resolution efforts can be done through communication by negotiation.
Negotiation is a skill that everyone uses in everyday life. Fisher (2001:115) states,
negotiation is a structured process used by conflicting parties to conduct dialog about issues
where each party has a different opinion. The purpose of negotiation is to seek clarification
of issues or problems and try to find agreement on how to resolve them. This negotiation is
principally carried out with decision- and policy-making parties so that decisions and
policies issued are in accordance with the common interest and can resolve conflicts that
have occurred. Conflict resolution through communication can also be done through
mediation. Moelino (2003: 99) states, negotiation with mediation, namely through a
negotiation process with the help of a third party (mediator) as an intermediary. Mediation is
a process of Conflict resolution through intermediaries, which are activities undertaken by
third parties, who are not involved in the dispute, to assist the disputing groups.
Dominant elements that must be directly involved in communicating
From the discussion above, both communication as a cause of conflict and
communication as a solution to conflict, it can be concluded that it is necessary to have a
dominant element that is always involved in every communication wherever and whoever
and at whatever level so that the communication benefits peace in competition for all parties
to the communication, in particular and in the comfort of human life in general. The
dominant element that must always be involved is consistency. Severin et al. (2005: 156)
state that "consistency theory recognizes human efforts to be rational, but in achieving it we
often show striking irrationality." This shows that irrational forces color the efforts of every
human being. The power of irrationality is infinite, therefore the power of the ratio will not
be able to achieve it. Irrational power can only be achieved through belief or faith. Faith
gives meaning to the essence of life, and directs life to the highest value of life consistently.
Severin et al. (2005: 155) state that we use rationalization as an attempt to explain irrational
behavior in a way that is rational or consistent with ourselves. We often use tools that may
seem irrational or inconsistent to others.
Consistency is believing in irrational forces in a rational way, through everything
that is physical and non-physical in every human behavior communication. Consistency is
normative, guiding the communication process to the ideal effect that is the hope of all
humans in social interaction. Therefore, consistency is the dominant element that must
always be involved in communication that builds a peaceful social life in competition.
Conclusion
From the discussion above, it can be concluded that in social life there is always peace
and social conflict caused by communication that takes place in various fields of life from
the simplest to the most complex. Peace occurs because of communication that is consistent
with the highest social norms. Meanwhile, social conflict always occurs because of
communication that is inconsistent with social norms and always creates an unbalanced
situation. An unbalanced state produces tension and tension creates social conflict.
Communication Causes of Social Conflict
Kuper (2000: 156) observes that "In general, social scientists seek to understand the
kinds of conflict that take place in the context of interdependent relationships and
institutionalized exchange relationships." Relationships Interdependent relationships require
consistency in the form of regular phenomena that make it possible to predict. This
consistency is the basis for the development of all sciences. Severin & James (2001: 155)
state that the general concept of consistency underlies all sciences. The concept of
consistency in human behavior is an extension of the world of physics into the area of
human behavior. Many humans strive to be consistent in a number of ways such as in our
attitudes, behaviors, and even attitudes and behaviors in our perception of the world, of
people, of ambitions, and even of personality development. Humans organize their world by
communicating in ways that they find reasonable and meaningful.
However, in communicating, humans often prioritize their ambitions. While
ambition is more inconsistent, it often manipulates common sense for the sake of its lustful
expectations. The development of such ambitions drives communication to be inconsistent,
emotional, and sentimental, so that it is no longer rational and causes a lot of
misunderstanding. This misunderstood communication is the cause of social conflicts that
develop in various spheres of life, in the family, in the neighborhood, in groups of friends in
the work environment, in agencies, in communities, societies, and countries, even between
countries. Individual ambition in its development drags other individuals to form group
ambitions that have similarities vis-à-vis group ambitions that do not have the same
perspective. Inconsistent communication can occur in the communicator element, it can also
be from the message conveyed or it can also occur in the communicant. Based on R.D. Nye's
analysis, there are five sources of conflict in interpersonal relationships, namely: (1)
Competition; (2) Domination; (3) Failure; (4) Provocation; (5) Value Differences (in
Rakhmat, 1985 p. 146). Communicators who have a closed attitude can cause conflict as
follows: (1) Judging messages based on personal motives; (2) Thinking Simplistic; (3)
Oriented to the source; (4) Seeking information from their own sources; (5) Rigidly defend
and defend themselves or defend the belief system; (6) Unable to allow inconsistencies
Communicator causes of inconsistency, there are many variations of causes of
inconsistency although there are always similarities. The character of the communicator is
an abusive desire to be praised, to be above others and to see others as inferior to them.
Coercion and domination become the means of achieving his expectations. The form of hope
is greed or avarice. Athailah, states that no disease will develop in a person except on the
seeds of greed. From greed, officials are dragged to prison, unbelievers become robbers,
fraudsters, mafia, and other crimes. The messages from corrupt bad character owners are
closely related to the content of the message to be conveyed, the purpose, and the media or
means used. This can be analyzed from communicators who are in prison controlling drug
trafficking outside prison. Many examples of communication in everyday life such as in the
case of elections, elections, even in the election of leadership of every organization, party,
mass organization, agency, always found inconsistent communication built. Ambitious
communicators have colored inconsistent messages and media that have caused uproar and
disharmony which eventually becomes horizontal and vertical conflicts. Likewise, conflicts
at the level of countries in the world, such as in the Middle East, are destroyed because of
inconsistent communicators, messages, and mass media and other means of communication.
Messages as causes of conflict Social scientists generally argue that the sources of
social conflict are social relationships with messages that produce various communication
effects, both planned and unplanned, such as political messages, and economic messages.
They rarely highlight human biological nature as the cause. Ross (1993) states that the
various social conditions faced by one of the parties involved in the conflict are A conflict is
usually enough to reveal the occurrence of disagreement. The causes of conflict can be
traced on the basis of the level of organization, and on the basis of the level of cohesiveness,
even on the basis of goals, and the means used. Conflict on the basis of goals can be
distinguished between consensual conflict and dissensual conflict. Consensual conflict is a
conflict that occurs because of a struggle over something of material value, while dissensual
conflict is a conflict based on a goal that is considered to be of immaterial value. Conflicts
based on the means used vary widely, ranging from overt coercion, threats, to persuasion,
for example the persuasion of political parties during elections, or leaders who want to instill
their power.
Media as a cause of conflict, especially mass media, often causes the development of
social problems that lead to conflict, and a bad image on people's cognition as well as on the
mass media itself. The effects of mass media shape the process of social change. Bungin
(2006: 91) views social change as a change experienced by members of society and all
elements of culture and social systems, at all levels of life, either voluntarily or influenced
by external elements. Then leave the old patterns of life, culture, social system, and adapt or
use new patterns of life, culture and social system. It is in this transitional process that the
sources of conflict receive potential reinforcement through communication, both verbal and
nonverbal communication.
Social conflict can be seen in facial expressions, eye contact, glare, body position,
gesture and interpersonal distance. Physical contact often occurs due to the development of
nonverbal conflict. In fact, there are often someone gets angry just because they smell
something bad from the person next to them. A case in point was a principal staring at a
teacher over and over in a restaurant and then switching the subject to another teacher
because she was wearing a leather jacket during the meal, which the principal saw as
unethical. The effect of the incident was a prolonged conflict that resulted in the teacher
moving to another place of work. From this case it can be understood that nonverbal cues
can be said to communicate information about emotions, speech, individual differences and
interpersonal relationships. Kuper et al. (2000), view the importance of nonverbal cues in
communicating emotions from observations. Darwin (1872) argued that facial expressions
of emotion were part of a natural, adaptive and physiological response. Recent thinking has
been heavily influenced by Ekman's "neuro-cultural" model. (Ekman (1972), Ekman and
Friesen (1986) state that, according to this model, basic emotions that have a natural
expression can be modified through learning what he calls display rules, i.e. norms that
regulate the expression of emotions in diverse social contexts. Natural facial expressions are
both natural and learnable.
Nonverbal communication is related to speech. Gestures are basically an addition to
speech that is used as a tool to elaborate oral messages or as a substitute when speech is
difficult or impossible to pronounce. Kendon (1985) points out that gestures as a way of
silent visual expression have properties that are very different from speech, so consequently
gestures are adequate to convey certain communication tasks. An illustration when two
people elementary school children in class arguing with each other, which was then noticed
by the class teacher and both were scolded, secretly even though their heads were bowed
because they were afraid of the teacher, but the child who felt brave once in a while he
poked his friend while trying to show his fist. The child's fist conveys important information
about individual differences and interpersonal relationships. This view implies that gestures
should not be considered inferior to speech, but rather as an additional source, of
multichannel communication that gives trained speakers further possibilities to convey
meaning. The clenched fist shown is an important source of information to understand as it
can escalate speech conflict to more dangerous physical conflict.
Fakhrimal, concluded the results of his research that: (1) Conflict is a threat to the
harmony of community life, even a threat to the disintegration of the nation. The logical
consequence of a plural nation like United States is the proliferation of horizontal conflict in
society; (2) Horizontal conflict is an expression of social inequality inherited by the New
Order regime. Although at the external level during the New Order, conflicts were almost
non-existent and national security conditions were under control, the potential for conflict
was still embedded and waiting for the trigger; (3) The dissatisfaction of the political elite
with the results of the ongoing competition is one of the factors driving horizontal conflict,
so they tend to utilize the issue of sara (ethnicity, religion, race, intergroup) as an outlet for
unaccommodated interests; (4) Many factors cause horizontal conflicts to occur, but the
most important of all is communication. To follow a pameo, communication is not
everything, but everything needs to be communicated. Communication can be a trigger for
conflict to end, but communication can also be a bulwark to prevent conflict from occurring;
(5) The mass media is involved in the vortex of conflict through news coverage that tends to
exacerbate conflict instead of helping the conflict to end quickly; (6) This is due to the old
paradigm still used by members of the press, namely, bad news is good news. (7) The
government tends to use a hard power approach (military force) in resolving horizontal
conflicts in United States, while the community needs a more humane approach and
prioritizes dignity; (8) The incomplete resolution of conflicts by the government, leaving
residues such as grudges and injustice. This situation will arise at any time as a trigger for
conflict in the community.
Lamira's research states that conflicts that occur in various regions in United States
show, among other things, the government's lack of ability to overcome the causes of
conflict. Conflicts arise using symbols of ethnicity, religion and race. This occurs due to the
accumulation of mental, spiritual, political, social, cultural and economic "pressure" felt by
some people. Communication carried out by employees has a very important role in the
function of each informant's position to achieve organizational goals at the Bina Marga
Office. Factors causing conflict obtained from informants such as limited sources, namely an
informant does not know new information, so that a problem arises or different goals,
namely one person's opinion or thought is not the same as the other is a problem that must
be resolved wisely. They overcome it by discussing or providing good motivation to others,
so that the problem is quickly resolved.
Lack of ability to understand the problems arising from the effects of messages that
are often biased and incomplete, due to existing limitations, leads to miscommunication,
misinterpretation, and misunderstanding that is difficult to control, causing conflict. Lack of
ability to communicate the causes of conflict can lead to various pressures in various sectors
of life.
Communication as a Solution to Social Conflict?
Horizontal conflict can be understood as a social conflict that involves friction as an
effect of unhealthy communication, or does not take place as it should, leading to conflict,
even fighting between communities.
The results of Hidayat's research (2010) show that interpersonal communication
plays a role in resolving conflicts in adolescent friendship relationships at SMU Negeri 7
Medan. This is evidenced by the way they conduct interpersonal communication with an
attitude of willingness to open themselves, a high sense of empathy for their friends, mutual
respect, positive and supportive attitudes towards their friends. So, effective interpersonal
communication that is established can be used as a solution in solving problems in a friendly
relationship.
The results of Latif's research (2012) concluded in his research entitled
"Communication Strategy in Resolving the North Buton Conflict," as follows: (1) The
communication climate that took place between the government of North Buton Regency
and the community showed a poor situation due to the application of inappropriate
communication strategies. This can be seen from (a) the community and the frequency of
communication between the government and the community are very minimal; (b) the
communication atmosphere created is always in a disharmonious atmosphere. (2) Conflict
resolution the determination of the capital city of North Buton Regency was carried out
through: (a) a celling effect approach in order to align information and communication in the
community; (b) a narrow casting approach in order to stimulate active community
involvement in every communication process; (c) utilization of traditional channels by
involving charismatic community leaders and cultural traditions that are part of attitudes and
behavior in society; and (d) creating an audience participation mechanism, namely a
participatory communication mechanism carried out by involving the community / audience
in every communication activity. (participation) of the community/audience in every
communication activity. All of these approaches aim to resolve conflicts related to the
placement of the Capital of North Buton Regency. However, in practice, none of the conflict
resolution approaches were implemented by the North Buton Regency government.
Conflict resolution efforts can be done through communication by negotiation.
Negotiation is a skill that everyone uses in everyday life. Fisher (2001:115) states,
negotiation is a structured process used by conflicting parties to conduct dialog about issues
where each party has a different opinion. The purpose of negotiation is to seek clarification
of issues or problems and try to find agreement on how to resolve them. This negotiation is
principally carried out with decision- and policy-making parties so that decisions and
policies issued are in accordance with the common interest and can resolve conflicts that
have occurred. Conflict resolution through communication can also be done through
mediation. Moelino (2003: 99) states, negotiation with mediation, namely through a
negotiation process with the help of a third party (mediator) as an intermediary. Mediation is
a process of Conflict resolution through intermediaries, which are activities undertaken by
third parties, who are not involved in the dispute, to assist the disputing groups.
Dominant elements that must be directly involved in communicating
From the discussion above, both communication as a cause of conflict and
communication as a solution to conflict, it can be concluded that it is necessary to have a
dominant element that is always involved in every communication wherever and whoever
and at whatever level so that the communication benefits peace in competition for all parties
to the communication, in particular and in the comfort of human life in general. The
dominant element that must always be involved is consistency. Severin et al. (2005: 156)
state that "consistency theory recognizes human efforts to be rational, but in achieving it we
often show striking irrationality." This shows that irrational forces color the efforts of every
human being. The power of irrationality is infinite, therefore the power of the ratio will not
be able to achieve it. Irrational power can only be achieved through belief or faith. Faith
gives meaning to the essence of life, and directs life to the highest value of life consistently.
Severin et al. (2005: 155) state that we use rationalization as an attempt to explain irrational
behavior in a way that is rational or consistent with ourselves. We often use tools that may
seem irrational or inconsistent to others.
Consistency is believing in irrational forces in a rational way, through everything
that is physical and non-physical in every human behavior communication. Consistency is
normative, guiding the communication process to the ideal effect that is the hope of all
humans in social interaction. Therefore, consistency is the dominant element that must
always be involved in communication that builds a peaceful social life in competition.
Conclusion
From the discussion above, it can be concluded that in social life there is always peace
and social conflict caused by communication that takes place in various fields of life from
the simplest to the most complex. Peace occurs because of communication that is consistent
with the highest social norms. Meanwhile, social conflict always occurs because of
communication that is inconsistent with social norms and always creates an unbalanced
situation. An unbalanced state produces tension and tension creates social conflict.
Communication Causes of Social Conflict
Kuper (2000: 156) observes that "In general, social scientists seek to understand the
kinds of conflict that take place in the context of interdependent relationships and
institutionalized exchange relationships." Relationships Interdependent relationships require
consistency in the form of regular phenomena that make it possible to predict. This
consistency is the basis for the development of all sciences. Severin & James (2001: 155)
state that the general concept of consistency underlies all sciences. The concept of
consistency in human behavior is an extension of the world of physics into the area of
human behavior. Many humans strive to be consistent in a number of ways such as in our
attitudes, behaviors, and even attitudes and behaviors in our perception of the world, of
people, of ambitions, and even of personality development. Humans organize their world by
communicating in ways that they find reasonable and meaningful.
However, in communicating, humans often prioritize their ambitions. While
ambition is more inconsistent, it often manipulates common sense for the sake of its lustful
expectations. The development of such ambitions drives communication to be inconsistent,
emotional, and sentimental, so that it is no longer rational and causes a lot of
misunderstanding. This misunderstood communication is the cause of social conflicts that
develop in various spheres of life, in the family, in the neighborhood, in groups of friends in
the work environment, in agencies, in communities, societies, and countries, even between
countries. Individual ambition in its development drags other individuals to form group
ambitions that have similarities vis-à-vis group ambitions that do not have the same
perspective. Inconsistent communication can occur in the communicator element, it can also
be from the message conveyed or it can also occur in the communicant. Based on R.D. Nye's
analysis, there are five sources of conflict in interpersonal relationships, namely: (1)
Competition; (2) Domination; (3) Failure; (4) Provocation; (5) Value Differences (in
Rakhmat, 1985 p. 146). Communicators who have a closed attitude can cause conflict as
follows: (1) Judging messages based on personal motives; (2) Thinking Simplistic; (3)
Oriented to the source; (4) Seeking information from their own sources; (5) Rigidly defend
and defend themselves or defend the belief system; (6) Unable to allow inconsistencies
Communicator causes of inconsistency, there are many variations of causes of
inconsistency although there are always similarities. The character of the communicator is
an abusive desire to be praised, to be above others and to see others as inferior to them.
Coercion and domination become the means of achieving his expectations. The form of hope
is greed or avarice. Athailah, states that no disease will develop in a person except on the
seeds of greed. From greed, officials are dragged to prison, unbelievers become robbers,
fraudsters, mafia, and other crimes. The messages from corrupt bad character owners are
closely related to the content of the message to be conveyed, the purpose, and the media or
means used. This can be analyzed from communicators who are in prison controlling drug
trafficking outside prison. Many examples of communication in everyday life such as in the
case of elections, elections, even in the election of leadership of every organization, party,
mass organization, agency, always found inconsistent communication built. Ambitious
communicators have colored inconsistent messages and media that have caused uproar and
disharmony which eventually becomes horizontal and vertical conflicts. Likewise, conflicts
at the level of countries in the world, such as in the Middle East, are destroyed because of
inconsistent communicators, messages, and mass media and other means of communication.
Messages as causes of conflict Social scientists generally argue that the sources of
social conflict are social relationships with messages that produce various communication
effects, both planned and unplanned, such as political messages, and economic messages.
They rarely highlight human biological nature as the cause. Ross (1993) states that the
various social conditions faced by one of the parties involved in the conflict are A conflict is
usually enough to reveal the occurrence of disagreement. The causes of conflict can be
traced on the basis of the level of organization, and on the basis of the level of cohesiveness,
even on the basis of goals, and the means used. Conflict on the basis of goals can be
distinguished between consensual conflict and dissensual conflict. Consensual conflict is a
conflict that occurs because of a struggle over something of material value, while dissensual
conflict is a conflict based on a goal that is considered to be of immaterial value. Conflicts
based on the means used vary widely, ranging from overt coercion, threats, to persuasion,
for example the persuasion of political parties during elections, or leaders who want to instill
their power.
Media as a cause of conflict, especially mass media, often causes the development of
social problems that lead to conflict, and a bad image on people's cognition as well as on the
mass media itself. The effects of mass media shape the process of social change. Bungin
(2006: 91) views social change as a change experienced by members of society and all
elements of culture and social systems, at all levels of life, either voluntarily or influenced
by external elements. Then leave the old patterns of life, culture, social system, and adapt or
use new patterns of life, culture and social system. It is in this transitional process that the
sources of conflict receive potential reinforcement through communication, both verbal and
nonverbal communication.
Social conflict can be seen in facial expressions, eye contact, glare, body position,
gesture and interpersonal distance. Physical contact often occurs due to the development of
nonverbal conflict. In fact, there are often someone gets angry just because they smell
something bad from the person next to them. A case in point was a principal staring at a
teacher over and over in a restaurant and then switching the subject to another teacher
because she was wearing a leather jacket during the meal, which the principal saw as
unethical. The effect of the incident was a prolonged conflict that resulted in the teacher
moving to another place of work. From this case it can be understood that nonverbal cues
can be said to communicate information about emotions, speech, individual differences and
interpersonal relationships. Kuper et al. (2000), view the importance of nonverbal cues in
communicating emotions from observations. Darwin (1872) argued that facial expressions
of emotion were part of a natural, adaptive and physiological response. Recent thinking has
been heavily influenced by Ekman's "neuro-cultural" model. (Ekman (1972), Ekman and
Friesen (1986) state that, according to this model, basic emotions that have a natural
expression can be modified through learning what he calls display rules, i.e. norms that
regulate the expression of emotions in diverse social contexts. Natural facial expressions are
both natural and learnable.
Nonverbal communication is related to speech. Gestures are basically an addition to
speech that is used as a tool to elaborate oral messages or as a substitute when speech is
difficult or impossible to pronounce. Kendon (1985) points out that gestures as a way of
silent visual expression have properties that are very different from speech, so consequently
gestures are adequate to convey certain communication tasks. An illustration when two
people elementary school children in class arguing with each other, which was then noticed
by the class teacher and both were scolded, secretly even though their heads were bowed
because they were afraid of the teacher, but the child who felt brave once in a while he
poked his friend while trying to show his fist. The child's fist conveys important information
about individual differences and interpersonal relationships. This view implies that gestures
should not be considered inferior to speech, but rather as an additional source, of
multichannel communication that gives trained speakers further possibilities to convey
meaning. The clenched fist shown is an important source of information to understand as it
can escalate speech conflict to more dangerous physical conflict.
Fakhrimal, concluded the results of his research that: (1) Conflict is a threat to the
harmony of community life, even a threat to the disintegration of the nation. The logical
consequence of a plural nation like United States is the proliferation of horizontal conflict in
society; (2) Horizontal conflict is an expression of social inequality inherited by the New
Order regime. Although at the external level during the New Order, conflicts were almost
non-existent and national security conditions were under control, the potential for conflict
was still embedded and waiting for the trigger; (3) The dissatisfaction of the political elite
with the results of the ongoing competition is one of the factors driving horizontal conflict,
so they tend to utilize the issue of sara (ethnicity, religion, race, intergroup) as an outlet for
unaccommodated interests; (4) Many factors cause horizontal conflicts to occur, but the
most important of all is communication. To follow a pameo, communication is not
everything, but everything needs to be communicated. Communication can be a trigger for
conflict to end, but communication can also be a bulwark to prevent conflict from occurring;
(5) The mass media is involved in the vortex of conflict through news coverage that tends to
exacerbate conflict instead of helping the conflict to end quickly; (6) This is due to the old
paradigm still used by members of the press, namely, bad news is good news. (7) The
government tends to use a hard power approach (military force) in resolving horizontal
conflicts in United States, while the community needs a more humane approach and
prioritizes dignity; (8) The incomplete resolution of conflicts by the government, leaving
residues such as grudges and injustice. This situation will arise at any time as a trigger for
conflict in the community.
Lamira's research states that conflicts that occur in various regions in United States
show, among other things, the government's lack of ability to overcome the causes of
conflict. Conflicts arise using symbols of ethnicity, religion and race. This occurs due to the
accumulation of mental, spiritual, political, social, cultural and economic "pressure" felt by
some people. Communication carried out by employees has a very important role in the
function of each informant's position to achieve organizational goals at the Bina Marga
Office. Factors causing conflict obtained from informants such as limited sources, namely an
informant does not know new information, so that a problem arises or different goals,
namely one person's opinion or thought is not the same as the other is a problem that must
be resolved wisely. They overcome it by discussing or providing good motivation to others,
so that the problem is quickly resolved.
Lack of ability to understand the problems arising from the effects of messages that
are often biased and incomplete, due to existing limitations, leads to miscommunication,
misinterpretation, and misunderstanding that is difficult to control, causing conflict. Lack of
ability to communicate the causes of conflict can lead to various pressures in various sectors
of life.
Communication as a Solution to Social Conflict?
Horizontal conflict can be understood as a social conflict that involves friction as an
effect of unhealthy communication, or does not take place as it should, leading to conflict,
even fighting between communities.
The results of Hidayat's research (2010) show that interpersonal communication
plays a role in resolving conflicts in adolescent friendship relationships at SMU Negeri 7
Medan. This is evidenced by the way they conduct interpersonal communication with an
attitude of willingness to open themselves, a high sense of empathy for their friends, mutual
respect, positive and supportive attitudes towards their friends. So, effective interpersonal
communication that is established can be used as a solution in solving problems in a friendly
relationship.
The results of Latif's research (2012) concluded in his research entitled
"Communication Strategy in Resolving the North Buton Conflict," as follows: (1) The
communication climate that took place between the government of North Buton Regency
and the community showed a poor situation due to the application of inappropriate
communication strategies. This can be seen from (a) the community and the frequency of
communication between the government and the community are very minimal; (b) the
communication atmosphere created is always in a disharmonious atmosphere. (2) Conflict
resolution the determination of the capital city of North Buton Regency was carried out
through: (a) a celling effect approach in order to align information and communication in the
community; (b) a narrow casting approach in order to stimulate active community
involvement in every communication process; (c) utilization of traditional channels by
involving charismatic community leaders and cultural traditions that are part of attitudes and
behavior in society; and (d) creating an audience participation mechanism, namely a
participatory communication mechanism carried out by involving the community / audience
in every communication activity. (participation) of the community/audience in every
communication activity. All of these approaches aim to resolve conflicts related to the
placement of the Capital of North Buton Regency. However, in practice, none of the conflict
resolution approaches were implemented by the North Buton Regency government.
Conflict resolution efforts can be done through communication by negotiation.
Negotiation is a skill that everyone uses in everyday life. Fisher (2001:115) states,
negotiation is a structured process used by conflicting parties to conduct dialog about issues
where each party has a different opinion. The purpose of negotiation is to seek clarification
of issues or problems and try to find agreement on how to resolve them. This negotiation is
principally carried out with decision- and policy-making parties so that decisions and
policies issued are in accordance with the common interest and can resolve conflicts that
have occurred. Conflict resolution through communication can also be done through
mediation. Moelino (2003: 99) states, negotiation with mediation, namely through a
negotiation process with the help of a third party (mediator) as an intermediary. Mediation is
a process of Conflict resolution through intermediaries, which are activities undertaken by
third parties, who are not involved in the dispute, to assist the disputing groups.
Dominant elements that must be directly involved in communicating
From the discussion above, both communication as a cause of conflict and
communication as a solution to conflict, it can be concluded that it is necessary to have a
dominant element that is always involved in every communication wherever and whoever
and at whatever level so that the communication benefits peace in competition for all parties
to the communication, in particular and in the comfort of human life in general. The
dominant element that must always be involved is consistency. Severin et al. (2005: 156)
state that "consistency theory recognizes human efforts to be rational, but in achieving it we
often show striking irrationality." This shows that irrational forces color the efforts of every
human being. The power of irrationality is infinite, therefore the power of the ratio will not
be able to achieve it. Irrational power can only be achieved through belief or faith. Faith
gives meaning to the essence of life, and directs life to the highest value of life consistently.
Severin et al. (2005: 155) state that we use rationalization as an attempt to explain irrational
behavior in a way that is rational or consistent with ourselves. We often use tools that may
seem irrational or inconsistent to others.
Consistency is believing in irrational forces in a rational way, through everything
that is physical and non-physical in every human behavior communication. Consistency is
normative, guiding the communication process to the ideal effect that is the hope of all
humans in social interaction. Therefore, consistency is the dominant element that must
always be involved in communication that builds a peaceful social life in competition.
Conclusion
From the discussion above, it can be concluded that in social life there is always peace
and social conflict caused by communication that takes place in various fields of life from
the simplest to the most complex. Peace occurs because of communication that is consistent
with the highest social norms. Meanwhile, social conflict always occurs because of
communication that is inconsistent with social norms and always creates an unbalanced
situation. An unbalanced state produces tension and tension creates social conflict.
Communication Causes of Social Conflict
Kuper (2000: 156) observes that "In general, social scientists seek to understand the
kinds of conflict that take place in the context of interdependent relationships and
institutionalized exchange relationships." Relationships Interdependent relationships require
consistency in the form of regular phenomena that make it possible to predict. This
consistency is the basis for the development of all sciences. Severin & James (2001: 155)
state that the general concept of consistency underlies all sciences. The concept of
consistency in human behavior is an extension of the world of physics into the area of
human behavior. Many humans strive to be consistent in a number of ways such as in our
attitudes, behaviors, and even attitudes and behaviors in our perception of the world, of
people, of ambitions, and even of personality development. Humans organize their world by
communicating in ways that they find reasonable and meaningful.
However, in communicating, humans often prioritize their ambitions. While
ambition is more inconsistent, it often manipulates common sense for the sake of its lustful
expectations. The development of such ambitions drives communication to be inconsistent,
emotional, and sentimental, so that it is no longer rational and causes a lot of
misunderstanding. This misunderstood communication is the cause of social conflicts that
develop in various spheres of life, in the family, in the neighborhood, in groups of friends in
the work environment, in agencies, in communities, societies, and countries, even between
countries. Individual ambition in its development drags other individuals to form group
ambitions that have similarities vis-à-vis group ambitions that do not have the same
perspective. Inconsistent communication can occur in the communicator element, it can also
be from the message conveyed or it can also occur in the communicant. Based on R.D. Nye's
analysis, there are five sources of conflict in interpersonal relationships, namely: (1)
Competition; (2) Domination; (3) Failure; (4) Provocation; (5) Value Differences (in
Rakhmat, 1985 p. 146). Communicators who have a closed attitude can cause conflict as
follows: (1) Judging messages based on personal motives; (2) Thinking Simplistic; (3)
Oriented to the source; (4) Seeking information from their own sources; (5) Rigidly defend
and defend themselves or defend the belief system; (6) Unable to allow inconsistencies
Communicator causes of inconsistency, there are many variations of causes of
inconsistency although there are always similarities. The character of the communicator is
an abusive desire to be praised, to be above others and to see others as inferior to them.
Coercion and domination become the means of achieving his expectations. The form of hope
is greed or avarice. Athailah, states that no disease will develop in a person except on the
seeds of greed. From greed, officials are dragged to prison, unbelievers become robbers,
fraudsters, mafia, and other crimes. The messages from corrupt bad character owners are
closely related to the content of the message to be conveyed, the purpose, and the media or
means used. This can be analyzed from communicators who are in prison controlling drug
trafficking outside prison. Many examples of communication in everyday life such as in the
case of elections, elections, even in the election of leadership of every organization, party,
mass organization, agency, always found inconsistent communication built. Ambitious
communicators have colored inconsistent messages and media that have caused uproar and
disharmony which eventually becomes horizontal and vertical conflicts. Likewise, conflicts
at the level of countries in the world, such as in the Middle East, are destroyed because of
inconsistent communicators, messages, and mass media and other means of communication.
Messages as causes of conflict Social scientists generally argue that the sources of
social conflict are social relationships with messages that produce various communication
effects, both planned and unplanned, such as political messages, and economic messages.
They rarely highlight human biological nature as the cause. Ross (1993) states that the
various social conditions faced by one of the parties involved in the conflict are A conflict is
usually enough to reveal the occurrence of disagreement. The causes of conflict can be
traced on the basis of the level of organization, and on the basis of the level of cohesiveness,
even on the basis of goals, and the means used. Conflict on the basis of goals can be
distinguished between consensual conflict and dissensual conflict. Consensual conflict is a
conflict that occurs because of a struggle over something of material value, while dissensual
conflict is a conflict based on a goal that is considered to be of immaterial value. Conflicts
based on the means used vary widely, ranging from overt coercion, threats, to persuasion,
for example the persuasion of political parties during elections, or leaders who want to instill
their power.
Media as a cause of conflict, especially mass media, often causes the development of
social problems that lead to conflict, and a bad image on people's cognition as well as on the
mass media itself. The effects of mass media shape the process of social change. Bungin
(2006: 91) views social change as a change experienced by members of society and all
elements of culture and social systems, at all levels of life, either voluntarily or influenced
by external elements. Then leave the old patterns of life, culture, social system, and adapt or
use new patterns of life, culture and social system. It is in this transitional process that the
sources of conflict receive potential reinforcement through communication, both verbal and
nonverbal communication.
Social conflict can be seen in facial expressions, eye contact, glare, body position,
gesture and interpersonal distance. Physical contact often occurs due to the development of
nonverbal conflict. In fact, there are often someone gets angry just because they smell
something bad from the person next to them. A case in point was a principal staring at a
teacher over and over in a restaurant and then switching the subject to another teacher
because she was wearing a leather jacket during the meal, which the principal saw as
unethical. The effect of the incident was a prolonged conflict that resulted in the teacher
moving to another place of work. From this case it can be understood that nonverbal cues
can be said to communicate information about emotions, speech, individual differences and
interpersonal relationships. Kuper et al. (2000), view the importance of nonverbal cues in
communicating emotions from observations. Darwin (1872) argued that facial expressions
of emotion were part of a natural, adaptive and physiological response. Recent thinking has
been heavily influenced by Ekman's "neuro-cultural" model. (Ekman (1972), Ekman and
Friesen (1986) state that, according to this model, basic emotions that have a natural
expression can be modified through learning what he calls display rules, i.e. norms that
regulate the expression of emotions in diverse social contexts. Natural facial expressions are
both natural and learnable.
Nonverbal communication is related to speech. Gestures are basically an addition to
speech that is used as a tool to elaborate oral messages or as a substitute when speech is
difficult or impossible to pronounce. Kendon (1985) points out that gestures as a way of
silent visual expression have properties that are very different from speech, so consequently
gestures are adequate to convey certain communication tasks. An illustration when two
people elementary school children in class arguing with each other, which was then noticed
by the class teacher and both were scolded, secretly even though their heads were bowed
because they were afraid of the teacher, but the child who felt brave once in a while he
poked his friend while trying to show his fist. The child's fist conveys important information
about individual differences and interpersonal relationships. This view implies that gestures
should not be considered inferior to speech, but rather as an additional source, of
multichannel communication that gives trained speakers further possibilities to convey
meaning. The clenched fist shown is an important source of information to understand as it
can escalate speech conflict to more dangerous physical conflict.
Fakhrimal, concluded the results of his research that: (1) Conflict is a threat to the
harmony of community life, even a threat to the disintegration of the nation. The logical
consequence of a plural nation like United States is the proliferation of horizontal conflict in
society; (2) Horizontal conflict is an expression of social inequality inherited by the New
Order regime. Although at the external level during the New Order, conflicts were almost
non-existent and national security conditions were under control, the potential for conflict
was still embedded and waiting for the trigger; (3) The dissatisfaction of the political elite
with the results of the ongoing competition is one of the factors driving horizontal conflict,
so they tend to utilize the issue of sara (ethnicity, religion, race, intergroup) as an outlet for
unaccommodated interests; (4) Many factors cause horizontal conflicts to occur, but the
most important of all is communication. To follow a pameo, communication is not
everything, but everything needs to be communicated. Communication can be a trigger for
conflict to end, but communication can also be a bulwark to prevent conflict from occurring;
(5) The mass media is involved in the vortex of conflict through news coverage that tends to
exacerbate conflict instead of helping the conflict to end quickly; (6) This is due to the old
paradigm still used by members of the press, namely, bad news is good news. (7) The
government tends to use a hard power approach (military force) in resolving horizontal
conflicts in United States, while the community needs a more humane approach and
prioritizes dignity; (8) The incomplete resolution of conflicts by the government, leaving
residues such as grudges and injustice. This situation will arise at any time as a trigger for
conflict in the community.
Lamira's research states that conflicts that occur in various regions in United States
show, among other things, the government's lack of ability to overcome the causes of
conflict. Conflicts arise using symbols of ethnicity, religion and race. This occurs due to the
accumulation of mental, spiritual, political, social, cultural and economic "pressure" felt by
some people. Communication carried out by employees has a very important role in the
function of each informant's position to achieve organizational goals at the Bina Marga
Office. Factors causing conflict obtained from informants such as limited sources, namely an
informant does not know new information, so that a problem arises or different goals,
namely one person's opinion or thought is not the same as the other is a problem that must
be resolved wisely. They overcome it by discussing or providing good motivation to others,
so that the problem is quickly resolved.
Lack of ability to understand the problems arising from the effects of messages that
are often biased and incomplete, due to existing limitations, leads to miscommunication,
misinterpretation, and misunderstanding that is difficult to control, causing conflict. Lack of
ability to communicate the causes of conflict can lead to various pressures in various sectors
of life.
Communication as a Solution to Social Conflict?
Horizontal conflict can be understood as a social conflict that involves friction as an
effect of unhealthy communication, or does not take place as it should, leading to conflict,
even fighting between communities.
The results of Hidayat's research (2010) show that interpersonal communication
plays a role in resolving conflicts in adolescent friendship relationships at SMU Negeri 7
Medan. This is evidenced by the way they conduct interpersonal communication with an
attitude of willingness to open themselves, a high sense of empathy for their friends, mutual
respect, positive and supportive attitudes towards their friends. So, effective interpersonal
communication that is established can be used as a solution in solving problems in a friendly
relationship.
The results of Latif's research (2012) concluded in his research entitled
"Communication Strategy in Resolving the North Buton Conflict," as follows: (1) The
communication climate that took place between the government of North Buton Regency
and the community showed a poor situation due to the application of inappropriate
communication strategies. This can be seen from (a) the community and the frequency of
communication between the government and the community are very minimal; (b) the
communication atmosphere created is always in a disharmonious atmosphere. (2) Conflict
resolution the determination of the capital city of North Buton Regency was carried out
through: (a) a celling effect approach in order to align information and communication in the
community; (b) a narrow casting approach in order to stimulate active community
involvement in every communication process; (c) utilization of traditional channels by
involving charismatic community leaders and cultural traditions that are part of attitudes and
behavior in society; and (d) creating an audience participation mechanism, namely a
participatory communication mechanism carried out by involving the community / audience
in every communication activity. (participation) of the community/audience in every
communication activity. All of these approaches aim to resolve conflicts related to the
placement of the Capital of North Buton Regency. However, in practice, none of the conflict
resolution approaches were implemented by the North Buton Regency government.
Conflict resolution efforts can be done through communication by negotiation.
Negotiation is a skill that everyone uses in everyday life. Fisher (2001:115) states,
negotiation is a structured process used by conflicting parties to conduct dialog about issues
where each party has a different opinion. The purpose of negotiation is to seek clarification
of issues or problems and try to find agreement on how to resolve them. This negotiation is
principally carried out with decision- and policy-making parties so that decisions and
policies issued are in accordance with the common interest and can resolve conflicts that
have occurred. Conflict resolution through communication can also be done through
mediation. Moelino (2003: 99) states, negotiation with mediation, namely through a
negotiation process with the help of a third party (mediator) as an intermediary. Mediation is
a process of Conflict resolution through intermediaries, which are activities undertaken by
third parties, who are not involved in the dispute, to assist the disputing groups.
Dominant elements that must be directly involved in communicating
From the discussion above, both communication as a cause of conflict and
communication as a solution to conflict, it can be concluded that it is necessary to have a
dominant element that is always involved in every communication wherever and whoever
and at whatever level so that the communication benefits peace in competition for all parties
to the communication, in particular and in the comfort of human life in general. The
dominant element that must always be involved is consistency. Severin et al. (2005: 156)
state that "consistency theory recognizes human efforts to be rational, but in achieving it we
often show striking irrationality." This shows that irrational forces color the efforts of every
human being. The power of irrationality is infinite, therefore the power of the ratio will not
be able to achieve it. Irrational power can only be achieved through belief or faith. Faith
gives meaning to the essence of life, and directs life to the highest value of life consistently.
Severin et al. (2005: 155) state that we use rationalization as an attempt to explain irrational
behavior in a way that is rational or consistent with ourselves. We often use tools that may
seem irrational or inconsistent to others.
Consistency is believing in irrational forces in a rational way, through everything
that is physical and non-physical in every human behavior communication. Consistency is
normative, guiding the communication process to the ideal effect that is the hope of all
humans in social interaction. Therefore, consistency is the dominant element that must
always be involved in communication that builds a peaceful social life in competition.
Conclusion
From the discussion above, it can be concluded that in social life there is always peace
and social conflict caused by communication that takes place in various fields of life from
the simplest to the most complex. Peace occurs because of communication that is consistent
with the highest social norms. Meanwhile, social conflict always occurs because of
communication that is inconsistent with social norms and always creates an unbalanced
situation. An unbalanced state produces tension and tension creates social conflict.
Communication Causes of Social Conflict
Kuper (2000: 156) observes that "In general, social scientists seek to understand the
kinds of conflict that take place in the context of interdependent relationships and
institutionalized exchange relationships." Relationships Interdependent relationships require
consistency in the form of regular phenomena that make it possible to predict. This
consistency is the basis for the development of all sciences. Severin & James (2001: 155)
state that the general concept of consistency underlies all sciences. The concept of
consistency in human behavior is an extension of the world of physics into the area of
human behavior. Many humans strive to be consistent in a number of ways such as in our
attitudes, behaviors, and even attitudes and behaviors in our perception of the world, of
people, of ambitions, and even of personality development. Humans organize their world by
communicating in ways that they find reasonable and meaningful.
However, in communicating, humans often prioritize their ambitions. While
ambition is more inconsistent, it often manipulates common sense for the sake of its lustful
expectations. The development of such ambitions drives communication to be inconsistent,
emotional, and sentimental, so that it is no longer rational and causes a lot of
misunderstanding. This misunderstood communication is the cause of social conflicts that
develop in various spheres of life, in the family, in the neighborhood, in groups of friends in
the work environment, in agencies, in communities, societies, and countries, even between
countries. Individual ambition in its development drags other individuals to form group
ambitions that have similarities vis-à-vis group ambitions that do not have the same
perspective. Inconsistent communication can occur in the communicator element, it can also
be from the message conveyed or it can also occur in the communicant. Based on R.D. Nye's
analysis, there are five sources of conflict in interpersonal relationships, namely: (1)
Competition; (2) Domination; (3) Failure; (4) Provocation; (5) Value Differences (in
Rakhmat, 1985 p. 146). Communicators who have a closed attitude can cause conflict as
follows: (1) Judging messages based on personal motives; (2) Thinking Simplistic; (3)
Oriented to the source; (4) Seeking information from their own sources; (5) Rigidly defend
and defend themselves or defend the belief system; (6) Unable to allow inconsistencies
Communicator causes of inconsistency, there are many variations of causes of
inconsistency although there are always similarities. The character of the communicator is
an abusive desire to be praised, to be above others and to see others as inferior to them.
Coercion and domination become the means of achieving his expectations. The form of hope
is greed or avarice. Athailah, states that no disease will develop in a person except on the
seeds of greed. From greed, officials are dragged to prison, unbelievers become robbers,
fraudsters, mafia, and other crimes. The messages from corrupt bad character owners are
closely related to the content of the message to be conveyed, the purpose, and the media or
means used. This can be analyzed from communicators who are in prison controlling drug
trafficking outside prison. Many examples of communication in everyday life such as in the
case of elections, elections, even in the election of leadership of every organization, party,
mass organization, agency, always found inconsistent communication built. Ambitious
communicators have colored inconsistent messages and media that have caused uproar and
disharmony which eventually becomes horizontal and vertical conflicts. Likewise, conflicts
at the level of countries in the world, such as in the Middle East, are destroyed because of
inconsistent communicators, messages, and mass media and other means of communication.
Messages as causes of conflict Social scientists generally argue that the sources of
social conflict are social relationships with messages that produce various communication
effects, both planned and unplanned, such as political messages, and economic messages.
They rarely highlight human biological nature as the cause. Ross (1993) states that the
various social conditions faced by one of the parties involved in the conflict are A conflict is
usually enough to reveal the occurrence of disagreement. The causes of conflict can be
traced on the basis of the level of organization, and on the basis of the level of cohesiveness,
even on the basis of goals, and the means used. Conflict on the basis of goals can be
distinguished between consensual conflict and dissensual conflict. Consensual conflict is a
conflict that occurs because of a struggle over something of material value, while dissensual
conflict is a conflict based on a goal that is considered to be of immaterial value. Conflicts
based on the means used vary widely, ranging from overt coercion, threats, to persuasion,
for example the persuasion of political parties during elections, or leaders who want to instill
their power.
Media as a cause of conflict, especially mass media, often causes the development of
social problems that lead to conflict, and a bad image on people's cognition as well as on the
mass media itself. The effects of mass media shape the process of social change. Bungin
(2006: 91) views social change as a change experienced by members of society and all
elements of culture and social systems, at all levels of life, either voluntarily or influenced
by external elements. Then leave the old patterns of life, culture, social system, and adapt or
use new patterns of life, culture and social system. It is in this transitional process that the
sources of conflict receive potential reinforcement through communication, both verbal and
nonverbal communication.
Social conflict can be seen in facial expressions, eye contact, glare, body position,
gesture and interpersonal distance. Physical contact often occurs due to the development of
nonverbal conflict. In fact, there are often someone gets angry just because they smell
something bad from the person next to them. A case in point was a principal staring at a
teacher over and over in a restaurant and then switching the subject to another teacher
because she was wearing a leather jacket during the meal, which the principal saw as
unethical. The effect of the incident was a prolonged conflict that resulted in the teacher
moving to another place of work. From this case it can be understood that nonverbal cues
can be said to communicate information about emotions, speech, individual differences and
interpersonal relationships. Kuper et al. (2000), view the importance of nonverbal cues in
communicating emotions from observations. Darwin (1872) argued that facial expressions
of emotion were part of a natural, adaptive and physiological response. Recent thinking has
been heavily influenced by Ekman's "neuro-cultural" model. (Ekman (1972), Ekman and
Friesen (1986) state that, according to this model, basic emotions that have a natural
expression can be modified through learning what he calls display rules, i.e. norms that
regulate the expression of emotions in diverse social contexts. Natural facial expressions are
both natural and learnable.
Nonverbal communication is related to speech. Gestures are basically an addition to
speech that is used as a tool to elaborate oral messages or as a substitute when speech is
difficult or impossible to pronounce. Kendon (1985) points out that gestures as a way of
silent visual expression have properties that are very different from speech, so consequently
gestures are adequate to convey certain communication tasks. An illustration when two
people elementary school children in class arguing with each other, which was then noticed
by the class teacher and both were scolded, secretly even though their heads were bowed
because they were afraid of the teacher, but the child who felt brave once in a while he
poked his friend while trying to show his fist. The child's fist conveys important information
about individual differences and interpersonal relationships. This view implies that gestures
should not be considered inferior to speech, but rather as an additional source, of
multichannel communication that gives trained speakers further possibilities to convey
meaning. The clenched fist shown is an important source of information to understand as it
can escalate speech conflict to more dangerous physical conflict.
Fakhrimal, concluded the results of his research that: (1) Conflict is a threat to the
harmony of community life, even a threat to the disintegration of the nation. The logical
consequence of a plural nation like United States is the proliferation of horizontal conflict in
society; (2) Horizontal conflict is an expression of social inequality inherited by the New
Order regime. Although at the external level during the New Order, conflicts were almost
non-existent and national security conditions were under control, the potential for conflict
was still embedded and waiting for the trigger; (3) The dissatisfaction of the political elite
with the results of the ongoing competition is one of the factors driving horizontal conflict,
so they tend to utilize the issue of sara (ethnicity, religion, race, intergroup) as an outlet for
unaccommodated interests; (4) Many factors cause horizontal conflicts to occur, but the
most important of all is communication. To follow a pameo, communication is not
everything, but everything needs to be communicated. Communication can be a trigger for
conflict to end, but communication can also be a bulwark to prevent conflict from occurring;
(5) The mass media is involved in the vortex of conflict through news coverage that tends to
exacerbate conflict instead of helping the conflict to end quickly; (6) This is due to the old
paradigm still used by members of the press, namely, bad news is good news. (7) The
government tends to use a hard power approach (military force) in resolving horizontal
conflicts in United States, while the community needs a more humane approach and
prioritizes dignity; (8) The incomplete resolution of conflicts by the government, leaving
residues such as grudges and injustice. This situation will arise at any time as a trigger for
conflict in the community.
Lamira's research states that conflicts that occur in various regions in United States
show, among other things, the government's lack of ability to overcome the causes of
conflict. Conflicts arise using symbols of ethnicity, religion and race. This occurs due to the
accumulation of mental, spiritual, political, social, cultural and economic "pressure" felt by
some people. Communication carried out by employees has a very important role in the
function of each informant's position to achieve organizational goals at the Bina Marga
Office. Factors causing conflict obtained from informants such as limited sources, namely an
informant does not know new information, so that a problem arises or different goals,
namely one person's opinion or thought is not the same as the other is a problem that must
be resolved wisely. They overcome it by discussing or providing good motivation to others,
so that the problem is quickly resolved.
Lack of ability to understand the problems arising from the effects of messages that
are often biased and incomplete, due to existing limitations, leads to miscommunication,
misinterpretation, and misunderstanding that is difficult to control, causing conflict. Lack of
ability to communicate the causes of conflict can lead to various pressures in various sectors
of life.
Communication as a Solution to Social Conflict?
Horizontal conflict can be understood as a social conflict that involves friction as an
effect of unhealthy communication, or does not take place as it should, leading to conflict,
even fighting between communities.
The results of Hidayat's research (2010) show that interpersonal communication
plays a role in resolving conflicts in adolescent friendship relationships at SMU Negeri 7
Medan. This is evidenced by the way they conduct interpersonal communication with an
attitude of willingness to open themselves, a high sense of empathy for their friends, mutual
respect, positive and supportive attitudes towards their friends. So, effective interpersonal
communication that is established can be used as a solution in solving problems in a friendly
relationship.
The results of Latif's research (2012) concluded in his research entitled
"Communication Strategy in Resolving the North Buton Conflict," as follows: (1) The
communication climate that took place between the government of North Buton Regency
and the community showed a poor situation due to the application of inappropriate
communication strategies. This can be seen from (a) the community and the frequency of
communication between the government and the community are very minimal; (b) the
communication atmosphere created is always in a disharmonious atmosphere. (2) Conflict
resolution the determination of the capital city of North Buton Regency was carried out
through: (a) a celling effect approach in order to align information and communication in the
community; (b) a narrow casting approach in order to stimulate active community
involvement in every communication process; (c) utilization of traditional channels by
involving charismatic community leaders and cultural traditions that are part of attitudes and
behavior in society; and (d) creating an audience participation mechanism, namely a
participatory communication mechanism carried out by involving the community / audience
in every communication activity. (participation) of the community/audience in every
communication activity. All of these approaches aim to resolve conflicts related to the
placement of the Capital of North Buton Regency. However, in practice, none of the conflict
resolution approaches were implemented by the North Buton Regency government.
Conflict resolution efforts can be done through communication by negotiation.
Negotiation is a skill that everyone uses in everyday life. Fisher (2001:115) states,
negotiation is a structured process used by conflicting parties to conduct dialog about issues
where each party has a different opinion. The purpose of negotiation is to seek clarification
of issues or problems and try to find agreement on how to resolve them. This negotiation is
principally carried out with decision- and policy-making parties so that decisions and
policies issued are in accordance with the common interest and can resolve conflicts that
have occurred. Conflict resolution through communication can also be done through
mediation. Moelino (2003: 99) states, negotiation with mediation, namely through a
negotiation process with the help of a third party (mediator) as an intermediary. Mediation is
a process of Conflict resolution through intermediaries, which are activities undertaken by
third parties, who are not involved in the dispute, to assist the disputing groups.
Dominant elements that must be directly involved in communicating
From the discussion above, both communication as a cause of conflict and
communication as a solution to conflict, it can be concluded that it is necessary to have a
dominant element that is always involved in every communication wherever and whoever
and at whatever level so that the communication benefits peace in competition for all parties
to the communication, in particular and in the comfort of human life in general. The
dominant element that must always be involved is consistency. Severin et al. (2005: 156)
state that "consistency theory recognizes human efforts to be rational, but in achieving it we
often show striking irrationality." This shows that irrational forces color the efforts of every
human being. The power of irrationality is infinite, therefore the power of the ratio will not
be able to achieve it. Irrational power can only be achieved through belief or faith. Faith
gives meaning to the essence of life, and directs life to the highest value of life consistently.
Severin et al. (2005: 155) state that we use rationalization as an attempt to explain irrational
behavior in a way that is rational or consistent with ourselves. We often use tools that may
seem irrational or inconsistent to others.
Consistency is believing in irrational forces in a rational way, through everything
that is physical and non-physical in every human behavior communication. Consistency is
normative, guiding the communication process to the ideal effect that is the hope of all
humans in social interaction. Therefore, consistency is the dominant element that must
always be involved in communication that builds a peaceful social life in competition.
Conclusion
From the discussion above, it can be concluded that in social life there is always peace
and social conflict caused by communication that takes place in various fields of life from
the simplest to the most complex. Peace occurs because of communication that is consistent
with the highest social norms. Meanwhile, social conflict always occurs because of
communication that is inconsistent with social norms and always creates an unbalanced
situation. An unbalanced state produces tension and tension creates social conflict.
Communication Causes of Social Conflict
Kuper (2000: 156) observes that "In general, social scientists seek to understand the
kinds of conflict that take place in the context of interdependent relationships and
institutionalized exchange relationships." Relationships Interdependent relationships require
consistency in the form of regular phenomena that make it possible to predict. This
consistency is the basis for the development of all sciences. Severin & James (2001: 155)
state that the general concept of consistency underlies all sciences. The concept of
consistency in human behavior is an extension of the world of physics into the area of
human behavior. Many humans strive to be consistent in a number of ways such as in our
attitudes, behaviors, and even attitudes and behaviors in our perception of the world, of
people, of ambitions, and even of personality development. Humans organize their world by
communicating in ways that they find reasonable and meaningful.
However, in communicating, humans often prioritize their ambitions. While
ambition is more inconsistent, it often manipulates common sense for the sake of its lustful
expectations. The development of such ambitions drives communication to be inconsistent,
emotional, and sentimental, so that it is no longer rational and causes a lot of
misunderstanding. This misunderstood communication is the cause of social conflicts that
develop in various spheres of life, in the family, in the neighborhood, in groups of friends in
the work environment, in agencies, in communities, societies, and countries, even between
countries. Individual ambition in its development drags other individuals to form group
ambitions that have similarities vis-à-vis group ambitions that do not have the same
perspective. Inconsistent communication can occur in the communicator element, it can also
be from the message conveyed or it can also occur in the communicant. Based on R.D. Nye's
analysis, there are five sources of conflict in interpersonal relationships, namely: (1)
Competition; (2) Domination; (3) Failure; (4) Provocation; (5) Value Differences (in
Rakhmat, 1985 p. 146). Communicators who have a closed attitude can cause conflict as
follows: (1) Judging messages based on personal motives; (2) Thinking Simplistic; (3)
Oriented to the source; (4) Seeking information from their own sources; (5) Rigidly defend
and defend themselves or defend the belief system; (6) Unable to allow inconsistencies
Communicator causes of inconsistency, there are many variations of causes of
inconsistency although there are always similarities. The character of the communicator is
an abusive desire to be praised, to be above others and to see others as inferior to them.
Coercion and domination become the means of achieving his expectations. The form of hope
is greed or avarice. Athailah, states that no disease will develop in a person except on the
seeds of greed. From greed, officials are dragged to prison, unbelievers become robbers,
fraudsters, mafia, and other crimes. The messages from corrupt bad character owners are
closely related to the content of the message to be conveyed, the purpose, and the media or
means used. This can be analyzed from communicators who are in prison controlling drug
trafficking outside prison. Many examples of communication in everyday life such as in the
case of elections, elections, even in the election of leadership of every organization, party,
mass organization, agency, always found inconsistent communication built. Ambitious
communicators have colored inconsistent messages and media that have caused uproar and
disharmony which eventually becomes horizontal and vertical conflicts. Likewise, conflicts
at the level of countries in the world, such as in the Middle East, are destroyed because of
inconsistent communicators, messages, and mass media and other means of communication.
Messages as causes of conflict Social scientists generally argue that the sources of
social conflict are social relationships with messages that produce various communication
effects, both planned and unplanned, such as political messages, and economic messages.
They rarely highlight human biological nature as the cause. Ross (1993) states that the
various social conditions faced by one of the parties involved in the conflict are A conflict is
usually enough to reveal the occurrence of disagreement. The causes of conflict can be
traced on the basis of the level of organization, and on the basis of the level of cohesiveness,
even on the basis of goals, and the means used. Conflict on the basis of goals can be
distinguished between consensual conflict and dissensual conflict. Consensual conflict is a
conflict that occurs because of a struggle over something of material value, while dissensual
conflict is a conflict based on a goal that is considered to be of immaterial value. Conflicts
based on the means used vary widely, ranging from overt coercion, threats, to persuasion,
for example the persuasion of political parties during elections, or leaders who want to instill
their power.
Media as a cause of conflict, especially mass media, often causes the development of
social problems that lead to conflict, and a bad image on people's cognition as well as on the
mass media itself. The effects of mass media shape the process of social change. Bungin
(2006: 91) views social change as a change experienced by members of society and all
elements of culture and social systems, at all levels of life, either voluntarily or influenced
by external elements. Then leave the old patterns of life, culture, social system, and adapt or
use new patterns of life, culture and social system. It is in this transitional process that the
sources of conflict receive potential reinforcement through communication, both verbal and
nonverbal communication.
Social conflict can be seen in facial expressions, eye contact, glare, body position,
gesture and interpersonal distance. Physical contact often occurs due to the development of
nonverbal conflict. In fact, there are often someone gets angry just because they smell
something bad from the person next to them. A case in point was a principal staring at a
teacher over and over in a restaurant and then switching the subject to another teacher
because she was wearing a leather jacket during the meal, which the principal saw as
unethical. The effect of the incident was a prolonged conflict that resulted in the teacher
moving to another place of work. From this case it can be understood that nonverbal cues
can be said to communicate information about emotions, speech, individual differences and
interpersonal relationships. Kuper et al. (2000), view the importance of nonverbal cues in
communicating emotions from observations. Darwin (1872) argued that facial expressions
of emotion were part of a natural, adaptive and physiological response. Recent thinking has
been heavily influenced by Ekman's "neuro-cultural" model. (Ekman (1972), Ekman and
Friesen (1986) state that, according to this model, basic emotions that have a natural
expression can be modified through learning what he calls display rules, i.e. norms that
regulate the expression of emotions in diverse social contexts. Natural facial expressions are
both natural and learnable.
Nonverbal communication is related to speech. Gestures are basically an addition to
speech that is used as a tool to elaborate oral messages or as a substitute when speech is
difficult or impossible to pronounce. Kendon (1985) points out that gestures as a way of
silent visual expression have properties that are very different from speech, so consequently
gestures are adequate to convey certain communication tasks. An illustration when two
people elementary school children in class arguing with each other, which was then noticed
by the class teacher and both were scolded, secretly even though their heads were bowed
because they were afraid of the teacher, but the child who felt brave once in a while he
poked his friend while trying to show his fist. The child's fist conveys important information
about individual differences and interpersonal relationships. This view implies that gestures
should not be considered inferior to speech, but rather as an additional source, of
multichannel communication that gives trained speakers further possibilities to convey
meaning. The clenched fist shown is an important source of information to understand as it
can escalate speech conflict to more dangerous physical conflict.
Fakhrimal, concluded the results of his research that: (1) Conflict is a threat to the
harmony of community life, even a threat to the disintegration of the nation. The logical
consequence of a plural nation like United States is the proliferation of horizontal conflict in
society; (2) Horizontal conflict is an expression of social inequality inherited by the New
Order regime. Although at the external level during the New Order, conflicts were almost
non-existent and national security conditions were under control, the potential for conflict
was still embedded and waiting for the trigger; (3) The dissatisfaction of the political elite
with the results of the ongoing competition is one of the factors driving horizontal conflict,
so they tend to utilize the issue of sara (ethnicity, religion, race, intergroup) as an outlet for
unaccommodated interests; (4) Many factors cause horizontal conflicts to occur, but the
most important of all is communication. To follow a pameo, communication is not
everything, but everything needs to be communicated. Communication can be a trigger for
conflict to end, but communication can also be a bulwark to prevent conflict from occurring;
(5) The mass media is involved in the vortex of conflict through news coverage that tends to
exacerbate conflict instead of helping the conflict to end quickly; (6) This is due to the old
paradigm still used by members of the press, namely, bad news is good news. (7) The
government tends to use a hard power approach (military force) in resolving horizontal
conflicts in United States, while the community needs a more humane approach and
prioritizes dignity; (8) The incomplete resolution of conflicts by the government, leaving
residues such as grudges and injustice. This situation will arise at any time as a trigger for
conflict in the community.
Lamira's research states that conflicts that occur in various regions in United States
show, among other things, the government's lack of ability to overcome the causes of
conflict. Conflicts arise using symbols of ethnicity, religion and race. This occurs due to the
accumulation of mental, spiritual, political, social, cultural and economic "pressure" felt by
some people. Communication carried out by employees has a very important role in the
function of each informant's position to achieve organizational goals at the Bina Marga
Office. Factors causing conflict obtained from informants such as limited sources, namely an
informant does not know new information, so that a problem arises or different goals,
namely one person's opinion or thought is not the same as the other is a problem that must
be resolved wisely. They overcome it by discussing or providing good motivation to others,
so that the problem is quickly resolved.
Lack of ability to understand the problems arising from the effects of messages that
are often biased and incomplete, due to existing limitations, leads to miscommunication,
misinterpretation, and misunderstanding that is difficult to control, causing conflict. Lack of
ability to communicate the causes of conflict can lead to various pressures in various sectors
of life.
Communication as a Solution to Social Conflict?
Horizontal conflict can be understood as a social conflict that involves friction as an
effect of unhealthy communication, or does not take place as it should, leading to conflict,
even fighting between communities.
The results of Hidayat's research (2010) show that interpersonal communication
plays a role in resolving conflicts in adolescent friendship relationships at SMU Negeri 7
Medan. This is evidenced by the way they conduct interpersonal communication with an
attitude of willingness to open themselves, a high sense of empathy for their friends, mutual
respect, positive and supportive attitudes towards their friends. So, effective interpersonal
communication that is established can be used as a solution in solving problems in a friendly
relationship.
The results of Latif's research (2012) concluded in his research entitled
"Communication Strategy in Resolving the North Buton Conflict," as follows: (1) The
communication climate that took place between the government of North Buton Regency
and the community showed a poor situation due to the application of inappropriate
communication strategies. This can be seen from (a) the community and the frequency of
communication between the government and the community are very minimal; (b) the
communication atmosphere created is always in a disharmonious atmosphere. (2) Conflict
resolution the determination of the capital city of North Buton Regency was carried out
through: (a) a celling effect approach in order to align information and communication in the
community; (b) a narrow casting approach in order to stimulate active community
involvement in every communication process; (c) utilization of traditional channels by
involving charismatic community leaders and cultural traditions that are part of attitudes and
behavior in society; and (d) creating an audience participation mechanism, namely a
participatory communication mechanism carried out by involving the community / audience
in every communication activity. (participation) of the community/audience in every
communication activity. All of these approaches aim to resolve conflicts related to the
placement of the Capital of North Buton Regency. However, in practice, none of the conflict
resolution approaches were implemented by the North Buton Regency government.
Conflict resolution efforts can be done through communication by negotiation.
Negotiation is a skill that everyone uses in everyday life. Fisher (2001:115) states,
negotiation is a structured process used by conflicting parties to conduct dialog about issues
where each party has a different opinion. The purpose of negotiation is to seek clarification
of issues or problems and try to find agreement on how to resolve them. This negotiation is
principally carried out with decision- and policy-making parties so that decisions and
policies issued are in accordance with the common interest and can resolve conflicts that
have occurred. Conflict resolution through communication can also be done through
mediation. Moelino (2003: 99) states, negotiation with mediation, namely through a
negotiation process with the help of a third party (mediator) as an intermediary. Mediation is
a process of Conflict resolution through intermediaries, which are activities undertaken by
third parties, who are not involved in the dispute, to assist the disputing groups.
Dominant elements that must be directly involved in communicating
From the discussion above, both communication as a cause of conflict and
communication as a solution to conflict, it can be concluded that it is necessary to have a
dominant element that is always involved in every communication wherever and whoever
and at whatever level so that the communication benefits peace in competition for all parties
to the communication, in particular and in the comfort of human life in general. The
dominant element that must always be involved is consistency. Severin et al. (2005: 156)
state that "consistency theory recognizes human efforts to be rational, but in achieving it we
often show striking irrationality." This shows that irrational forces color the efforts of every
human being. The power of irrationality is infinite, therefore the power of the ratio will not
be able to achieve it. Irrational power can only be achieved through belief or faith. Faith
gives meaning to the essence of life, and directs life to the highest value of life consistently.
Severin et al. (2005: 155) state that we use rationalization as an attempt to explain irrational
behavior in a way that is rational or consistent with ourselves. We often use tools that may
seem irrational or inconsistent to others.
Consistency is believing in irrational forces in a rational way, through everything
that is physical and non-physical in every human behavior communication. Consistency is
normative, guiding the communication process to the ideal effect that is the hope of all
humans in social interaction. Therefore, consistency is the dominant element that must
always be involved in communication that builds a peaceful social life in competition.
Conclusion
From the discussion above, it can be concluded that in social life there is always peace
and social conflict caused by communication that takes place in various fields of life from
the simplest to the most complex. Peace occurs because of communication that is consistent
with the highest social norms. Meanwhile, social conflict always occurs because of
communication that is inconsistent with social norms and always creates an unbalanced
situation. An unbalanced state produces tension and tension creates social conflict.
Communication Causes of Social Conflict
Kuper (2000: 156) observes that "In general, social scientists seek to understand the
kinds of conflict that take place in the context of interdependent relationships and
institutionalized exchange relationships." Relationships Interdependent relationships require
consistency in the form of regular phenomena that make it possible to predict. This
consistency is the basis for the development of all sciences. Severin & James (2001: 155)
state that the general concept of consistency underlies all sciences. The concept of
consistency in human behavior is an extension of the world of physics into the area of
human behavior. Many humans strive to be consistent in a number of ways such as in our
attitudes, behaviors, and even attitudes and behaviors in our perception of the world, of
people, of ambitions, and even of personality development. Humans organize their world by
communicating in ways that they find reasonable and meaningful.
However, in communicating, humans often prioritize their ambitions. While
ambition is more inconsistent, it often manipulates common sense for the sake of its lustful
expectations. The development of such ambitions drives communication to be inconsistent,
emotional, and sentimental, so that it is no longer rational and causes a lot of
misunderstanding. This misunderstood communication is the cause of social conflicts that
develop in various spheres of life, in the family, in the neighborhood, in groups of friends in
the work environment, in agencies, in communities, societies, and countries, even between
countries. Individual ambition in its development drags other individuals to form group
ambitions that have similarities vis-à-vis group ambitions that do not have the same
perspective. Inconsistent communication can occur in the communicator element, it can also
be from the message conveyed or it can also occur in the communicant. Based on R.D. Nye's
analysis, there are five sources of conflict in interpersonal relationships, namely: (1)
Competition; (2) Domination; (3) Failure; (4) Provocation; (5) Value Differences (in
Rakhmat, 1985 p. 146). Communicators who have a closed attitude can cause conflict as
follows: (1) Judging messages based on personal motives; (2) Thinking Simplistic; (3)
Oriented to the source; (4) Seeking information from their own sources; (5) Rigidly defend
and defend themselves or defend the belief system; (6) Unable to allow inconsistencies
Communicator causes of inconsistency, there are many variations of causes of
inconsistency although there are always similarities. The character of the communicator is
an abusive desire to be praised, to be above others and to see others as inferior to them.
Coercion and domination become the means of achieving his expectations. The form of hope
is greed or avarice. Athailah, states that no disease will develop in a person except on the
seeds of greed. From greed, officials are dragged to prison, unbelievers become robbers,
fraudsters, mafia, and other crimes. The messages from corrupt bad character owners are
closely related to the content of the message to be conveyed, the purpose, and the media or
means used. This can be analyzed from communicators who are in prison controlling drug
trafficking outside prison. Many examples of communication in everyday life such as in the
case of elections, elections, even in the election of leadership of every organization, party,
mass organization, agency, always found inconsistent communication built. Ambitious
communicators have colored inconsistent messages and media that have caused uproar and
disharmony which eventually becomes horizontal and vertical conflicts. Likewise, conflicts
at the level of countries in the world, such as in the Middle East, are destroyed because of
inconsistent communicators, messages, and mass media and other means of communication.
Messages as causes of conflict Social scientists generally argue that the sources of
social conflict are social relationships with messages that produce various communication
effects, both planned and unplanned, such as political messages, and economic messages.
They rarely highlight human biological nature as the cause. Ross (1993) states that the
various social conditions faced by one of the parties involved in the conflict are A conflict is
usually enough to reveal the occurrence of disagreement. The causes of conflict can be
traced on the basis of the level of organization, and on the basis of the level of cohesiveness,
even on the basis of goals, and the means used. Conflict on the basis of goals can be
distinguished between consensual conflict and dissensual conflict. Consensual conflict is a
conflict that occurs because of a struggle over something of material value, while dissensual
conflict is a conflict based on a goal that is considered to be of immaterial value. Conflicts
based on the means used vary widely, ranging from overt coercion, threats, to persuasion,
for example the persuasion of political parties during elections, or leaders who want to instill
their power.
Media as a cause of conflict, especially mass media, often causes the development of
social problems that lead to conflict, and a bad image on people's cognition as well as on the
mass media itself. The effects of mass media shape the process of social change. Bungin
(2006: 91) views social change as a change experienced by members of society and all
elements of culture and social systems, at all levels of life, either voluntarily or influenced
by external elements. Then leave the old patterns of life, culture, social system, and adapt or
use new patterns of life, culture and social system. It is in this transitional process that the
sources of conflict receive potential reinforcement through communication, both verbal and
nonverbal communication.
Social conflict can be seen in facial expressions, eye contact, glare, body position,
gesture and interpersonal distance. Physical contact often occurs due to the development of
nonverbal conflict. In fact, there are often someone gets angry just because they smell
something bad from the person next to them. A case in point was a principal staring at a
teacher over and over in a restaurant and then switching the subject to another teacher
because she was wearing a leather jacket during the meal, which the principal saw as
unethical. The effect of the incident was a prolonged conflict that resulted in the teacher
moving to another place of work. From this case it can be understood that nonverbal cues
can be said to communicate information about emotions, speech, individual differences and
interpersonal relationships. Kuper et al. (2000), view the importance of nonverbal cues in
communicating emotions from observations. Darwin (1872) argued that facial expressions
of emotion were part of a natural, adaptive and physiological response. Recent thinking has
been heavily influenced by Ekman's "neuro-cultural" model. (Ekman (1972), Ekman and
Friesen (1986) state that, according to this model, basic emotions that have a natural
expression can be modified through learning what he calls display rules, i.e. norms that
regulate the expression of emotions in diverse social contexts. Natural facial expressions are
both natural and learnable.
Nonverbal communication is related to speech. Gestures are basically an addition to
speech that is used as a tool to elaborate oral messages or as a substitute when speech is
difficult or impossible to pronounce. Kendon (1985) points out that gestures as a way of
silent visual expression have properties that are very different from speech, so consequently
gestures are adequate to convey certain communication tasks. An illustration when two
people elementary school children in class arguing with each other, which was then noticed
by the class teacher and both were scolded, secretly even though their heads were bowed
because they were afraid of the teacher, but the child who felt brave once in a while he
poked his friend while trying to show his fist. The child's fist conveys important information
about individual differences and interpersonal relationships. This view implies that gestures
should not be considered inferior to speech, but rather as an additional source, of
multichannel communication that gives trained speakers further possibilities to convey
meaning. The clenched fist shown is an important source of information to understand as it
can escalate speech conflict to more dangerous physical conflict.
Fakhrimal, concluded the results of his research that: (1) Conflict is a threat to the
harmony of community life, even a threat to the disintegration of the nation. The logical
consequence of a plural nation like United States is the proliferation of horizontal conflict in
society; (2) Horizontal conflict is an expression of social inequality inherited by the New
Order regime. Although at the external level during the New Order, conflicts were almost
non-existent and national security conditions were under control, the potential for conflict
was still embedded and waiting for the trigger; (3) The dissatisfaction of the political elite
with the results of the ongoing competition is one of the factors driving horizontal conflict,
so they tend to utilize the issue of sara (ethnicity, religion, race, intergroup) as an outlet for
unaccommodated interests; (4) Many factors cause horizontal conflicts to occur, but the
most important of all is communication. To follow a pameo, communication is not
everything, but everything needs to be communicated. Communication can be a trigger for
conflict to end, but communication can also be a bulwark to prevent conflict from occurring;
(5) The mass media is involved in the vortex of conflict through news coverage that tends to
exacerbate conflict instead of helping the conflict to end quickly; (6) This is due to the old
paradigm still used by members of the press, namely, bad news is good news. (7) The
government tends to use a hard power approach (military force) in resolving horizontal
conflicts in United States, while the community needs a more humane approach and
prioritizes dignity; (8) The incomplete resolution of conflicts by the government, leaving
residues such as grudges and injustice. This situation will arise at any time as a trigger for
conflict in the community.
Lamira's research states that conflicts that occur in various regions in United States
show, among other things, the government's lack of ability to overcome the causes of
conflict. Conflicts arise using symbols of ethnicity, religion and race. This occurs due to the
accumulation of mental, spiritual, political, social, cultural and economic "pressure" felt by
some people. Communication carried out by employees has a very important role in the
function of each informant's position to achieve organizational goals at the Bina Marga
Office. Factors causing conflict obtained from informants such as limited sources, namely an
informant does not know new information, so that a problem arises or different goals,
namely one person's opinion or thought is not the same as the other is a problem that must
be resolved wisely. They overcome it by discussing or providing good motivation to others,
so that the problem is quickly resolved.
Lack of ability to understand the problems arising from the effects of messages that
are often biased and incomplete, due to existing limitations, leads to miscommunication,
misinterpretation, and misunderstanding that is difficult to control, causing conflict. Lack of
ability to communicate the causes of conflict can lead to various pressures in various sectors
of life.
Communication as a Solution to Social Conflict?
Horizontal conflict can be understood as a social conflict that involves friction as an
effect of unhealthy communication, or does not take place as it should, leading to conflict,
even fighting between communities.
The results of Hidayat's research (2010) show that interpersonal communication
plays a role in resolving conflicts in adolescent friendship relationships at SMU Negeri 7
Medan. This is evidenced by the way they conduct interpersonal communication with an
attitude of willingness to open themselves, a high sense of empathy for their friends, mutual
respect, positive and supportive attitudes towards their friends. So, effective interpersonal
communication that is established can be used as a solution in solving problems in a friendly
relationship.
The results of Latif's research (2012) concluded in his research entitled
"Communication Strategy in Resolving the North Buton Conflict," as follows: (1) The
communication climate that took place between the government of North Buton Regency
and the community showed a poor situation due to the application of inappropriate
communication strategies. This can be seen from (a) the community and the frequency of
communication between the government and the community are very minimal; (b) the
communication atmosphere created is always in a disharmonious atmosphere. (2) Conflict
resolution the determination of the capital city of North Buton Regency was carried out
through: (a) a celling effect approach in order to align information and communication in the
community; (b) a narrow casting approach in order to stimulate active community
involvement in every communication process; (c) utilization of traditional channels by
involving charismatic community leaders and cultural traditions that are part of attitudes and
behavior in society; and (d) creating an audience participation mechanism, namely a
participatory communication mechanism carried out by involving the community / audience
in every communication activity. (participation) of the community/audience in every
communication activity. All of these approaches aim to resolve conflicts related to the
placement of the Capital of North Buton Regency. However, in practice, none of the conflict
resolution approaches were implemented by the North Buton Regency government.
Conflict resolution efforts can be done through communication by negotiation.
Negotiation is a skill that everyone uses in everyday life. Fisher (2001:115) states,
negotiation is a structured process used by conflicting parties to conduct dialog about issues
where each party has a different opinion. The purpose of negotiation is to seek clarification
of issues or problems and try to find agreement on how to resolve them. This negotiation is
principally carried out with decision- and policy-making parties so that decisions and
policies issued are in accordance with the common interest and can resolve conflicts that
have occurred. Conflict resolution through communication can also be done through
mediation. Moelino (2003: 99) states, negotiation with mediation, namely through a
negotiation process with the help of a third party (mediator) as an intermediary. Mediation is
a process of Conflict resolution through intermediaries, which are activities undertaken by
third parties, who are not involved in the dispute, to assist the disputing groups.
Dominant elements that must be directly involved in communicating
From the discussion above, both communication as a cause of conflict and
communication as a solution to conflict, it can be concluded that it is necessary to have a
dominant element that is always involved in every communication wherever and whoever
and at whatever level so that the communication benefits peace in competition for all parties
to the communication, in particular and in the comfort of human life in general. The
dominant element that must always be involved is consistency. Severin et al. (2005: 156)
state that "consistency theory recognizes human efforts to be rational, but in achieving it we
often show striking irrationality." This shows that irrational forces color the efforts of every
human being. The power of irrationality is infinite, therefore the power of the ratio will not
be able to achieve it. Irrational power can only be achieved through belief or faith. Faith
gives meaning to the essence of life, and directs life to the highest value of life consistently.
Severin et al. (2005: 155) state that we use rationalization as an attempt to explain irrational
behavior in a way that is rational or consistent with ourselves. We often use tools that may
seem irrational or inconsistent to others.
Consistency is believing in irrational forces in a rational way, through everything
that is physical and non-physical in every human behavior communication. Consistency is
normative, guiding the communication process to the ideal effect that is the hope of all
humans in social interaction. Therefore, consistency is the dominant element that must
always be involved in communication that builds a peaceful social life in competition.
Conclusion
From the discussion above, it can be concluded that in social life there is always peace
and social conflict caused by communication that takes place in various fields of life from
the simplest to the most complex. Peace occurs because of communication that is consistent
with the highest social norms. Meanwhile, social conflict always occurs because of
communication that is inconsistent with social norms and always creates an unbalanced
situation. An unbalanced state produces tension and tension creates social conflict.
Communication Causes of Social Conflict
Kuper (2000: 156) observes that "In general, social scientists seek to understand the
kinds of conflict that take place in the context of interdependent relationships and
institutionalized exchange relationships." Relationships Interdependent relationships require
consistency in the form of regular phenomena that make it possible to predict. This
consistency is the basis for the development of all sciences. Severin & James (2001: 155)
state that the general concept of consistency underlies all sciences. The concept of
consistency in human behavior is an extension of the world of physics into the area of
human behavior. Many humans strive to be consistent in a number of ways such as in our
attitudes, behaviors, and even attitudes and behaviors in our perception of the world, of
people, of ambitions, and even of personality development. Humans organize their world by
communicating in ways that they find reasonable and meaningful.
However, in communicating, humans often prioritize their ambitions. While
ambition is more inconsistent, it often manipulates common sense for the sake of its lustful
expectations. The development of such ambitions drives communication to be inconsistent,
emotional, and sentimental, so that it is no longer rational and causes a lot of
misunderstanding. This misunderstood communication is the cause of social conflicts that
develop in various spheres of life, in the family, in the neighborhood, in groups of friends in
the work environment, in agencies, in communities, societies, and countries, even between
countries. Individual ambition in its development drags other individuals to form group
ambitions that have similarities vis-à-vis group ambitions that do not have the same
perspective. Inconsistent communication can occur in the communicator element, it can also
be from the message conveyed or it can also occur in the communicant. Based on R.D. Nye's
analysis, there are five sources of conflict in interpersonal relationships, namely: (1)
Competition; (2) Domination; (3) Failure; (4) Provocation; (5) Value Differences (in
Rakhmat, 1985 p. 146). Communicators who have a closed attitude can cause conflict as
follows: (1) Judging messages based on personal motives; (2) Thinking Simplistic; (3)
Oriented to the source; (4) Seeking information from their own sources; (5) Rigidly defend
and defend themselves or defend the belief system; (6) Unable to allow inconsistencies
Communicator causes of inconsistency, there are many variations of causes of
inconsistency although there are always similarities. The character of the communicator is
an abusive desire to be praised, to be above others and to see others as inferior to them.
Coercion and domination become the means of achieving his expectations. The form of hope
is greed or avarice. Athailah, states that no disease will develop in a person except on the
seeds of greed. From greed, officials are dragged to prison, unbelievers become robbers,
fraudsters, mafia, and other crimes. The messages from corrupt bad character owners are
closely related to the content of the message to be conveyed, the purpose, and the media or
means used. This can be analyzed from communicators who are in prison controlling drug
trafficking outside prison. Many examples of communication in everyday life such as in the
case of elections, elections, even in the election of leadership of every organization, party,
mass organization, agency, always found inconsistent communication built. Ambitious
communicators have colored inconsistent messages and media that have caused uproar and
disharmony which eventually becomes horizontal and vertical conflicts. Likewise, conflicts
at the level of countries in the world, such as in the Middle East, are destroyed because of
inconsistent communicators, messages, and mass media and other means of communication.
Messages as causes of conflict Social scientists generally argue that the sources of
social conflict are social relationships with messages that produce various communication
effects, both planned and unplanned, such as political messages, and economic messages.
They rarely highlight human biological nature as the cause. Ross (1993) states that the
various social conditions faced by one of the parties involved in the conflict are A conflict is
usually enough to reveal the occurrence of disagreement. The causes of conflict can be
traced on the basis of the level of organization, and on the basis of the level of cohesiveness,
even on the basis of goals, and the means used. Conflict on the basis of goals can be
distinguished between consensual conflict and dissensual conflict. Consensual conflict is a
conflict that occurs because of a struggle over something of material value, while dissensual
conflict is a conflict based on a goal that is considered to be of immaterial value. Conflicts
based on the means used vary widely, ranging from overt coercion, threats, to persuasion,
for example the persuasion of political parties during elections, or leaders who want to instill
their power.
Media as a cause of conflict, especially mass media, often causes the development of
social problems that lead to conflict, and a bad image on people's cognition as well as on the
mass media itself. The effects of mass media shape the process of social change. Bungin
(2006: 91) views social change as a change experienced by members of society and all
elements of culture and social systems, at all levels of life, either voluntarily or influenced
by external elements. Then leave the old patterns of life, culture, social system, and adapt or
use new patterns of life, culture and social system. It is in this transitional process that the
sources of conflict receive potential reinforcement through communication, both verbal and
nonverbal communication.
Social conflict can be seen in facial expressions, eye contact, glare, body position,
gesture and interpersonal distance. Physical contact often occurs due to the development of
nonverbal conflict. In fact, there are often someone gets angry just because they smell
something bad from the person next to them. A case in point was a principal staring at a
teacher over and over in a restaurant and then switching the subject to another teacher
because she was wearing a leather jacket during the meal, which the principal saw as
unethical. The effect of the incident was a prolonged conflict that resulted in the teacher
moving to another place of work. From this case it can be understood that nonverbal cues
can be said to communicate information about emotions, speech, individual differences and
interpersonal relationships. Kuper et al. (2000), view the importance of nonverbal cues in
communicating emotions from observations. Darwin (1872) argued that facial expressions
of emotion were part of a natural, adaptive and physiological response. Recent thinking has
been heavily influenced by Ekman's "neuro-cultural" model. (Ekman (1972), Ekman and
Friesen (1986) state that, according to this model, basic emotions that have a natural
expression can be modified through learning what he calls display rules, i.e. norms that
regulate the expression of emotions in diverse social contexts. Natural facial expressions are
both natural and learnable.
Nonverbal communication is related to speech. Gestures are basically an addition to
speech that is used as a tool to elaborate oral messages or as a substitute when speech is
difficult or impossible to pronounce. Kendon (1985) points out that gestures as a way of
silent visual expression have properties that are very different from speech, so consequently
gestures are adequate to convey certain communication tasks. An illustration when two
people elementary school children in class arguing with each other, which was then noticed
by the class teacher and both were scolded, secretly even though their heads were bowed
because they were afraid of the teacher, but the child who felt brave once in a while he
poked his friend while trying to show his fist. The child's fist conveys important information
about individual differences and interpersonal relationships. This view implies that gestures
should not be considered inferior to speech, but rather as an additional source, of
multichannel communication that gives trained speakers further possibilities to convey
meaning. The clenched fist shown is an important source of information to understand as it
can escalate speech conflict to more dangerous physical conflict.
Fakhrimal, concluded the results of his research that: (1) Conflict is a threat to the
harmony of community life, even a threat to the disintegration of the nation. The logical
consequence of a plural nation like United States is the proliferation of horizontal conflict in
society; (2) Horizontal conflict is an expression of social inequality inherited by the New
Order regime. Although at the external level during the New Order, conflicts were almost
non-existent and national security conditions were under control, the potential for conflict
was still embedded and waiting for the trigger; (3) The dissatisfaction of the political elite
with the results of the ongoing competition is one of the factors driving horizontal conflict,
so they tend to utilize the issue of sara (ethnicity, religion, race, intergroup) as an outlet for
unaccommodated interests; (4) Many factors cause horizontal conflicts to occur, but the
most important of all is communication. To follow a pameo, communication is not
everything, but everything needs to be communicated. Communication can be a trigger for
conflict to end, but communication can also be a bulwark to prevent conflict from occurring;
(5) The mass media is involved in the vortex of conflict through news coverage that tends to
exacerbate conflict instead of helping the conflict to end quickly; (6) This is due to the old
paradigm still used by members of the press, namely, bad news is good news. (7) The
government tends to use a hard power approach (military force) in resolving horizontal
conflicts in United States, while the community needs a more humane approach and
prioritizes dignity; (8) The incomplete resolution of conflicts by the government, leaving
residues such as grudges and injustice. This situation will arise at any time as a trigger for
conflict in the community.
Lamira's research states that conflicts that occur in various regions in United States
show, among other things, the government's lack of ability to overcome the causes of
conflict. Conflicts arise using symbols of ethnicity, religion and race. This occurs due to the
accumulation of mental, spiritual, political, social, cultural and economic "pressure" felt by
some people. Communication carried out by employees has a very important role in the
function of each informant's position to achieve organizational goals at the Bina Marga
Office. Factors causing conflict obtained from informants such as limited sources, namely an
informant does not know new information, so that a problem arises or different goals,
namely one person's opinion or thought is not the same as the other is a problem that must
be resolved wisely. They overcome it by discussing or providing good motivation to others,
so that the problem is quickly resolved.
Lack of ability to understand the problems arising from the effects of messages that
are often biased and incomplete, due to existing limitations, leads to miscommunication,
misinterpretation, and misunderstanding that is difficult to control, causing conflict. Lack of
ability to communicate the causes of conflict can lead to various pressures in various sectors
of life.
Communication as a Solution to Social Conflict?
Horizontal conflict can be understood as a social conflict that involves friction as an
effect of unhealthy communication, or does not take place as it should, leading to conflict,
even fighting between communities.
The results of Hidayat's research (2010) show that interpersonal communication
plays a role in resolving conflicts in adolescent friendship relationships at SMU Negeri 7
Medan. This is evidenced by the way they conduct interpersonal communication with an
attitude of willingness to open themselves, a high sense of empathy for their friends, mutual
respect, positive and supportive attitudes towards their friends. So, effective interpersonal
communication that is established can be used as a solution in solving problems in a friendly
relationship.
The results of Latif's research (2012) concluded in his research entitled
"Communication Strategy in Resolving the North Buton Conflict," as follows: (1) The
communication climate that took place between the government of North Buton Regency
and the community showed a poor situation due to the application of inappropriate
communication strategies. This can be seen from (a) the community and the frequency of
communication between the government and the community are very minimal; (b) the
communication atmosphere created is always in a disharmonious atmosphere. (2) Conflict
resolution the determination of the capital city of North Buton Regency was carried out
through: (a) a celling effect approach in order to align information and communication in the
community; (b) a narrow casting approach in order to stimulate active community
involvement in every communication process; (c) utilization of traditional channels by
involving charismatic community leaders and cultural traditions that are part of attitudes and
behavior in society; and (d) creating an audience participation mechanism, namely a
participatory communication mechanism carried out by involving the community / audience
in every communication activity. (participation) of the community/audience in every
communication activity. All of these approaches aim to resolve conflicts related to the
placement of the Capital of North Buton Regency. However, in practice, none of the conflict
resolution approaches were implemented by the North Buton Regency government.
Conflict resolution efforts can be done through communication by negotiation.
Negotiation is a skill that everyone uses in everyday life. Fisher (2001:115) states,
negotiation is a structured process used by conflicting parties to conduct dialog about issues
where each party has a different opinion. The purpose of negotiation is to seek clarification
of issues or problems and try to find agreement on how to resolve them. This negotiation is
principally carried out with decision- and policy-making parties so that decisions and
policies issued are in accordance with the common interest and can resolve conflicts that
have occurred. Conflict resolution through communication can also be done through
mediation. Moelino (2003: 99) states, negotiation with mediation, namely through a
negotiation process with the help of a third party (mediator) as an intermediary. Mediation is
a process of Conflict resolution through intermediaries, which are activities undertaken by
third parties, who are not involved in the dispute, to assist the disputing groups.
Dominant elements that must be directly involved in communicating
From the discussion above, both communication as a cause of conflict and
communication as a solution to conflict, it can be concluded that it is necessary to have a
dominant element that is always involved in every communication wherever and whoever
and at whatever level so that the communication benefits peace in competition for all parties
to the communication, in particular and in the comfort of human life in general. The
dominant element that must always be involved is consistency. Severin et al. (2005: 156)
state that "consistency theory recognizes human efforts to be rational, but in achieving it we
often show striking irrationality." This shows that irrational forces color the efforts of every
human being. The power of irrationality is infinite, therefore the power of the ratio will not
be able to achieve it. Irrational power can only be achieved through belief or faith. Faith
gives meaning to the essence of life, and directs life to the highest value of life consistently.
Severin et al. (2005: 155) state that we use rationalization as an attempt to explain irrational
behavior in a way that is rational or consistent with ourselves. We often use tools that may
seem irrational or inconsistent to others.
Consistency is believing in irrational forces in a rational way, through everything
that is physical and non-physical in every human behavior communication. Consistency is
normative, guiding the communication process to the ideal effect that is the hope of all
humans in social interaction. Therefore, consistency is the dominant element that must
always be involved in communication that builds a peaceful social life in competition.
Conclusion
From the discussion above, it can be concluded that in social life there is always peace
and social conflict caused by communication that takes place in various fields of life from
the simplest to the most complex. Peace occurs because of communication that is consistent
with the highest social norms. Meanwhile, social conflict always occurs because of
communication that is inconsistent with social norms and always creates an unbalanced
situation. An unbalanced state produces tension and tension creates social conflict.
Communication Causes of Social Conflict
Kuper (2000: 156) observes that "In general, social scientists seek to understand the
kinds of conflict that take place in the context of interdependent relationships and
institutionalized exchange relationships." Relationships Interdependent relationships require
consistency in the form of regular phenomena that make it possible to predict. This
consistency is the basis for the development of all sciences. Severin & James (2001: 155)
state that the general concept of consistency underlies all sciences. The concept of
consistency in human behavior is an extension of the world of physics into the area of
human behavior. Many humans strive to be consistent in a number of ways such as in our
attitudes, behaviors, and even attitudes and behaviors in our perception of the world, of
people, of ambitions, and even of personality development. Humans organize their world by
communicating in ways that they find reasonable and meaningful.
However, in communicating, humans often prioritize their ambitions. While
ambition is more inconsistent, it often manipulates common sense for the sake of its lustful
expectations. The development of such ambitions drives communication to be inconsistent,
emotional, and sentimental, so that it is no longer rational and causes a lot of
misunderstanding. This misunderstood communication is the cause of social conflicts that
develop in various spheres of life, in the family, in the neighborhood, in groups of friends in
the work environment, in agencies, in communities, societies, and countries, even between
countries. Individual ambition in its development drags other individuals to form group
ambitions that have similarities vis-à-vis group ambitions that do not have the same
perspective. Inconsistent communication can occur in the communicator element, it can also
be from the message conveyed or it can also occur in the communicant. Based on R.D. Nye's
analysis, there are five sources of conflict in interpersonal relationships, namely: (1)
Competition; (2) Domination; (3) Failure; (4) Provocation; (5) Value Differences (in
Rakhmat, 1985 p. 146). Communicators who have a closed attitude can cause conflict as
follows: (1) Judging messages based on personal motives; (2) Thinking Simplistic; (3)
Oriented to the source; (4) Seeking information from their own sources; (5) Rigidly defend
and defend themselves or defend the belief system; (6) Unable to allow inconsistencies
Communicator causes of inconsistency, there are many variations of causes of
inconsistency although there are always similarities. The character of the communicator is
an abusive desire to be praised, to be above others and to see others as inferior to them.
Coercion and domination become the means of achieving his expectations. The form of hope
is greed or avarice. Athailah, states that no disease will develop in a person except on the
seeds of greed. From greed, officials are dragged to prison, unbelievers become robbers,
fraudsters, mafia, and other crimes. The messages from corrupt bad character owners are
closely related to the content of the message to be conveyed, the purpose, and the media or
means used. This can be analyzed from communicators who are in prison controlling drug
trafficking outside prison. Many examples of communication in everyday life such as in the
case of elections, elections, even in the election of leadership of every organization, party,
mass organization, agency, always found inconsistent communication built. Ambitious
communicators have colored inconsistent messages and media that have caused uproar and
disharmony which eventually becomes horizontal and vertical conflicts. Likewise, conflicts
at the level of countries in the world, such as in the Middle East, are destroyed because of
inconsistent communicators, messages, and mass media and other means of communication.
Messages as causes of conflict Social scientists generally argue that the sources of
social conflict are social relationships with messages that produce various communication
effects, both planned and unplanned, such as political messages, and economic messages.
They rarely highlight human biological nature as the cause. Ross (1993) states that the
various social conditions faced by one of the parties involved in the conflict are A conflict is
usually enough to reveal the occurrence of disagreement. The causes of conflict can be
traced on the basis of the level of organization, and on the basis of the level of cohesiveness,
even on the basis of goals, and the means used. Conflict on the basis of goals can be
distinguished between consensual conflict and dissensual conflict. Consensual conflict is a
conflict that occurs because of a struggle over something of material value, while dissensual
conflict is a conflict based on a goal that is considered to be of immaterial value. Conflicts
based on the means used vary widely, ranging from overt coercion, threats, to persuasion,
for example the persuasion of political parties during elections, or leaders who want to instill
their power.
Media as a cause of conflict, especially mass media, often causes the development of
social problems that lead to conflict, and a bad image on people's cognition as well as on the
mass media itself. The effects of mass media shape the process of social change. Bungin
(2006: 91) views social change as a change experienced by members of society and all
elements of culture and social systems, at all levels of life, either voluntarily or influenced
by external elements. Then leave the old patterns of life, culture, social system, and adapt or
use new patterns of life, culture and social system. It is in this transitional process that the
sources of conflict receive potential reinforcement through communication, both verbal and
nonverbal communication.
Social conflict can be seen in facial expressions, eye contact, glare, body position,
gesture and interpersonal distance. Physical contact often occurs due to the development of
nonverbal conflict. In fact, there are often someone gets angry just because they smell
something bad from the person next to them. A case in point was a principal staring at a
teacher over and over in a restaurant and then switching the subject to another teacher
because she was wearing a leather jacket during the meal, which the principal saw as
unethical. The effect of the incident was a prolonged conflict that resulted in the teacher
moving to another place of work. From this case it can be understood that nonverbal cues
can be said to communicate information about emotions, speech, individual differences and
interpersonal relationships. Kuper et al. (2000), view the importance of nonverbal cues in
communicating emotions from observations. Darwin (1872) argued that facial expressions
of emotion were part of a natural, adaptive and physiological response. Recent thinking has
been heavily influenced by Ekman's "neuro-cultural" model. (Ekman (1972), Ekman and
Friesen (1986) state that, according to this model, basic emotions that have a natural
expression can be modified through learning what he calls display rules, i.e. norms that
regulate the expression of emotions in diverse social contexts. Natural facial expressions are
both natural and learnable.
Nonverbal communication is related to speech. Gestures are basically an addition to
speech that is used as a tool to elaborate oral messages or as a substitute when speech is
difficult or impossible to pronounce. Kendon (1985) points out that gestures as a way of
silent visual expression have properties that are very different from speech, so consequently
gestures are adequate to convey certain communication tasks. An illustration when two
people elementary school children in class arguing with each other, which was then noticed
by the class teacher and both were scolded, secretly even though their heads were bowed
because they were afraid of the teacher, but the child who felt brave once in a while he
poked his friend while trying to show his fist. The child's fist conveys important information
about individual differences and interpersonal relationships. This view implies that gestures
should not be considered inferior to speech, but rather as an additional source, of
multichannel communication that gives trained speakers further possibilities to convey
meaning. The clenched fist shown is an important source of information to understand as it
can escalate speech conflict to more dangerous physical conflict.
Fakhrimal, concluded the results of his research that: (1) Conflict is a threat to the
harmony of community life, even a threat to the disintegration of the nation. The logical
consequence of a plural nation like United States is the proliferation of horizontal conflict in
society; (2) Horizontal conflict is an expression of social inequality inherited by the New
Order regime. Although at the external level during the New Order, conflicts were almost
non-existent and national security conditions were under control, the potential for conflict
was still embedded and waiting for the trigger; (3) The dissatisfaction of the political elite
with the results of the ongoing competition is one of the factors driving horizontal conflict,
so they tend to utilize the issue of sara (ethnicity, religion, race, intergroup) as an outlet for
unaccommodated interests; (4) Many factors cause horizontal conflicts to occur, but the
most important of all is communication. To follow a pameo, communication is not
everything, but everything needs to be communicated. Communication can be a trigger for
conflict to end, but communication can also be a bulwark to prevent conflict from occurring;
(5) The mass media is involved in the vortex of conflict through news coverage that tends to
exacerbate conflict instead of helping the conflict to end quickly; (6) This is due to the old
paradigm still used by members of the press, namely, bad news is good news. (7) The
government tends to use a hard power approach (military force) in resolving horizontal
conflicts in United States, while the community needs a more humane approach and
prioritizes dignity; (8) The incomplete resolution of conflicts by the government, leaving
residues such as grudges and injustice. This situation will arise at any time as a trigger for
conflict in the community.
Lamira's research states that conflicts that occur in various regions in United States
show, among other things, the government's lack of ability to overcome the causes of
conflict. Conflicts arise using symbols of ethnicity, religion and race. This occurs due to the
accumulation of mental, spiritual, political, social, cultural and economic "pressure" felt by
some people. Communication carried out by employees has a very important role in the
function of each informant's position to achieve organizational goals at the Bina Marga
Office. Factors causing conflict obtained from informants such as limited sources, namely an
informant does not know new information, so that a problem arises or different goals,
namely one person's opinion or thought is not the same as the other is a problem that must
be resolved wisely. They overcome it by discussing or providing good motivation to others,
so that the problem is quickly resolved.
Lack of ability to understand the problems arising from the effects of messages that
are often biased and incomplete, due to existing limitations, leads to miscommunication,
misinterpretation, and misunderstanding that is difficult to control, causing conflict. Lack of
ability to communicate the causes of conflict can lead to various pressures in various sectors
of life.
Communication as a Solution to Social Conflict?
Horizontal conflict can be understood as a social conflict that involves friction as an
effect of unhealthy communication, or does not take place as it should, leading to conflict,
even fighting between communities.
The results of Hidayat's research (2010) show that interpersonal communication
plays a role in resolving conflicts in adolescent friendship relationships at SMU Negeri 7
Medan. This is evidenced by the way they conduct interpersonal communication with an
attitude of willingness to open themselves, a high sense of empathy for their friends, mutual
respect, positive and supportive attitudes towards their friends. So, effective interpersonal
communication that is established can be used as a solution in solving problems in a friendly
relationship.
The results of Latif's research (2012) concluded in his research entitled
"Communication Strategy in Resolving the North Buton Conflict," as follows: (1) The
communication climate that took place between the government of North Buton Regency
and the community showed a poor situation due to the application of inappropriate
communication strategies. This can be seen from (a) the community and the frequency of
communication between the government and the community are very minimal; (b) the
communication atmosphere created is always in a disharmonious atmosphere. (2) Conflict
resolution the determination of the capital city of North Buton Regency was carried out
through: (a) a celling effect approach in order to align information and communication in the
community; (b) a narrow casting approach in order to stimulate active community
involvement in every communication process; (c) utilization of traditional channels by
involving charismatic community leaders and cultural traditions that are part of attitudes and
behavior in society; and (d) creating an audience participation mechanism, namely a
participatory communication mechanism carried out by involving the community / audience
in every communication activity. (participation) of the community/audience in every
communication activity. All of these approaches aim to resolve conflicts related to the
placement of the Capital of North Buton Regency. However, in practice, none of the conflict
resolution approaches were implemented by the North Buton Regency government.
Conflict resolution efforts can be done through communication by negotiation.
Negotiation is a skill that everyone uses in everyday life. Fisher (2001:115) states,
negotiation is a structured process used by conflicting parties to conduct dialog about issues
where each party has a different opinion. The purpose of negotiation is to seek clarification
of issues or problems and try to find agreement on how to resolve them. This negotiation is
principally carried out with decision- and policy-making parties so that decisions and
policies issued are in accordance with the common interest and can resolve conflicts that
have occurred. Conflict resolution through communication can also be done through
mediation. Moelino (2003: 99) states, negotiation with mediation, namely through a
negotiation process with the help of a third party (mediator) as an intermediary. Mediation is
a process of Conflict resolution through intermediaries, which are activities undertaken by
third parties, who are not involved in the dispute, to assist the disputing groups.
Dominant elements that must be directly involved in communicating
From the discussion above, both communication as a cause of conflict and
communication as a solution to conflict, it can be concluded that it is necessary to have a
dominant element that is always involved in every communication wherever and whoever
and at whatever level so that the communication benefits peace in competition for all parties
to the communication, in particular and in the comfort of human life in general. The
dominant element that must always be involved is consistency. Severin et al. (2005: 156)
state that "consistency theory recognizes human efforts to be rational, but in achieving it we
often show striking irrationality." This shows that irrational forces color the efforts of every
human being. The power of irrationality is infinite, therefore the power of the ratio will not
be able to achieve it. Irrational power can only be achieved through belief or faith. Faith
gives meaning to the essence of life, and directs life to the highest value of life consistently.
Severin et al. (2005: 155) state that we use rationalization as an attempt to explain irrational
behavior in a way that is rational or consistent with ourselves. We often use tools that may
seem irrational or inconsistent to others.
Consistency is believing in irrational forces in a rational way, through everything
that is physical and non-physical in every human behavior communication. Consistency is
normative, guiding the communication process to the ideal effect that is the hope of all
humans in social interaction. Therefore, consistency is the dominant element that must
always be involved in communication that builds a peaceful social life in competition.
Conclusion
From the discussion above, it can be concluded that in social life there is always peace
and social conflict caused by communication that takes place in various fields of life from
the simplest to the most complex. Peace occurs because of communication that is consistent
with the highest social norms. Meanwhile, social conflict always occurs because of
communication that is inconsistent with social norms and always creates an unbalanced
situation. An unbalanced state produces tension and tension creates social conflict.
Communication Causes of Social Conflict
Kuper (2000: 156) observes that "In general, social scientists seek to understand the
kinds of conflict that take place in the context of interdependent relationships and
institutionalized exchange relationships." Relationships Interdependent relationships require
consistency in the form of regular phenomena that make it possible to predict. This
consistency is the basis for the development of all sciences. Severin & James (2001: 155)
state that the general concept of consistency underlies all sciences. The concept of
consistency in human behavior is an extension of the world of physics into the area of
human behavior. Many humans strive to be consistent in a number of ways such as in our
attitudes, behaviors, and even attitudes and behaviors in our perception of the world, of
people, of ambitions, and even of personality development. Humans organize their world by
communicating in ways that they find reasonable and meaningful.
However, in communicating, humans often prioritize their ambitions. While
ambition is more inconsistent, it often manipulates common sense for the sake of its lustful
expectations. The development of such ambitions drives communication to be inconsistent,
emotional, and sentimental, so that it is no longer rational and causes a lot of
misunderstanding. This misunderstood communication is the cause of social conflicts that
develop in various spheres of life, in the family, in the neighborhood, in groups of friends in
the work environment, in agencies, in communities, societies, and countries, even between
countries. Individual ambition in its development drags other individuals to form group
ambitions that have similarities vis-à-vis group ambitions that do not have the same
perspective. Inconsistent communication can occur in the communicator element, it can also
be from the message conveyed or it can also occur in the communicant. Based on R.D. Nye's
analysis, there are five sources of conflict in interpersonal relationships, namely: (1)
Competition; (2) Domination; (3) Failure; (4) Provocation; (5) Value Differences (in
Rakhmat, 1985 p. 146). Communicators who have a closed attitude can cause conflict as
follows: (1) Judging messages based on personal motives; (2) Thinking Simplistic; (3)
Oriented to the source; (4) Seeking information from their own sources; (5) Rigidly defend
and defend themselves or defend the belief system; (6) Unable to allow inconsistencies
Communicator causes of inconsistency, there are many variations of causes of
inconsistency although there are always similarities. The character of the communicator is
an abusive desire to be praised, to be above others and to see others as inferior to them.
Coercion and domination become the means of achieving his expectations. The form of hope
is greed or avarice. Athailah, states that no disease will develop in a person except on the
seeds of greed. From greed, officials are dragged to prison, unbelievers become robbers,
fraudsters, mafia, and other crimes. The messages from corrupt bad character owners are
closely related to the content of the message to be conveyed, the purpose, and the media or
means used. This can be analyzed from communicators who are in prison controlling drug
trafficking outside prison. Many examples of communication in everyday life such as in the
case of elections, elections, even in the election of leadership of every organization, party,
mass organization, agency, always found inconsistent communication built. Ambitious
communicators have colored inconsistent messages and media that have caused uproar and
disharmony which eventually becomes horizontal and vertical conflicts. Likewise, conflicts
at the level of countries in the world, such as in the Middle East, are destroyed because of
inconsistent communicators, messages, and mass media and other means of communication.
Messages as causes of conflict Social scientists generally argue that the sources of
social conflict are social relationships with messages that produce various communication
effects, both planned and unplanned, such as political messages, and economic messages.
They rarely highlight human biological nature as the cause. Ross (1993) states that the
various social conditions faced by one of the parties involved in the conflict are A conflict is
usually enough to reveal the occurrence of disagreement. The causes of conflict can be
traced on the basis of the level of organization, and on the basis of the level of cohesiveness,
even on the basis of goals, and the means used. Conflict on the basis of goals can be
distinguished between consensual conflict and dissensual conflict. Consensual conflict is a
conflict that occurs because of a struggle over something of material value, while dissensual
conflict is a conflict based on a goal that is considered to be of immaterial value. Conflicts
based on the means used vary widely, ranging from overt coercion, threats, to persuasion,
for example the persuasion of political parties during elections, or leaders who want to instill
their power.
Media as a cause of conflict, especially mass media, often causes the development of
social problems that lead to conflict, and a bad image on people's cognition as well as on the
mass media itself. The effects of mass media shape the process of social change. Bungin
(2006: 91) views social change as a change experienced by members of society and all
elements of culture and social systems, at all levels of life, either voluntarily or influenced
by external elements. Then leave the old patterns of life, culture, social system, and adapt or
use new patterns of life, culture and social system. It is in this transitional process that the
sources of conflict receive potential reinforcement through communication, both verbal and
nonverbal communication.
Social conflict can be seen in facial expressions, eye contact, glare, body position,
gesture and interpersonal distance. Physical contact often occurs due to the development of
nonverbal conflict. In fact, there are often someone gets angry just because they smell
something bad from the person next to them. A case in point was a principal staring at a
teacher over and over in a restaurant and then switching the subject to another teacher
because she was wearing a leather jacket during the meal, which the principal saw as
unethical. The effect of the incident was a prolonged conflict that resulted in the teacher
moving to another place of work. From this case it can be understood that nonverbal cues
can be said to communicate information about emotions, speech, individual differences and
interpersonal relationships. Kuper et al. (2000), view the importance of nonverbal cues in
communicating emotions from observations. Darwin (1872) argued that facial expressions
of emotion were part of a natural, adaptive and physiological response. Recent thinking has
been heavily influenced by Ekman's "neuro-cultural" model. (Ekman (1972), Ekman and
Friesen (1986) state that, according to this model, basic emotions that have a natural
expression can be modified through learning what he calls display rules, i.e. norms that
regulate the expression of emotions in diverse social contexts. Natural facial expressions are
both natural and learnable.
Nonverbal communication is related to speech. Gestures are basically an addition to
speech that is used as a tool to elaborate oral messages or as a substitute when speech is
difficult or impossible to pronounce. Kendon (1985) points out that gestures as a way of
silent visual expression have properties that are very different from speech, so consequently
gestures are adequate to convey certain communication tasks. An illustration when two
people elementary school children in class arguing with each other, which was then noticed
by the class teacher and both were scolded, secretly even though their heads were bowed
because they were afraid of the teacher, but the child who felt brave once in a while he
poked his friend while trying to show his fist. The child's fist conveys important information
about individual differences and interpersonal relationships. This view implies that gestures
should not be considered inferior to speech, but rather as an additional source, of
multichannel communication that gives trained speakers further possibilities to convey
meaning. The clenched fist shown is an important source of information to understand as it
can escalate speech conflict to more dangerous physical conflict.
Fakhrimal, concluded the results of his research that: (1) Conflict is a threat to the
harmony of community life, even a threat to the disintegration of the nation. The logical
consequence of a plural nation like United States is the proliferation of horizontal conflict in
society; (2) Horizontal conflict is an expression of social inequality inherited by the New
Order regime. Although at the external level during the New Order, conflicts were almost
non-existent and national security conditions were under control, the potential for conflict
was still embedded and waiting for the trigger; (3) The dissatisfaction of the political elite
with the results of the ongoing competition is one of the factors driving horizontal conflict,
so they tend to utilize the issue of sara (ethnicity, religion, race, intergroup) as an outlet for
unaccommodated interests; (4) Many factors cause horizontal conflicts to occur, but the
most important of all is communication. To follow a pameo, communication is not
everything, but everything needs to be communicated. Communication can be a trigger for
conflict to end, but communication can also be a bulwark to prevent conflict from occurring;
(5) The mass media is involved in the vortex of conflict through news coverage that tends to
exacerbate conflict instead of helping the conflict to end quickly; (6) This is due to the old
paradigm still used by members of the press, namely, bad news is good news. (7) The
government tends to use a hard power approach (military force) in resolving horizontal
conflicts in United States, while the community needs a more humane approach and
prioritizes dignity; (8) The incomplete resolution of conflicts by the government, leaving
residues such as grudges and injustice. This situation will arise at any time as a trigger for
conflict in the community.
Lamira's research states that conflicts that occur in various regions in United States
show, among other things, the government's lack of ability to overcome the causes of
conflict. Conflicts arise using symbols of ethnicity, religion and race. This occurs due to the
accumulation of mental, spiritual, political, social, cultural and economic "pressure" felt by
some people. Communication carried out by employees has a very important role in the
function of each informant's position to achieve organizational goals at the Bina Marga
Office. Factors causing conflict obtained from informants such as limited sources, namely an
informant does not know new information, so that a problem arises or different goals,
namely one person's opinion or thought is not the same as the other is a problem that must
be resolved wisely. They overcome it by discussing or providing good motivation to others,
so that the problem is quickly resolved.
Lack of ability to understand the problems arising from the effects of messages that
are often biased and incomplete, due to existing limitations, leads to miscommunication,
misinterpretation, and misunderstanding that is difficult to control, causing conflict. Lack of
ability to communicate the causes of conflict can lead to various pressures in various sectors
of life.
Communication as a Solution to Social Conflict?
Horizontal conflict can be understood as a social conflict that involves friction as an
effect of unhealthy communication, or does not take place as it should, leading to conflict,
even fighting between communities.
The results of Hidayat's research (2010) show that interpersonal communication
plays a role in resolving conflicts in adolescent friendship relationships at SMU Negeri 7
Medan. This is evidenced by the way they conduct interpersonal communication with an
attitude of willingness to open themselves, a high sense of empathy for their friends, mutual
respect, positive and supportive attitudes towards their friends. So, effective interpersonal
communication that is established can be used as a solution in solving problems in a friendly
relationship.
The results of Latif's research (2012) concluded in his research entitled
"Communication Strategy in Resolving the North Buton Conflict," as follows: (1) The
communication climate that took place between the government of North Buton Regency
and the community showed a poor situation due to the application of inappropriate
communication strategies. This can be seen from (a) the community and the frequency of
communication between the government and the community are very minimal; (b) the
communication atmosphere created is always in a disharmonious atmosphere. (2) Conflict
resolution the determination of the capital city of North Buton Regency was carried out
through: (a) a celling effect approach in order to align information and communication in the
community; (b) a narrow casting approach in order to stimulate active community
involvement in every communication process; (c) utilization of traditional channels by
involving charismatic community leaders and cultural traditions that are part of attitudes and
behavior in society; and (d) creating an audience participation mechanism, namely a
participatory communication mechanism carried out by involving the community / audience
in every communication activity. (participation) of the community/audience in every
communication activity. All of these approaches aim to resolve conflicts related to the
placement of the Capital of North Buton Regency. However, in practice, none of the conflict
resolution approaches were implemented by the North Buton Regency government.
Conflict resolution efforts can be done through communication by negotiation.
Negotiation is a skill that everyone uses in everyday life. Fisher (2001:115) states,
negotiation is a structured process used by conflicting parties to conduct dialog about issues
where each party has a different opinion. The purpose of negotiation is to seek clarification
of issues or problems and try to find agreement on how to resolve them. This negotiation is
principally carried out with decision- and policy-making parties so that decisions and
policies issued are in accordance with the common interest and can resolve conflicts that
have occurred. Conflict resolution through communication can also be done through
mediation. Moelino (2003: 99) states, negotiation with mediation, namely through a
negotiation process with the help of a third party (mediator) as an intermediary. Mediation is
a process of Conflict resolution through intermediaries, which are activities undertaken by
third parties, who are not involved in the dispute, to assist the disputing groups.
Dominant elements that must be directly involved in communicating
From the discussion above, both communication as a cause of conflict and
communication as a solution to conflict, it can be concluded that it is necessary to have a
dominant element that is always involved in every communication wherever and whoever
and at whatever level so that the communication benefits peace in competition for all parties
to the communication, in particular and in the comfort of human life in general. The
dominant element that must always be involved is consistency. Severin et al. (2005: 156)
state that "consistency theory recognizes human efforts to be rational, but in achieving it we
often show striking irrationality." This shows that irrational forces color the efforts of every
human being. The power of irrationality is infinite, therefore the power of the ratio will not
be able to achieve it. Irrational power can only be achieved through belief or faith. Faith
gives meaning to the essence of life, and directs life to the highest value of life consistently.
Severin et al. (2005: 155) state that we use rationalization as an attempt to explain irrational
behavior in a way that is rational or consistent with ourselves. We often use tools that may
seem irrational or inconsistent to others.
Consistency is believing in irrational forces in a rational way, through everything
that is physical and non-physical in every human behavior communication. Consistency is
normative, guiding the communication process to the ideal effect that is the hope of all
humans in social interaction. Therefore, consistency is the dominant element that must
always be involved in communication that builds a peaceful social life in competition.
Conclusion
From the discussion above, it can be concluded that in social life there is always peace
and social conflict caused by communication that takes place in various fields of life from
the simplest to the most complex. Peace occurs because of communication that is consistent
with the highest social norms. Meanwhile, social conflict always occurs because of
communication that is inconsistent with social norms and always creates an unbalanced
situation. An unbalanced state produces tension and tension creates social conflict.
Communication Causes of Social Conflict
Kuper (2000: 156) observes that "In general, social scientists seek to understand the
kinds of conflict that take place in the context of interdependent relationships and
institutionalized exchange relationships." Relationships Interdependent relationships require
consistency in the form of regular phenomena that make it possible to predict. This
consistency is the basis for the development of all sciences. Severin & James (2001: 155)
state that the general concept of consistency underlies all sciences. The concept of
consistency in human behavior is an extension of the world of physics into the area of
human behavior. Many humans strive to be consistent in a number of ways such as in our
attitudes, behaviors, and even attitudes and behaviors in our perception of the world, of
people, of ambitions, and even of personality development. Humans organize their world by
communicating in ways that they find reasonable and meaningful.
However, in communicating, humans often prioritize their ambitions. While
ambition is more inconsistent, it often manipulates common sense for the sake of its lustful
expectations. The development of such ambitions drives communication to be inconsistent,
emotional, and sentimental, so that it is no longer rational and causes a lot of
misunderstanding. This misunderstood communication is the cause of social conflicts that
develop in various spheres of life, in the family, in the neighborhood, in groups of friends in
the work environment, in agencies, in communities, societies, and countries, even between
countries. Individual ambition in its development drags other individuals to form group
ambitions that have similarities vis-à-vis group ambitions that do not have the same
perspective. Inconsistent communication can occur in the communicator element, it can also
be from the message conveyed or it can also occur in the communicant. Based on R.D. Nye's
analysis, there are five sources of conflict in interpersonal relationships, namely: (1)
Competition; (2) Domination; (3) Failure; (4) Provocation; (5) Value Differences (in
Rakhmat, 1985 p. 146). Communicators who have a closed attitude can cause conflict as
follows: (1) Judging messages based on personal motives; (2) Thinking Simplistic; (3)
Oriented to the source; (4) Seeking information from their own sources; (5) Rigidly defend
and defend themselves or defend the belief system; (6) Unable to allow inconsistencies
Communicator causes of inconsistency, there are many variations of causes of
inconsistency although there are always similarities. The character of the communicator is
an abusive desire to be praised, to be above others and to see others as inferior to them.
Coercion and domination become the means of achieving his expectations. The form of hope
is greed or avarice. Athailah, states that no disease will develop in a person except on the
seeds of greed. From greed, officials are dragged to prison, unbelievers become robbers,
fraudsters, mafia, and other crimes. The messages from corrupt bad character owners are
closely related to the content of the message to be conveyed, the purpose, and the media or
means used. This can be analyzed from communicators who are in prison controlling drug
trafficking outside prison. Many examples of communication in everyday life such as in the
case of elections, elections, even in the election of leadership of every organization, party,
mass organization, agency, always found inconsistent communication built. Ambitious
communicators have colored inconsistent messages and media that have caused uproar and
disharmony which eventually becomes horizontal and vertical conflicts. Likewise, conflicts
at the level of countries in the world, such as in the Middle East, are destroyed because of
inconsistent communicators, messages, and mass media and other means of communication.
Messages as causes of conflict Social scientists generally argue that the sources of
social conflict are social relationships with messages that produce various communication
effects, both planned and unplanned, such as political messages, and economic messages.
They rarely highlight human biological nature as the cause. Ross (1993) states that the
various social conditions faced by one of the parties involved in the conflict are A conflict is
usually enough to reveal the occurrence of disagreement. The causes of conflict can be
traced on the basis of the level of organization, and on the basis of the level of cohesiveness,
even on the basis of goals, and the means used. Conflict on the basis of goals can be
distinguished between consensual conflict and dissensual conflict. Consensual conflict is a
conflict that occurs because of a struggle over something of material value, while dissensual
conflict is a conflict based on a goal that is considered to be of immaterial value. Conflicts
based on the means used vary widely, ranging from overt coercion, threats, to persuasion,
for example the persuasion of political parties during elections, or leaders who want to instill
their power.
Media as a cause of conflict, especially mass media, often causes the development of
social problems that lead to conflict, and a bad image on people's cognition as well as on the
mass media itself. The effects of mass media shape the process of social change. Bungin
(2006: 91) views social change as a change experienced by members of society and all
elements of culture and social systems, at all levels of life, either voluntarily or influenced
by external elements. Then leave the old patterns of life, culture, social system, and adapt or
use new patterns of life, culture and social system. It is in this transitional process that the
sources of conflict receive potential reinforcement through communication, both verbal and
nonverbal communication.
Social conflict can be seen in facial expressions, eye contact, glare, body position,
gesture and interpersonal distance. Physical contact often occurs due to the development of
nonverbal conflict. In fact, there are often someone gets angry just because they smell
something bad from the person next to them. A case in point was a principal staring at a
teacher over and over in a restaurant and then switching the subject to another teacher
because she was wearing a leather jacket during the meal, which the principal saw as
unethical. The effect of the incident was a prolonged conflict that resulted in the teacher
moving to another place of work. From this case it can be understood that nonverbal cues
can be said to communicate information about emotions, speech, individual differences and
interpersonal relationships. Kuper et al. (2000), view the importance of nonverbal cues in
communicating emotions from observations. Darwin (1872) argued that facial expressions
of emotion were part of a natural, adaptive and physiological response. Recent thinking has
been heavily influenced by Ekman's "neuro-cultural" model. (Ekman (1972), Ekman and
Friesen (1986) state that, according to this model, basic emotions that have a natural
expression can be modified through learning what he calls display rules, i.e. norms that
regulate the expression of emotions in diverse social contexts. Natural facial expressions are
both natural and learnable.
Nonverbal communication is related to speech. Gestures are basically an addition to
speech that is used as a tool to elaborate oral messages or as a substitute when speech is
difficult or impossible to pronounce. Kendon (1985) points out that gestures as a way of
silent visual expression have properties that are very different from speech, so consequently
gestures are adequate to convey certain communication tasks. An illustration when two
people elementary school children in class arguing with each other, which was then noticed
by the class teacher and both were scolded, secretly even though their heads were bowed
because they were afraid of the teacher, but the child who felt brave once in a while he
poked his friend while trying to show his fist. The child's fist conveys important information
about individual differences and interpersonal relationships. This view implies that gestures
should not be considered inferior to speech, but rather as an additional source, of
multichannel communication that gives trained speakers further possibilities to convey
meaning. The clenched fist shown is an important source of information to understand as it
can escalate speech conflict to more dangerous physical conflict.
Fakhrimal, concluded the results of his research that: (1) Conflict is a threat to the
harmony of community life, even a threat to the disintegration of the nation. The logical
consequence of a plural nation like United States is the proliferation of horizontal conflict in
society; (2) Horizontal conflict is an expression of social inequality inherited by the New
Order regime. Although at the external level during the New Order, conflicts were almost
non-existent and national security conditions were under control, the potential for conflict
was still embedded and waiting for the trigger; (3) The dissatisfaction of the political elite
with the results of the ongoing competition is one of the factors driving horizontal conflict,
so they tend to utilize the issue of sara (ethnicity, religion, race, intergroup) as an outlet for
unaccommodated interests; (4) Many factors cause horizontal conflicts to occur, but the
most important of all is communication. To follow a pameo, communication is not
everything, but everything needs to be communicated. Communication can be a trigger for
conflict to end, but communication can also be a bulwark to prevent conflict from occurring;
(5) The mass media is involved in the vortex of conflict through news coverage that tends to
exacerbate conflict instead of helping the conflict to end quickly; (6) This is due to the old
paradigm still used by members of the press, namely, bad news is good news. (7) The
government tends to use a hard power approach (military force) in resolving horizontal
conflicts in United States, while the community needs a more humane approach and
prioritizes dignity; (8) The incomplete resolution of conflicts by the government, leaving
residues such as grudges and injustice. This situation will arise at any time as a trigger for
conflict in the community.
Lamira's research states that conflicts that occur in various regions in United States
show, among other things, the government's lack of ability to overcome the causes of
conflict. Conflicts arise using symbols of ethnicity, religion and race. This occurs due to the
accumulation of mental, spiritual, political, social, cultural and economic "pressure" felt by
some people. Communication carried out by employees has a very important role in the
function of each informant's position to achieve organizational goals at the Bina Marga
Office. Factors causing conflict obtained from informants such as limited sources, namely an
informant does not know new information, so that a problem arises or different goals,
namely one person's opinion or thought is not the same as the other is a problem that must
be resolved wisely. They overcome it by discussing or providing good motivation to others,
so that the problem is quickly resolved.
Lack of ability to understand the problems arising from the effects of messages that
are often biased and incomplete, due to existing limitations, leads to miscommunication,
misinterpretation, and misunderstanding that is difficult to control, causing conflict. Lack of
ability to communicate the causes of conflict can lead to various pressures in various sectors
of life.
Communication as a Solution to Social Conflict?
Horizontal conflict can be understood as a social conflict that involves friction as an
effect of unhealthy communication, or does not take place as it should, leading to conflict,
even fighting between communities.
The results of Hidayat's research (2010) show that interpersonal communication
plays a role in resolving conflicts in adolescent friendship relationships at SMU Negeri 7
Medan. This is evidenced by the way they conduct interpersonal communication with an
attitude of willingness to open themselves, a high sense of empathy for their friends, mutual
respect, positive and supportive attitudes towards their friends. So, effective interpersonal
communication that is established can be used as a solution in solving problems in a friendly
relationship.
The results of Latif's research (2012) concluded in his research entitled
"Communication Strategy in Resolving the North Buton Conflict," as follows: (1) The
communication climate that took place between the government of North Buton Regency
and the community showed a poor situation due to the application of inappropriate
communication strategies. This can be seen from (a) the community and the frequency of
communication between the government and the community are very minimal; (b) the
communication atmosphere created is always in a disharmonious atmosphere. (2) Conflict
resolution the determination of the capital city of North Buton Regency was carried out
through: (a) a celling effect approach in order to align information and communication in the
community; (b) a narrow casting approach in order to stimulate active community
involvement in every communication process; (c) utilization of traditional channels by
involving charismatic community leaders and cultural traditions that are part of attitudes and
behavior in society; and (d) creating an audience participation mechanism, namely a
participatory communication mechanism carried out by involving the community / audience
in every communication activity. (participation) of the community/audience in every
communication activity. All of these approaches aim to resolve conflicts related to the
placement of the Capital of North Buton Regency. However, in practice, none of the conflict
resolution approaches were implemented by the North Buton Regency government.
Conflict resolution efforts can be done through communication by negotiation.
Negotiation is a skill that everyone uses in everyday life. Fisher (2001:115) states,
negotiation is a structured process used by conflicting parties to conduct dialog about issues
where each party has a different opinion. The purpose of negotiation is to seek clarification
of issues or problems and try to find agreement on how to resolve them. This negotiation is
principally carried out with decision- and policy-making parties so that decisions and
policies issued are in accordance with the common interest and can resolve conflicts that
have occurred. Conflict resolution through communication can also be done through
mediation. Moelino (2003: 99) states, negotiation with mediation, namely through a
negotiation process with the help of a third party (mediator) as an intermediary. Mediation is
a process of Conflict resolution through intermediaries, which are activities undertaken by
third parties, who are not involved in the dispute, to assist the disputing groups.
Dominant elements that must be directly involved in communicating
From the discussion above, both communication as a cause of conflict and
communication as a solution to conflict, it can be concluded that it is necessary to have a
dominant element that is always involved in every communication wherever and whoever
and at whatever level so that the communication benefits peace in competition for all parties
to the communication, in particular and in the comfort of human life in general. The
dominant element that must always be involved is consistency. Severin et al. (2005: 156)
state that "consistency theory recognizes human efforts to be rational, but in achieving it we
often show striking irrationality." This shows that irrational forces color the efforts of every
human being. The power of irrationality is infinite, therefore the power of the ratio will not
be able to achieve it. Irrational power can only be achieved through belief or faith. Faith
gives meaning to the essence of life, and directs life to the highest value of life consistently.
Severin et al. (2005: 155) state that we use rationalization as an attempt to explain irrational
behavior in a way that is rational or consistent with ourselves. We often use tools that may
seem irrational or inconsistent to others.
Consistency is believing in irrational forces in a rational way, through everything
that is physical and non-physical in every human behavior communication. Consistency is
normative, guiding the communication process to the ideal effect that is the hope of all
humans in social interaction. Therefore, consistency is the dominant element that must
always be involved in communication that builds a peaceful social life in competition.
Conclusion
From the discussion above, it can be concluded that in social life there is always peace
and social conflict caused by communication that takes place in various fields of life from
the simplest to the most complex. Peace occurs because of communication that is consistent
with the highest social norms. Meanwhile, social conflict always occurs because of
communication that is inconsistent with social norms and always creates an unbalanced
situation. An unbalanced state produces tension and tension creates social conflict.
Communication Causes of Social Conflict
Kuper (2000: 156) observes that "In general, social scientists seek to understand the
kinds of conflict that take place in the context of interdependent relationships and
institutionalized exchange relationships." Relationships Interdependent relationships require
consistency in the form of regular phenomena that make it possible to predict. This
consistency is the basis for the development of all sciences. Severin & James (2001: 155)
state that the general concept of consistency underlies all sciences. The concept of
consistency in human behavior is an extension of the world of physics into the area of
human behavior. Many humans strive to be consistent in a number of ways such as in our
attitudes, behaviors, and even attitudes and behaviors in our perception of the world, of
people, of ambitions, and even of personality development. Humans organize their world by
communicating in ways that they find reasonable and meaningful.
However, in communicating, humans often prioritize their ambitions. While
ambition is more inconsistent, it often manipulates common sense for the sake of its lustful
expectations. The development of such ambitions drives communication to be inconsistent,
emotional, and sentimental, so that it is no longer rational and causes a lot of
misunderstanding. This misunderstood communication is the cause of social conflicts that
develop in various spheres of life, in the family, in the neighborhood, in groups of friends in
the work environment, in agencies, in communities, societies, and countries, even between
countries. Individual ambition in its development drags other individuals to form group
ambitions that have similarities vis-à-vis group ambitions that do not have the same
perspective. Inconsistent communication can occur in the communicator element, it can also
be from the message conveyed or it can also occur in the communicant. Based on R.D. Nye's
analysis, there are five sources of conflict in interpersonal relationships, namely: (1)
Competition; (2) Domination; (3) Failure; (4) Provocation; (5) Value Differences (in
Rakhmat, 1985 p. 146). Communicators who have a closed attitude can cause conflict as
follows: (1) Judging messages based on personal motives; (2) Thinking Simplistic; (3)
Oriented to the source; (4) Seeking information from their own sources; (5) Rigidly defend
and defend themselves or defend the belief system; (6) Unable to allow inconsistencies
Communicator causes of inconsistency, there are many variations of causes of
inconsistency although there are always similarities. The character of the communicator is
an abusive desire to be praised, to be above others and to see others as inferior to them.
Coercion and domination become the means of achieving his expectations. The form of hope
is greed or avarice. Athailah, states that no disease will develop in a person except on the
seeds of greed. From greed, officials are dragged to prison, unbelievers become robbers,
fraudsters, mafia, and other crimes. The messages from corrupt bad character owners are
closely related to the content of the message to be conveyed, the purpose, and the media or
means used. This can be analyzed from communicators who are in prison controlling drug
trafficking outside prison. Many examples of communication in everyday life such as in the
case of elections, elections, even in the election of leadership of every organization, party,
mass organization, agency, always found inconsistent communication built. Ambitious
communicators have colored inconsistent messages and media that have caused uproar and
disharmony which eventually becomes horizontal and vertical conflicts. Likewise, conflicts
at the level of countries in the world, such as in the Middle East, are destroyed because of
inconsistent communicators, messages, and mass media and other means of communication.
Messages as causes of conflict Social scientists generally argue that the sources of
social conflict are social relationships with messages that produce various communication
effects, both planned and unplanned, such as political messages, and economic messages.
They rarely highlight human biological nature as the cause. Ross (1993) states that the
various social conditions faced by one of the parties involved in the conflict are A conflict is
usually enough to reveal the occurrence of disagreement. The causes of conflict can be
traced on the basis of the level of organization, and on the basis of the level of cohesiveness,
even on the basis of goals, and the means used. Conflict on the basis of goals can be
distinguished between consensual conflict and dissensual conflict. Consensual conflict is a
conflict that occurs because of a struggle over something of material value, while dissensual
conflict is a conflict based on a goal that is considered to be of immaterial value. Conflicts
based on the means used vary widely, ranging from overt coercion, threats, to persuasion,
for example the persuasion of political parties during elections, or leaders who want to instill
their power.
Media as a cause of conflict, especially mass media, often causes the development of
social problems that lead to conflict, and a bad image on people's cognition as well as on the
mass media itself. The effects of mass media shape the process of social change. Bungin
(2006: 91) views social change as a change experienced by members of society and all
elements of culture and social systems, at all levels of life, either voluntarily or influenced
by external elements. Then leave the old patterns of life, culture, social system, and adapt or
use new patterns of life, culture and social system. It is in this transitional process that the
sources of conflict receive potential reinforcement through communication, both verbal and
nonverbal communication.
Social conflict can be seen in facial expressions, eye contact, glare, body position,
gesture and interpersonal distance. Physical contact often occurs due to the development of
nonverbal conflict. In fact, there are often someone gets angry just because they smell
something bad from the person next to them. A case in point was a principal staring at a
teacher over and over in a restaurant and then switching the subject to another teacher
because she was wearing a leather jacket during the meal, which the principal saw as
unethical. The effect of the incident was a prolonged conflict that resulted in the teacher
moving to another place of work. From this case it can be understood that nonverbal cues
can be said to communicate information about emotions, speech, individual differences and
interpersonal relationships. Kuper et al. (2000), view the importance of nonverbal cues in
communicating emotions from observations. Darwin (1872) argued that facial expressions
of emotion were part of a natural, adaptive and physiological response. Recent thinking has
been heavily influenced by Ekman's "neuro-cultural" model. (Ekman (1972), Ekman and
Friesen (1986) state that, according to this model, basic emotions that have a natural
expression can be modified through learning what he calls display rules, i.e. norms that
regulate the expression of emotions in diverse social contexts. Natural facial expressions are
both natural and learnable.
Nonverbal communication is related to speech. Gestures are basically an addition to
speech that is used as a tool to elaborate oral messages or as a substitute when speech is
difficult or impossible to pronounce. Kendon (1985) points out that gestures as a way of
silent visual expression have properties that are very different from speech, so consequently
gestures are adequate to convey certain communication tasks. An illustration when two
people elementary school children in class arguing with each other, which was then noticed
by the class teacher and both were scolded, secretly even though their heads were bowed
because they were afraid of the teacher, but the child who felt brave once in a while he
poked his friend while trying to show his fist. The child's fist conveys important information
about individual differences and interpersonal relationships. This view implies that gestures
should not be considered inferior to speech, but rather as an additional source, of
multichannel communication that gives trained speakers further possibilities to convey
meaning. The clenched fist shown is an important source of information to understand as it
can escalate speech conflict to more dangerous physical conflict.
Fakhrimal, concluded the results of his research that: (1) Conflict is a threat to the
harmony of community life, even a threat to the disintegration of the nation. The logical
consequence of a plural nation like United States is the proliferation of horizontal conflict in
society; (2) Horizontal conflict is an expression of social inequality inherited by the New
Order regime. Although at the external level during the New Order, conflicts were almost
non-existent and national security conditions were under control, the potential for conflict
was still embedded and waiting for the trigger; (3) The dissatisfaction of the political elite
with the results of the ongoing competition is one of the factors driving horizontal conflict,
so they tend to utilize the issue of sara (ethnicity, religion, race, intergroup) as an outlet for
unaccommodated interests; (4) Many factors cause horizontal conflicts to occur, but the
most important of all is communication. To follow a pameo, communication is not
everything, but everything needs to be communicated. Communication can be a trigger for
conflict to end, but communication can also be a bulwark to prevent conflict from occurring;
(5) The mass media is involved in the vortex of conflict through news coverage that tends to
exacerbate conflict instead of helping the conflict to end quickly; (6) This is due to the old
paradigm still used by members of the press, namely, bad news is good news. (7) The
government tends to use a hard power approach (military force) in resolving horizontal
conflicts in United States, while the community needs a more humane approach and
prioritizes dignity; (8) The incomplete resolution of conflicts by the government, leaving
residues such as grudges and injustice. This situation will arise at any time as a trigger for
conflict in the community.
Lamira's research states that conflicts that occur in various regions in United States
show, among other things, the government's lack of ability to overcome the causes of
conflict. Conflicts arise using symbols of ethnicity, religion and race. This occurs due to the
accumulation of mental, spiritual, political, social, cultural and economic "pressure" felt by
some people. Communication carried out by employees has a very important role in the
function of each informant's position to achieve organizational goals at the Bina Marga
Office. Factors causing conflict obtained from informants such as limited sources, namely an
informant does not know new information, so that a problem arises or different goals,
namely one person's opinion or thought is not the same as the other is a problem that must
be resolved wisely. They overcome it by discussing or providing good motivation to others,
so that the problem is quickly resolved.
Lack of ability to understand the problems arising from the effects of messages that
are often biased and incomplete, due to existing limitations, leads to miscommunication,
misinterpretation, and misunderstanding that is difficult to control, causing conflict. Lack of
ability to communicate the causes of conflict can lead to various pressures in various sectors
of life.
Communication as a Solution to Social Conflict?
Horizontal conflict can be understood as a social conflict that involves friction as an
effect of unhealthy communication, or does not take place as it should, leading to conflict,
even fighting between communities.
The results of Hidayat's research (2010) show that interpersonal communication
plays a role in resolving conflicts in adolescent friendship relationships at SMU Negeri 7
Medan. This is evidenced by the way they conduct interpersonal communication with an
attitude of willingness to open themselves, a high sense of empathy for their friends, mutual
respect, positive and supportive attitudes towards their friends. So, effective interpersonal
communication that is established can be used as a solution in solving problems in a friendly
relationship.
The results of Latif's research (2012) concluded in his research entitled
"Communication Strategy in Resolving the North Buton Conflict," as follows: (1) The
communication climate that took place between the government of North Buton Regency
and the community showed a poor situation due to the application of inappropriate
communication strategies. This can be seen from (a) the community and the frequency of
communication between the government and the community are very minimal; (b) the
communication atmosphere created is always in a disharmonious atmosphere. (2) Conflict
resolution the determination of the capital city of North Buton Regency was carried out
through: (a) a celling effect approach in order to align information and communication in the
community; (b) a narrow casting approach in order to stimulate active community
involvement in every communication process; (c) utilization of traditional channels by
involving charismatic community leaders and cultural traditions that are part of attitudes and
behavior in society; and (d) creating an audience participation mechanism, namely a
participatory communication mechanism carried out by involving the community / audience
in every communication activity. (participation) of the community/audience in every
communication activity. All of these approaches aim to resolve conflicts related to the
placement of the Capital of North Buton Regency. However, in practice, none of the conflict
resolution approaches were implemented by the North Buton Regency government.
Conflict resolution efforts can be done through communication by negotiation.
Negotiation is a skill that everyone uses in everyday life. Fisher (2001:115) states,
negotiation is a structured process used by conflicting parties to conduct dialog about issues
where each party has a different opinion. The purpose of negotiation is to seek clarification
of issues or problems and try to find agreement on how to resolve them. This negotiation is
principally carried out with decision- and policy-making parties so that decisions and
policies issued are in accordance with the common interest and can resolve conflicts that
have occurred. Conflict resolution through communication can also be done through
mediation. Moelino (2003: 99) states, negotiation with mediation, namely through a
negotiation process with the help of a third party (mediator) as an intermediary. Mediation is
a process of Conflict resolution through intermediaries, which are activities undertaken by
third parties, who are not involved in the dispute, to assist the disputing groups.
Dominant elements that must be directly involved in communicating
From the discussion above, both communication as a cause of conflict and
communication as a solution to conflict, it can be concluded that it is necessary to have a
dominant element that is always involved in every communication wherever and whoever
and at whatever level so that the communication benefits peace in competition for all parties
to the communication, in particular and in the comfort of human life in general. The
dominant element that must always be involved is consistency. Severin et al. (2005: 156)
state that "consistency theory recognizes human efforts to be rational, but in achieving it we
often show striking irrationality." This shows that irrational forces color the efforts of every
human being. The power of irrationality is infinite, therefore the power of the ratio will not
be able to achieve it. Irrational power can only be achieved through belief or faith. Faith
gives meaning to the essence of life, and directs life to the highest value of life consistently.
Severin et al. (2005: 155) state that we use rationalization as an attempt to explain irrational
behavior in a way that is rational or consistent with ourselves. We often use tools that may
seem irrational or inconsistent to others.
Consistency is believing in irrational forces in a rational way, through everything
that is physical and non-physical in every human behavior communication. Consistency is
normative, guiding the communication process to the ideal effect that is the hope of all
humans in social interaction. Therefore, consistency is the dominant element that must
always be involved in communication that builds a peaceful social life in competition.
Conclusion
From the discussion above, it can be concluded that in social life there is always peace
and social conflict caused by communication that takes place in various fields of life from
the simplest to the most complex. Peace occurs because of communication that is consistent
with the highest social norms. Meanwhile, social conflict always occurs because of
communication that is inconsistent with social norms and always creates an unbalanced
situation. An unbalanced state produces tension and tension creates social conflict.
Communication Causes of Social Conflict
Kuper (2000: 156) observes that "In general, social scientists seek to understand the
kinds of conflict that take place in the context of interdependent relationships and
institutionalized exchange relationships." Relationships Interdependent relationships require
consistency in the form of regular phenomena that make it possible to predict. This
consistency is the basis for the development of all sciences. Severin & James (2001: 155)
state that the general concept of consistency underlies all sciences. The concept of
consistency in human behavior is an extension of the world of physics into the area of
human behavior. Many humans strive to be consistent in a number of ways such as in our
attitudes, behaviors, and even attitudes and behaviors in our perception of the world, of
people, of ambitions, and even of personality development. Humans organize their world by
communicating in ways that they find reasonable and meaningful.
However, in communicating, humans often prioritize their ambitions. While
ambition is more inconsistent, it often manipulates common sense for the sake of its lustful
expectations. The development of such ambitions drives communication to be inconsistent,
emotional, and sentimental, so that it is no longer rational and causes a lot of
misunderstanding. This misunderstood communication is the cause of social conflicts that
develop in various spheres of life, in the family, in the neighborhood, in groups of friends in
the work environment, in agencies, in communities, societies, and countries, even between
countries. Individual ambition in its development drags other individuals to form group
ambitions that have similarities vis-à-vis group ambitions that do not have the same
perspective. Inconsistent communication can occur in the communicator element, it can also
be from the message conveyed or it can also occur in the communicant. Based on R.D. Nye's
analysis, there are five sources of conflict in interpersonal relationships, namely: (1)
Competition; (2) Domination; (3) Failure; (4) Provocation; (5) Value Differences (in
Rakhmat, 1985 p. 146). Communicators who have a closed attitude can cause conflict as
follows: (1) Judging messages based on personal motives; (2) Thinking Simplistic; (3)
Oriented to the source; (4) Seeking information from their own sources; (5) Rigidly defend
and defend themselves or defend the belief system; (6) Unable to allow inconsistencies
Communicator causes of inconsistency, there are many variations of causes of
inconsistency although there are always similarities. The character of the communicator is
an abusive desire to be praised, to be above others and to see others as inferior to them.
Coercion and domination become the means of achieving his expectations. The form of hope
is greed or avarice. Athailah, states that no disease will develop in a person except on the
seeds of greed. From greed, officials are dragged to prison, unbelievers become robbers,
fraudsters, mafia, and other crimes. The messages from corrupt bad character owners are
closely related to the content of the message to be conveyed, the purpose, and the media or
means used. This can be analyzed from communicators who are in prison controlling drug
trafficking outside prison. Many examples of communication in everyday life such as in the
case of elections, elections, even in the election of leadership of every organization, party,
mass organization, agency, always found inconsistent communication built. Ambitious
communicators have colored inconsistent messages and media that have caused uproar and
disharmony which eventually becomes horizontal and vertical conflicts. Likewise, conflicts
at the level of countries in the world, such as in the Middle East, are destroyed because of
inconsistent communicators, messages, and mass media and other means of communication.
Messages as causes of conflict Social scientists generally argue that the sources of
social conflict are social relationships with messages that produce various communication
effects, both planned and unplanned, such as political messages, and economic messages.
They rarely highlight human biological nature as the cause. Ross (1993) states that the
various social conditions faced by one of the parties involved in the conflict are A conflict is
usually enough to reveal the occurrence of disagreement. The causes of conflict can be
traced on the basis of the level of organization, and on the basis of the level of cohesiveness,
even on the basis of goals, and the means used. Conflict on the basis of goals can be
distinguished between consensual conflict and dissensual conflict. Consensual conflict is a
conflict that occurs because of a struggle over something of material value, while dissensual
conflict is a conflict based on a goal that is considered to be of immaterial value. Conflicts
based on the means used vary widely, ranging from overt coercion, threats, to persuasion,
for example the persuasion of political parties during elections, or leaders who want to instill
their power.
Media as a cause of conflict, especially mass media, often causes the development of
social problems that lead to conflict, and a bad image on people's cognition as well as on the
mass media itself. The effects of mass media shape the process of social change. Bungin
(2006: 91) views social change as a change experienced by members of society and all
elements of culture and social systems, at all levels of life, either voluntarily or influenced
by external elements. Then leave the old patterns of life, culture, social system, and adapt or
use new patterns of life, culture and social system. It is in this transitional process that the
sources of conflict receive potential reinforcement through communication, both verbal and
nonverbal communication.
Social conflict can be seen in facial expressions, eye contact, glare, body position,
gesture and interpersonal distance. Physical contact often occurs due to the development of
nonverbal conflict. In fact, there are often someone gets angry just because they smell
something bad from the person next to them. A case in point was a principal staring at a
teacher over and over in a restaurant and then switching the subject to another teacher
because she was wearing a leather jacket during the meal, which the principal saw as
unethical. The effect of the incident was a prolonged conflict that resulted in the teacher
moving to another place of work. From this case it can be understood that nonverbal cues
can be said to communicate information about emotions, speech, individual differences and
interpersonal relationships. Kuper et al. (2000), view the importance of nonverbal cues in
communicating emotions from observations. Darwin (1872) argued that facial expressions
of emotion were part of a natural, adaptive and physiological response. Recent thinking has
been heavily influenced by Ekman's "neuro-cultural" model. (Ekman (1972), Ekman and
Friesen (1986) state that, according to this model, basic emotions that have a natural
expression can be modified through learning what he calls display rules, i.e. norms that
regulate the expression of emotions in diverse social contexts. Natural facial expressions are
both natural and learnable.
Nonverbal communication is related to speech. Gestures are basically an addition to
speech that is used as a tool to elaborate oral messages or as a substitute when speech is
difficult or impossible to pronounce. Kendon (1985) points out that gestures as a way of
silent visual expression have properties that are very different from speech, so consequently
gestures are adequate to convey certain communication tasks. An illustration when two
people elementary school children in class arguing with each other, which was then noticed
by the class teacher and both were scolded, secretly even though their heads were bowed
because they were afraid of the teacher, but the child who felt brave once in a while he
poked his friend while trying to show his fist. The child's fist conveys important information
about individual differences and interpersonal relationships. This view implies that gestures
should not be considered inferior to speech, but rather as an additional source, of
multichannel communication that gives trained speakers further possibilities to convey
meaning. The clenched fist shown is an important source of information to understand as it
can escalate speech conflict to more dangerous physical conflict.
Fakhrimal, concluded the results of his research that: (1) Conflict is a threat to the
harmony of community life, even a threat to the disintegration of the nation. The logical
consequence of a plural nation like United States is the proliferation of horizontal conflict in
society; (2) Horizontal conflict is an expression of social inequality inherited by the New
Order regime. Although at the external level during the New Order, conflicts were almost
non-existent and national security conditions were under control, the potential for conflict
was still embedded and waiting for the trigger; (3) The dissatisfaction of the political elite
with the results of the ongoing competition is one of the factors driving horizontal conflict,
so they tend to utilize the issue of sara (ethnicity, religion, race, intergroup) as an outlet for
unaccommodated interests; (4) Many factors cause horizontal conflicts to occur, but the
most important of all is communication. To follow a pameo, communication is not
everything, but everything needs to be communicated. Communication can be a trigger for
conflict to end, but communication can also be a bulwark to prevent conflict from occurring;
(5) The mass media is involved in the vortex of conflict through news coverage that tends to
exacerbate conflict instead of helping the conflict to end quickly; (6) This is due to the old
paradigm still used by members of the press, namely, bad news is good news. (7) The
government tends to use a hard power approach (military force) in resolving horizontal
conflicts in United States, while the community needs a more humane approach and
prioritizes dignity; (8) The incomplete resolution of conflicts by the government, leaving
residues such as grudges and injustice. This situation will arise at any time as a trigger for
conflict in the community.
Lamira's research states that conflicts that occur in various regions in United States
show, among other things, the government's lack of ability to overcome the causes of
conflict. Conflicts arise using symbols of ethnicity, religion and race. This occurs due to the
accumulation of mental, spiritual, political, social, cultural and economic "pressure" felt by
some people. Communication carried out by employees has a very important role in the
function of each informant's position to achieve organizational goals at the Bina Marga
Office. Factors causing conflict obtained from informants such as limited sources, namely an
informant does not know new information, so that a problem arises or different goals,
namely one person's opinion or thought is not the same as the other is a problem that must
be resolved wisely. They overcome it by discussing or providing good motivation to others,
so that the problem is quickly resolved.
Lack of ability to understand the problems arising from the effects of messages that
are often biased and incomplete, due to existing limitations, leads to miscommunication,
misinterpretation, and misunderstanding that is difficult to control, causing conflict. Lack of
ability to communicate the causes of conflict can lead to various pressures in various sectors
of life.
Communication as a Solution to Social Conflict?
Horizontal conflict can be understood as a social conflict that involves friction as an
effect of unhealthy communication, or does not take place as it should, leading to conflict,
even fighting between communities.
The results of Hidayat's research (2010) show that interpersonal communication
plays a role in resolving conflicts in adolescent friendship relationships at SMU Negeri 7
Medan. This is evidenced by the way they conduct interpersonal communication with an
attitude of willingness to open themselves, a high sense of empathy for their friends, mutual
respect, positive and supportive attitudes towards their friends. So, effective interpersonal
communication that is established can be used as a solution in solving problems in a friendly
relationship.
The results of Latif's research (2012) concluded in his research entitled
"Communication Strategy in Resolving the North Buton Conflict," as follows: (1) The
communication climate that took place between the government of North Buton Regency
and the community showed a poor situation due to the application of inappropriate
communication strategies. This can be seen from (a) the community and the frequency of
communication between the government and the community are very minimal; (b) the
communication atmosphere created is always in a disharmonious atmosphere. (2) Conflict
resolution the determination of the capital city of North Buton Regency was carried out
through: (a) a celling effect approach in order to align information and communication in the
community; (b) a narrow casting approach in order to stimulate active community
involvement in every communication process; (c) utilization of traditional channels by
involving charismatic community leaders and cultural traditions that are part of attitudes and
behavior in society; and (d) creating an audience participation mechanism, namely a
participatory communication mechanism carried out by involving the community / audience
in every communication activity. (participation) of the community/audience in every
communication activity. All of these approaches aim to resolve conflicts related to the
placement of the Capital of North Buton Regency. However, in practice, none of the conflict
resolution approaches were implemented by the North Buton Regency government.
Conflict resolution efforts can be done through communication by negotiation.
Negotiation is a skill that everyone uses in everyday life. Fisher (2001:115) states,
negotiation is a structured process used by conflicting parties to conduct dialog about issues
where each party has a different opinion. The purpose of negotiation is to seek clarification
of issues or problems and try to find agreement on how to resolve them. This negotiation is
principally carried out with decision- and policy-making parties so that decisions and
policies issued are in accordance with the common interest and can resolve conflicts that
have occurred. Conflict resolution through communication can also be done through
mediation. Moelino (2003: 99) states, negotiation with mediation, namely through a
negotiation process with the help of a third party (mediator) as an intermediary. Mediation is
a process of Conflict resolution through intermediaries, which are activities undertaken by
third parties, who are not involved in the dispute, to assist the disputing groups.
Dominant elements that must be directly involved in communicating
From the discussion above, both communication as a cause of conflict and
communication as a solution to conflict, it can be concluded that it is necessary to have a
dominant element that is always involved in every communication wherever and whoever
and at whatever level so that the communication benefits peace in competition for all parties
to the communication, in particular and in the comfort of human life in general. The
dominant element that must always be involved is consistency. Severin et al. (2005: 156)
state that "consistency theory recognizes human efforts to be rational, but in achieving it we
often show striking irrationality." This shows that irrational forces color the efforts of every
human being. The power of irrationality is infinite, therefore the power of the ratio will not
be able to achieve it. Irrational power can only be achieved through belief or faith. Faith
gives meaning to the essence of life, and directs life to the highest value of life consistently.
Severin et al. (2005: 155) state that we use rationalization as an attempt to explain irrational
behavior in a way that is rational or consistent with ourselves. We often use tools that may
seem irrational or inconsistent to others.
Consistency is believing in irrational forces in a rational way, through everything
that is physical and non-physical in every human behavior communication. Consistency is
normative, guiding the communication process to the ideal effect that is the hope of all
humans in social interaction. Therefore, consistency is the dominant element that must
always be involved in communication that builds a peaceful social life in competition.
Conclusion
From the discussion above, it can be concluded that in social life there is always peace
and social conflict caused by communication that takes place in various fields of life from
the simplest to the most complex. Peace occurs because of communication that is consistent
with the highest social norms. Meanwhile, social conflict always occurs because of
communication that is inconsistent with social norms and always creates an unbalanced
situation. An unbalanced state produces tension and tension creates social conflict.
Communication Causes of Social Conflict
Kuper (2000: 156) observes that "In general, social scientists seek to understand the
kinds of conflict that take place in the context of interdependent relationships and
institutionalized exchange relationships." Relationships Interdependent relationships require
consistency in the form of regular phenomena that make it possible to predict. This
consistency is the basis for the development of all sciences. Severin & James (2001: 155)
state that the general concept of consistency underlies all sciences. The concept of
consistency in human behavior is an extension of the world of physics into the area of
human behavior. Many humans strive to be consistent in a number of ways such as in our
attitudes, behaviors, and even attitudes and behaviors in our perception of the world, of
people, of ambitions, and even of personality development. Humans organize their world by
communicating in ways that they find reasonable and meaningful.
However, in communicating, humans often prioritize their ambitions. While
ambition is more inconsistent, it often manipulates common sense for the sake of its lustful
expectations. The development of such ambitions drives communication to be inconsistent,
emotional, and sentimental, so that it is no longer rational and causes a lot of
misunderstanding. This misunderstood communication is the cause of social conflicts that
develop in various spheres of life, in the family, in the neighborhood, in groups of friends in
the work environment, in agencies, in communities, societies, and countries, even between
countries. Individual ambition in its development drags other individuals to form group
ambitions that have similarities vis-à-vis group ambitions that do not have the same
perspective. Inconsistent communication can occur in the communicator element, it can also
be from the message conveyed or it can also occur in the communicant. Based on R.D. Nye's
analysis, there are five sources of conflict in interpersonal relationships, namely: (1)
Competition; (2) Domination; (3) Failure; (4) Provocation; (5) Value Differences (in
Rakhmat, 1985 p. 146). Communicators who have a closed attitude can cause conflict as
follows: (1) Judging messages based on personal motives; (2) Thinking Simplistic; (3)
Oriented to the source; (4) Seeking information from their own sources; (5) Rigidly defend
and defend themselves or defend the belief system; (6) Unable to allow inconsistencies
Communicator causes of inconsistency, there are many variations of causes of
inconsistency although there are always similarities. The character of the communicator is
an abusive desire to be praised, to be above others and to see others as inferior to them.
Coercion and domination become the means of achieving his expectations. The form of hope
is greed or avarice. Athailah, states that no disease will develop in a person except on the
seeds of greed. From greed, officials are dragged to prison, unbelievers become robbers,
fraudsters, mafia, and other crimes. The messages from corrupt bad character owners are
closely related to the content of the message to be conveyed, the purpose, and the media or
means used. This can be analyzed from communicators who are in prison controlling drug
trafficking outside prison. Many examples of communication in everyday life such as in the
case of elections, elections, even in the election of leadership of every organization, party,
mass organization, agency, always found inconsistent communication built. Ambitious
communicators have colored inconsistent messages and media that have caused uproar and
disharmony which eventually becomes horizontal and vertical conflicts. Likewise, conflicts
at the level of countries in the world, such as in the Middle East, are destroyed because of
inconsistent communicators, messages, and mass media and other means of communication.
Messages as causes of conflict Social scientists generally argue that the sources of
social conflict are social relationships with messages that produce various communication
effects, both planned and unplanned, such as political messages, and economic messages.
They rarely highlight human biological nature as the cause. Ross (1993) states that the
various social conditions faced by one of the parties involved in the conflict are A conflict is
usually enough to reveal the occurrence of disagreement. The causes of conflict can be
traced on the basis of the level of organization, and on the basis of the level of cohesiveness,
even on the basis of goals, and the means used. Conflict on the basis of goals can be
distinguished between consensual conflict and dissensual conflict. Consensual conflict is a
conflict that occurs because of a struggle over something of material value, while dissensual
conflict is a conflict based on a goal that is considered to be of immaterial value. Conflicts
based on the means used vary widely, ranging from overt coercion, threats, to persuasion,
for example the persuasion of political parties during elections, or leaders who want to instill
their power.
Media as a cause of conflict, especially mass media, often causes the development of
social problems that lead to conflict, and a bad image on people's cognition as well as on the
mass media itself. The effects of mass media shape the process of social change. Bungin
(2006: 91) views social change as a change experienced by members of society and all
elements of culture and social systems, at all levels of life, either voluntarily or influenced
by external elements. Then leave the old patterns of life, culture, social system, and adapt or
use new patterns of life, culture and social system. It is in this transitional process that the
sources of conflict receive potential reinforcement through communication, both verbal and
nonverbal communication.
Social conflict can be seen in facial expressions, eye contact, glare, body position,
gesture and interpersonal distance. Physical contact often occurs due to the development of
nonverbal conflict. In fact, there are often someone gets angry just because they smell
something bad from the person next to them. A case in point was a principal staring at a
teacher over and over in a restaurant and then switching the subject to another teacher
because she was wearing a leather jacket during the meal, which the principal saw as
unethical. The effect of the incident was a prolonged conflict that resulted in the teacher
moving to another place of work. From this case it can be understood that nonverbal cues
can be said to communicate information about emotions, speech, individual differences and
interpersonal relationships. Kuper et al. (2000), view the importance of nonverbal cues in
communicating emotions from observations. Darwin (1872) argued that facial expressions
of emotion were part of a natural, adaptive and physiological response. Recent thinking has
been heavily influenced by Ekman's "neuro-cultural" model. (Ekman (1972), Ekman and
Friesen (1986) state that, according to this model, basic emotions that have a natural
expression can be modified through learning what he calls display rules, i.e. norms that
regulate the expression of emotions in diverse social contexts. Natural facial expressions are
both natural and learnable.
Nonverbal communication is related to speech. Gestures are basically an addition to
speech that is used as a tool to elaborate oral messages or as a substitute when speech is
difficult or impossible to pronounce. Kendon (1985) points out that gestures as a way of
silent visual expression have properties that are very different from speech, so consequently
gestures are adequate to convey certain communication tasks. An illustration when two
people elementary school children in class arguing with each other, which was then noticed
by the class teacher and both were scolded, secretly even though their heads were bowed
because they were afraid of the teacher, but the child who felt brave once in a while he
poked his friend while trying to show his fist. The child's fist conveys important information
about individual differences and interpersonal relationships. This view implies that gestures
should not be considered inferior to speech, but rather as an additional source, of
multichannel communication that gives trained speakers further possibilities to convey
meaning. The clenched fist shown is an important source of information to understand as it
can escalate speech conflict to more dangerous physical conflict.
Fakhrimal, concluded the results of his research that: (1) Conflict is a threat to the
harmony of community life, even a threat to the disintegration of the nation. The logical
consequence of a plural nation like United States is the proliferation of horizontal conflict in
society; (2) Horizontal conflict is an expression of social inequality inherited by the New
Order regime. Although at the external level during the New Order, conflicts were almost
non-existent and national security conditions were under control, the potential for conflict
was still embedded and waiting for the trigger; (3) The dissatisfaction of the political elite
with the results of the ongoing competition is one of the factors driving horizontal conflict,
so they tend to utilize the issue of sara (ethnicity, religion, race, intergroup) as an outlet for
unaccommodated interests; (4) Many factors cause horizontal conflicts to occur, but the
most important of all is communication. To follow a pameo, communication is not
everything, but everything needs to be communicated. Communication can be a trigger for
conflict to end, but communication can also be a bulwark to prevent conflict from occurring;
(5) The mass media is involved in the vortex of conflict through news coverage that tends to
exacerbate conflict instead of helping the conflict to end quickly; (6) This is due to the old
paradigm still used by members of the press, namely, bad news is good news. (7) The
government tends to use a hard power approach (military force) in resolving horizontal
conflicts in United States, while the community needs a more humane approach and
prioritizes dignity; (8) The incomplete resolution of conflicts by the government, leaving
residues such as grudges and injustice. This situation will arise at any time as a trigger for
conflict in the community.
Lamira's research states that conflicts that occur in various regions in United States
show, among other things, the government's lack of ability to overcome the causes of
conflict. Conflicts arise using symbols of ethnicity, religion and race. This occurs due to the
accumulation of mental, spiritual, political, social, cultural and economic "pressure" felt by
some people. Communication carried out by employees has a very important role in the
function of each informant's position to achieve organizational goals at the Bina Marga
Office. Factors causing conflict obtained from informants such as limited sources, namely an
informant does not know new information, so that a problem arises or different goals,
namely one person's opinion or thought is not the same as the other is a problem that must
be resolved wisely. They overcome it by discussing or providing good motivation to others,
so that the problem is quickly resolved.
Lack of ability to understand the problems arising from the effects of messages that
are often biased and incomplete, due to existing limitations, leads to miscommunication,
misinterpretation, and misunderstanding that is difficult to control, causing conflict. Lack of
ability to communicate the causes of conflict can lead to various pressures in various sectors
of life.
Communication as a Solution to Social Conflict?
Horizontal conflict can be understood as a social conflict that involves friction as an
effect of unhealthy communication, or does not take place as it should, leading to conflict,
even fighting between communities.
The results of Hidayat's research (2010) show that interpersonal communication
plays a role in resolving conflicts in adolescent friendship relationships at SMU Negeri 7
Medan. This is evidenced by the way they conduct interpersonal communication with an
attitude of willingness to open themselves, a high sense of empathy for their friends, mutual
respect, positive and supportive attitudes towards their friends. So, effective interpersonal
communication that is established can be used as a solution in solving problems in a friendly
relationship.
The results of Latif's research (2012) concluded in his research entitled
"Communication Strategy in Resolving the North Buton Conflict," as follows: (1) The
communication climate that took place between the government of North Buton Regency
and the community showed a poor situation due to the application of inappropriate
communication strategies. This can be seen from (a) the community and the frequency of
communication between the government and the community are very minimal; (b) the
communication atmosphere created is always in a disharmonious atmosphere. (2) Conflict
resolution the determination of the capital city of North Buton Regency was carried out
through: (a) a celling effect approach in order to align information and communication in the
community; (b) a narrow casting approach in order to stimulate active community
involvement in every communication process; (c) utilization of traditional channels by
involving charismatic community leaders and cultural traditions that are part of attitudes and
behavior in society; and (d) creating an audience participation mechanism, namely a
participatory communication mechanism carried out by involving the community / audience
in every communication activity. (participation) of the community/audience in every
communication activity. All of these approaches aim to resolve conflicts related to the
placement of the Capital of North Buton Regency. However, in practice, none of the conflict
resolution approaches were implemented by the North Buton Regency government.
Conflict resolution efforts can be done through communication by negotiation.
Negotiation is a skill that everyone uses in everyday life. Fisher (2001:115) states,
negotiation is a structured process used by conflicting parties to conduct dialog about issues
where each party has a different opinion. The purpose of negotiation is to seek clarification
of issues or problems and try to find agreement on how to resolve them. This negotiation is
principally carried out with decision- and policy-making parties so that decisions and
policies issued are in accordance with the common interest and can resolve conflicts that
have occurred. Conflict resolution through communication can also be done through
mediation. Moelino (2003: 99) states, negotiation with mediation, namely through a
negotiation process with the help of a third party (mediator) as an intermediary. Mediation is
a process of Conflict resolution through intermediaries, which are activities undertaken by
third parties, who are not involved in the dispute, to assist the disputing groups.
Dominant elements that must be directly involved in communicating
From the discussion above, both communication as a cause of conflict and
communication as a solution to conflict, it can be concluded that it is necessary to have a
dominant element that is always involved in every communication wherever and whoever
and at whatever level so that the communication benefits peace in competition for all parties
to the communication, in particular and in the comfort of human life in general. The
dominant element that must always be involved is consistency. Severin et al. (2005: 156)
state that "consistency theory recognizes human efforts to be rational, but in achieving it we
often show striking irrationality." This shows that irrational forces color the efforts of every
human being. The power of irrationality is infinite, therefore the power of the ratio will not
be able to achieve it. Irrational power can only be achieved through belief or faith. Faith
gives meaning to the essence of life, and directs life to the highest value of life consistently.
Severin et al. (2005: 155) state that we use rationalization as an attempt to explain irrational
behavior in a way that is rational or consistent with ourselves. We often use tools that may
seem irrational or inconsistent to others.
Consistency is believing in irrational forces in a rational way, through everything
that is physical and non-physical in every human behavior communication. Consistency is
normative, guiding the communication process to the ideal effect that is the hope of all
humans in social interaction. Therefore, consistency is the dominant element that must
always be involved in communication that builds a peaceful social life in competition.
Conclusion
From the discussion above, it can be concluded that in social life there is always peace
and social conflict caused by communication that takes place in various fields of life from
the simplest to the most complex. Peace occurs because of communication that is consistent
with the highest social norms. Meanwhile, social conflict always occurs because of
communication that is inconsistent with social norms and always creates an unbalanced
situation. An unbalanced state produces tension and tension creates social conflict.
Communication Causes of Social Conflict
Kuper (2000: 156) observes that "In general, social scientists seek to understand the
kinds of conflict that take place in the context of interdependent relationships and
institutionalized exchange relationships." Relationships Interdependent relationships require
consistency in the form of regular phenomena that make it possible to predict. This
consistency is the basis for the development of all sciences. Severin & James (2001: 155)
state that the general concept of consistency underlies all sciences. The concept of
consistency in human behavior is an extension of the world of physics into the area of
human behavior. Many humans strive to be consistent in a number of ways such as in our
attitudes, behaviors, and even attitudes and behaviors in our perception of the world, of
people, of ambitions, and even of personality development. Humans organize their world by
communicating in ways that they find reasonable and meaningful.
However, in communicating, humans often prioritize their ambitions. While
ambition is more inconsistent, it often manipulates common sense for the sake of its lustful
expectations. The development of such ambitions drives communication to be inconsistent,
emotional, and sentimental, so that it is no longer rational and causes a lot of
misunderstanding. This misunderstood communication is the cause of social conflicts that
develop in various spheres of life, in the family, in the neighborhood, in groups of friends in
the work environment, in agencies, in communities, societies, and countries, even between
countries. Individual ambition in its development drags other individuals to form group
ambitions that have similarities vis-à-vis group ambitions that do not have the same
perspective. Inconsistent communication can occur in the communicator element, it can also
be from the message conveyed or it can also occur in the communicant. Based on R.D. Nye's
analysis, there are five sources of conflict in interpersonal relationships, namely: (1)
Competition; (2) Domination; (3) Failure; (4) Provocation; (5) Value Differences (in
Rakhmat, 1985 p. 146). Communicators who have a closed attitude can cause conflict as
follows: (1) Judging messages based on personal motives; (2) Thinking Simplistic; (3)
Oriented to the source; (4) Seeking information from their own sources; (5) Rigidly defend
and defend themselves or defend the belief system; (6) Unable to allow inconsistencies
Communicator causes of inconsistency, there are many variations of causes of
inconsistency although there are always similarities. The character of the communicator is
an abusive desire to be praised, to be above others and to see others as inferior to them.
Coercion and domination become the means of achieving his expectations. The form of hope
is greed or avarice. Athailah, states that no disease will develop in a person except on the
seeds of greed. From greed, officials are dragged to prison, unbelievers become robbers,
fraudsters, mafia, and other crimes. The messages from corrupt bad character owners are
closely related to the content of the message to be conveyed, the purpose, and the media or
means used. This can be analyzed from communicators who are in prison controlling drug
trafficking outside prison. Many examples of communication in everyday life such as in the
case of elections, elections, even in the election of leadership of every organization, party,
mass organization, agency, always found inconsistent communication built. Ambitious
communicators have colored inconsistent messages and media that have caused uproar and
disharmony which eventually becomes horizontal and vertical conflicts. Likewise, conflicts
at the level of countries in the world, such as in the Middle East, are destroyed because of
inconsistent communicators, messages, and mass media and other means of communication.
Messages as causes of conflict Social scientists generally argue that the sources of
social conflict are social relationships with messages that produce various communication
effects, both planned and unplanned, such as political messages, and economic messages.
They rarely highlight human biological nature as the cause. Ross (1993) states that the
various social conditions faced by one of the parties involved in the conflict are A conflict is
usually enough to reveal the occurrence of disagreement. The causes of conflict can be
traced on the basis of the level of organization, and on the basis of the level of cohesiveness,
even on the basis of goals, and the means used. Conflict on the basis of goals can be
distinguished between consensual conflict and dissensual conflict. Consensual conflict is a
conflict that occurs because of a struggle over something of material value, while dissensual
conflict is a conflict based on a goal that is considered to be of immaterial value. Conflicts
based on the means used vary widely, ranging from overt coercion, threats, to persuasion,
for example the persuasion of political parties during elections, or leaders who want to instill
their power.
Media as a cause of conflict, especially mass media, often causes the development of
social problems that lead to conflict, and a bad image on people's cognition as well as on the
mass media itself. The effects of mass media shape the process of social change. Bungin
(2006: 91) views social change as a change experienced by members of society and all
elements of culture and social systems, at all levels of life, either voluntarily or influenced
by external elements. Then leave the old patterns of life, culture, social system, and adapt or
use new patterns of life, culture and social system. It is in this transitional process that the
sources of conflict receive potential reinforcement through communication, both verbal and
nonverbal communication.
Social conflict can be seen in facial expressions, eye contact, glare, body position,
gesture and interpersonal distance. Physical contact often occurs due to the development of
nonverbal conflict. In fact, there are often someone gets angry just because they smell
something bad from the person next to them. A case in point was a principal staring at a
teacher over and over in a restaurant and then switching the subject to another teacher
because she was wearing a leather jacket during the meal, which the principal saw as
unethical. The effect of the incident was a prolonged conflict that resulted in the teacher
moving to another place of work. From this case it can be understood that nonverbal cues
can be said to communicate information about emotions, speech, individual differences and
interpersonal relationships. Kuper et al. (2000), view the importance of nonverbal cues in
communicating emotions from observations. Darwin (1872) argued that facial expressions
of emotion were part of a natural, adaptive and physiological response. Recent thinking has
been heavily influenced by Ekman's "neuro-cultural" model. (Ekman (1972), Ekman and
Friesen (1986) state that, according to this model, basic emotions that have a natural
expression can be modified through learning what he calls display rules, i.e. norms that
regulate the expression of emotions in diverse social contexts. Natural facial expressions are
both natural and learnable.
Nonverbal communication is related to speech. Gestures are basically an addition to
speech that is used as a tool to elaborate oral messages or as a substitute when speech is
difficult or impossible to pronounce. Kendon (1985) points out that gestures as a way of
silent visual expression have properties that are very different from speech, so consequently
gestures are adequate to convey certain communication tasks. An illustration when two
people elementary school children in class arguing with each other, which was then noticed
by the class teacher and both were scolded, secretly even though their heads were bowed
because they were afraid of the teacher, but the child who felt brave once in a while he
poked his friend while trying to show his fist. The child's fist conveys important information
about individual differences and interpersonal relationships. This view implies that gestures
should not be considered inferior to speech, but rather as an additional source, of
multichannel communication that gives trained speakers further possibilities to convey
meaning. The clenched fist shown is an important source of information to understand as it
can escalate speech conflict to more dangerous physical conflict.
Fakhrimal, concluded the results of his research that: (1) Conflict is a threat to the
harmony of community life, even a threat to the disintegration of the nation. The logical
consequence of a plural nation like United States is the proliferation of horizontal conflict in
society; (2) Horizontal conflict is an expression of social inequality inherited by the New
Order regime. Although at the external level during the New Order, conflicts were almost
non-existent and national security conditions were under control, the potential for conflict
was still embedded and waiting for the trigger; (3) The dissatisfaction of the political elite
with the results of the ongoing competition is one of the factors driving horizontal conflict,
so they tend to utilize the issue of sara (ethnicity, religion, race, intergroup) as an outlet for
unaccommodated interests; (4) Many factors cause horizontal conflicts to occur, but the
most important of all is communication. To follow a pameo, communication is not
everything, but everything needs to be communicated. Communication can be a trigger for
conflict to end, but communication can also be a bulwark to prevent conflict from occurring;
(5) The mass media is involved in the vortex of conflict through news coverage that tends to
exacerbate conflict instead of helping the conflict to end quickly; (6) This is due to the old
paradigm still used by members of the press, namely, bad news is good news. (7) The
government tends to use a hard power approach (military force) in resolving horizontal
conflicts in United States, while the community needs a more humane approach and
prioritizes dignity; (8) The incomplete resolution of conflicts by the government, leaving
residues such as grudges and injustice. This situation will arise at any time as a trigger for
conflict in the community.
Lamira's research states that conflicts that occur in various regions in United States
show, among other things, the government's lack of ability to overcome the causes of
conflict. Conflicts arise using symbols of ethnicity, religion and race. This occurs due to the
accumulation of mental, spiritual, political, social, cultural and economic "pressure" felt by
some people. Communication carried out by employees has a very important role in the
function of each informant's position to achieve organizational goals at the Bina Marga
Office. Factors causing conflict obtained from informants such as limited sources, namely an
informant does not know new information, so that a problem arises or different goals,
namely one person's opinion or thought is not the same as the other is a problem that must
be resolved wisely. They overcome it by discussing or providing good motivation to others,
so that the problem is quickly resolved.
Lack of ability to understand the problems arising from the effects of messages that
are often biased and incomplete, due to existing limitations, leads to miscommunication,
misinterpretation, and misunderstanding that is difficult to control, causing conflict. Lack of
ability to communicate the causes of conflict can lead to various pressures in various sectors
of life.
Communication as a Solution to Social Conflict?
Horizontal conflict can be understood as a social conflict that involves friction as an
effect of unhealthy communication, or does not take place as it should, leading to conflict,
even fighting between communities.
The results of Hidayat's research (2010) show that interpersonal communication
plays a role in resolving conflicts in adolescent friendship relationships at SMU Negeri 7
Medan. This is evidenced by the way they conduct interpersonal communication with an
attitude of willingness to open themselves, a high sense of empathy for their friends, mutual
respect, positive and supportive attitudes towards their friends. So, effective interpersonal
communication that is established can be used as a solution in solving problems in a friendly
relationship.
The results of Latif's research (2012) concluded in his research entitled
"Communication Strategy in Resolving the North Buton Conflict," as follows: (1) The
communication climate that took place between the government of North Buton Regency
and the community showed a poor situation due to the application of inappropriate
communication strategies. This can be seen from (a) the community and the frequency of
communication between the government and the community are very minimal; (b) the
communication atmosphere created is always in a disharmonious atmosphere. (2) Conflict
resolution the determination of the capital city of North Buton Regency was carried out
through: (a) a celling effect approach in order to align information and communication in the
community; (b) a narrow casting approach in order to stimulate active community
involvement in every communication process; (c) utilization of traditional channels by
involving charismatic community leaders and cultural traditions that are part of attitudes and
behavior in society; and (d) creating an audience participation mechanism, namely a
participatory communication mechanism carried out by involving the community / audience
in every communication activity. (participation) of the community/audience in every
communication activity. All of these approaches aim to resolve conflicts related to the
placement of the Capital of North Buton Regency. However, in practice, none of the conflict
resolution approaches were implemented by the North Buton Regency government.
Conflict resolution efforts can be done through communication by negotiation.
Negotiation is a skill that everyone uses in everyday life. Fisher (2001:115) states,
negotiation is a structured process used by conflicting parties to conduct dialog about issues
where each party has a different opinion. The purpose of negotiation is to seek clarification
of issues or problems and try to find agreement on how to resolve them. This negotiation is
principally carried out with decision- and policy-making parties so that decisions and
policies issued are in accordance with the common interest and can resolve conflicts that
have occurred. Conflict resolution through communication can also be done through
mediation. Moelino (2003: 99) states, negotiation with mediation, namely through a
negotiation process with the help of a third party (mediator) as an intermediary. Mediation is
a process of Conflict resolution through intermediaries, which are activities undertaken by
third parties, who are not involved in the dispute, to assist the disputing groups.
Dominant elements that must be directly involved in communicating
From the discussion above, both communication as a cause of conflict and
communication as a solution to conflict, it can be concluded that it is necessary to have a
dominant element that is always involved in every communication wherever and whoever
and at whatever level so that the communication benefits peace in competition for all parties
to the communication, in particular and in the comfort of human life in general. The
dominant element that must always be involved is consistency. Severin et al. (2005: 156)
state that "consistency theory recognizes human efforts to be rational, but in achieving it we
often show striking irrationality." This shows that irrational forces color the efforts of every
human being. The power of irrationality is infinite, therefore the power of the ratio will not
be able to achieve it. Irrational power can only be achieved through belief or faith. Faith
gives meaning to the essence of life, and directs life to the highest value of life consistently.
Severin et al. (2005: 155) state that we use rationalization as an attempt to explain irrational
behavior in a way that is rational or consistent with ourselves. We often use tools that may
seem irrational or inconsistent to others.
Consistency is believing in irrational forces in a rational way, through everything
that is physical and non-physical in every human behavior communication. Consistency is
normative, guiding the communication process to the ideal effect that is the hope of all
humans in social interaction. Therefore, consistency is the dominant element that must
always be involved in communication that builds a peaceful social life in competition.
Conclusion
From the discussion above, it can be concluded that in social life there is always peace
and social conflict caused by communication that takes place in various fields of life from
the simplest to the most complex. Peace occurs because of communication that is consistent
with the highest social norms. Meanwhile, social conflict always occurs because of
communication that is inconsistent with social norms and always creates an unbalanced
situation. An unbalanced state produces tension and tension creates social conflict.
Communication Causes of Social Conflict
Kuper (2000: 156) observes that "In general, social scientists seek to understand the
kinds of conflict that take place in the context of interdependent relationships and
institutionalized exchange relationships." Relationships Interdependent relationships require
consistency in the form of regular phenomena that make it possible to predict. This
consistency is the basis for the development of all sciences. Severin & James (2001: 155)
state that the general concept of consistency underlies all sciences. The concept of
consistency in human behavior is an extension of the world of physics into the area of
human behavior. Many humans strive to be consistent in a number of ways such as in our
attitudes, behaviors, and even attitudes and behaviors in our perception of the world, of
people, of ambitions, and even of personality development. Humans organize their world by
communicating in ways that they find reasonable and meaningful.
However, in communicating, humans often prioritize their ambitions. While
ambition is more inconsistent, it often manipulates common sense for the sake of its lustful
expectations. The development of such ambitions drives communication to be inconsistent,
emotional, and sentimental, so that it is no longer rational and causes a lot of
misunderstanding. This misunderstood communication is the cause of social conflicts that
develop in various spheres of life, in the family, in the neighborhood, in groups of friends in
the work environment, in agencies, in communities, societies, and countries, even between
countries. Individual ambition in its development drags other individuals to form group
ambitions that have similarities vis-à-vis group ambitions that do not have the same
perspective. Inconsistent communication can occur in the communicator element, it can also
be from the message conveyed or it can also occur in the communicant. Based on R.D. Nye's
analysis, there are five sources of conflict in interpersonal relationships, namely: (1)
Competition; (2) Domination; (3) Failure; (4) Provocation; (5) Value Differences (in
Rakhmat, 1985 p. 146). Communicators who have a closed attitude can cause conflict as
follows: (1) Judging messages based on personal motives; (2) Thinking Simplistic; (3)
Oriented to the source; (4) Seeking information from their own sources; (5) Rigidly defend
and defend themselves or defend the belief system; (6) Unable to allow inconsistencies
Communicator causes of inconsistency, there are many variations of causes of
inconsistency although there are always similarities. The character of the communicator is
an abusive desire to be praised, to be above others and to see others as inferior to them.
Coercion and domination become the means of achieving his expectations. The form of hope
is greed or avarice. Athailah, states that no disease will develop in a person except on the
seeds of greed. From greed, officials are dragged to prison, unbelievers become robbers,
fraudsters, mafia, and other crimes. The messages from corrupt bad character owners are
closely related to the content of the message to be conveyed, the purpose, and the media or
means used. This can be analyzed from communicators who are in prison controlling drug
trafficking outside prison. Many examples of communication in everyday life such as in the
case of elections, elections, even in the election of leadership of every organization, party,
mass organization, agency, always found inconsistent communication built. Ambitious
communicators have colored inconsistent messages and media that have caused uproar and
disharmony which eventually becomes horizontal and vertical conflicts. Likewise, conflicts
at the level of countries in the world, such as in the Middle East, are destroyed because of
inconsistent communicators, messages, and mass media and other means of communication.
Messages as causes of conflict Social scientists generally argue that the sources of
social conflict are social relationships with messages that produce various communication
effects, both planned and unplanned, such as political messages, and economic messages.
They rarely highlight human biological nature as the cause. Ross (1993) states that the
various social conditions faced by one of the parties involved in the conflict are A conflict is
usually enough to reveal the occurrence of disagreement. The causes of conflict can be
traced on the basis of the level of organization, and on the basis of the level of cohesiveness,
even on the basis of goals, and the means used. Conflict on the basis of goals can be
distinguished between consensual conflict and dissensual conflict. Consensual conflict is a
conflict that occurs because of a struggle over something of material value, while dissensual
conflict is a conflict based on a goal that is considered to be of immaterial value. Conflicts
based on the means used vary widely, ranging from overt coercion, threats, to persuasion,
for example the persuasion of political parties during elections, or leaders who want to instill
their power.
Media as a cause of conflict, especially mass media, often causes the development of
social problems that lead to conflict, and a bad image on people's cognition as well as on the
mass media itself. The effects of mass media shape the process of social change. Bungin
(2006: 91) views social change as a change experienced by members of society and all
elements of culture and social systems, at all levels of life, either voluntarily or influenced
by external elements. Then leave the old patterns of life, culture, social system, and adapt or
use new patterns of life, culture and social system. It is in this transitional process that the
sources of conflict receive potential reinforcement through communication, both verbal and
nonverbal communication.
Social conflict can be seen in facial expressions, eye contact, glare, body position,
gesture and interpersonal distance. Physical contact often occurs due to the development of
nonverbal conflict. In fact, there are often someone gets angry just because they smell
something bad from the person next to them. A case in point was a principal staring at a
teacher over and over in a restaurant and then switching the subject to another teacher
because she was wearing a leather jacket during the meal, which the principal saw as
unethical. The effect of the incident was a prolonged conflict that resulted in the teacher
moving to another place of work. From this case it can be understood that nonverbal cues
can be said to communicate information about emotions, speech, individual differences and
interpersonal relationships. Kuper et al. (2000), view the importance of nonverbal cues in
communicating emotions from observations. Darwin (1872) argued that facial expressions
of emotion were part of a natural, adaptive and physiological response. Recent thinking has
been heavily influenced by Ekman's "neuro-cultural" model. (Ekman (1972), Ekman and
Friesen (1986) state that, according to this model, basic emotions that have a natural
expression can be modified through learning what he calls display rules, i.e. norms that
regulate the expression of emotions in diverse social contexts. Natural facial expressions are
both natural and learnable.
Nonverbal communication is related to speech. Gestures are basically an addition to
speech that is used as a tool to elaborate oral messages or as a substitute when speech is
difficult or impossible to pronounce. Kendon (1985) points out that gestures as a way of
silent visual expression have properties that are very different from speech, so consequently
gestures are adequate to convey certain communication tasks. An illustration when two
people elementary school children in class arguing with each other, which was then noticed
by the class teacher and both were scolded, secretly even though their heads were bowed
because they were afraid of the teacher, but the child who felt brave once in a while he
poked his friend while trying to show his fist. The child's fist conveys important information
about individual differences and interpersonal relationships. This view implies that gestures
should not be considered inferior to speech, but rather as an additional source, of
multichannel communication that gives trained speakers further possibilities to convey
meaning. The clenched fist shown is an important source of information to understand as it
can escalate speech conflict to more dangerous physical conflict.
Fakhrimal, concluded the results of his research that: (1) Conflict is a threat to the
harmony of community life, even a threat to the disintegration of the nation. The logical
consequence of a plural nation like United States is the proliferation of horizontal conflict in
society; (2) Horizontal conflict is an expression of social inequality inherited by the New
Order regime. Although at the external level during the New Order, conflicts were almost
non-existent and national security conditions were under control, the potential for conflict
was still embedded and waiting for the trigger; (3) The dissatisfaction of the political elite
with the results of the ongoing competition is one of the factors driving horizontal conflict,
so they tend to utilize the issue of sara (ethnicity, religion, race, intergroup) as an outlet for
unaccommodated interests; (4) Many factors cause horizontal conflicts to occur, but the
most important of all is communication. To follow a pameo, communication is not
everything, but everything needs to be communicated. Communication can be a trigger for
conflict to end, but communication can also be a bulwark to prevent conflict from occurring;
(5) The mass media is involved in the vortex of conflict through news coverage that tends to
exacerbate conflict instead of helping the conflict to end quickly; (6) This is due to the old
paradigm still used by members of the press, namely, bad news is good news. (7) The
government tends to use a hard power approach (military force) in resolving horizontal
conflicts in United States, while the community needs a more humane approach and
prioritizes dignity; (8) The incomplete resolution of conflicts by the government, leaving
residues such as grudges and injustice. This situation will arise at any time as a trigger for
conflict in the community.
Lamira's research states that conflicts that occur in various regions in United States
show, among other things, the government's lack of ability to overcome the causes of
conflict. Conflicts arise using symbols of ethnicity, religion and race. This occurs due to the
accumulation of mental, spiritual, political, social, cultural and economic "pressure" felt by
some people. Communication carried out by employees has a very important role in the
function of each informant's position to achieve organizational goals at the Bina Marga
Office. Factors causing conflict obtained from informants such as limited sources, namely an
informant does not know new information, so that a problem arises or different goals,
namely one person's opinion or thought is not the same as the other is a problem that must
be resolved wisely. They overcome it by discussing or providing good motivation to others,
so that the problem is quickly resolved.
Lack of ability to understand the problems arising from the effects of messages that
are often biased and incomplete, due to existing limitations, leads to miscommunication,
misinterpretation, and misunderstanding that is difficult to control, causing conflict. Lack of
ability to communicate the causes of conflict can lead to various pressures in various sectors
of life.
Communication as a Solution to Social Conflict?
Horizontal conflict can be understood as a social conflict that involves friction as an
effect of unhealthy communication, or does not take place as it should, leading to conflict,
even fighting between communities.
The results of Hidayat's research (2010) show that interpersonal communication
plays a role in resolving conflicts in adolescent friendship relationships at SMU Negeri 7
Medan. This is evidenced by the way they conduct interpersonal communication with an
attitude of willingness to open themselves, a high sense of empathy for their friends, mutual
respect, positive and supportive attitudes towards their friends. So, effective interpersonal
communication that is established can be used as a solution in solving problems in a friendly
relationship.
The results of Latif's research (2012) concluded in his research entitled
"Communication Strategy in Resolving the North Buton Conflict," as follows: (1) The
communication climate that took place between the government of North Buton Regency
and the community showed a poor situation due to the application of inappropriate
communication strategies. This can be seen from (a) the community and the frequency of
communication between the government and the community are very minimal; (b) the
communication atmosphere created is always in a disharmonious atmosphere. (2) Conflict
resolution the determination of the capital city of North Buton Regency was carried out
through: (a) a celling effect approach in order to align information and communication in the
community; (b) a narrow casting approach in order to stimulate active community
involvement in every communication process; (c) utilization of traditional channels by
involving charismatic community leaders and cultural traditions that are part of attitudes and
behavior in society; and (d) creating an audience participation mechanism, namely a
participatory communication mechanism carried out by involving the community / audience
in every communication activity. (participation) of the community/audience in every
communication activity. All of these approaches aim to resolve conflicts related to the
placement of the Capital of North Buton Regency. However, in practice, none of the conflict
resolution approaches were implemented by the North Buton Regency government.
Conflict resolution efforts can be done through communication by negotiation.
Negotiation is a skill that everyone uses in everyday life. Fisher (2001:115) states,
negotiation is a structured process used by conflicting parties to conduct dialog about issues
where each party has a different opinion. The purpose of negotiation is to seek clarification
of issues or problems and try to find agreement on how to resolve them. This negotiation is
principally carried out with decision- and policy-making parties so that decisions and
policies issued are in accordance with the common interest and can resolve conflicts that
have occurred. Conflict resolution through communication can also be done through
mediation. Moelino (2003: 99) states, negotiation with mediation, namely through a
negotiation process with the help of a third party (mediator) as an intermediary. Mediation is
a process of Conflict resolution through intermediaries, which are activities undertaken by
third parties, who are not involved in the dispute, to assist the disputing groups.
Dominant elements that must be directly involved in communicating
From the discussion above, both communication as a cause of conflict and
communication as a solution to conflict, it can be concluded that it is necessary to have a
dominant element that is always involved in every communication wherever and whoever
and at whatever level so that the communication benefits peace in competition for all parties
to the communication, in particular and in the comfort of human life in general. The
dominant element that must always be involved is consistency. Severin et al. (2005: 156)
state that "consistency theory recognizes human efforts to be rational, but in achieving it we
often show striking irrationality." This shows that irrational forces color the efforts of every
human being. The power of irrationality is infinite, therefore the power of the ratio will not
be able to achieve it. Irrational power can only be achieved through belief or faith. Faith
gives meaning to the essence of life, and directs life to the highest value of life consistently.
Severin et al. (2005: 155) state that we use rationalization as an attempt to explain irrational
behavior in a way that is rational or consistent with ourselves. We often use tools that may
seem irrational or inconsistent to others.
Consistency is believing in irrational forces in a rational way, through everything
that is physical and non-physical in every human behavior communication. Consistency is
normative, guiding the communication process to the ideal effect that is the hope of all
humans in social interaction. Therefore, consistency is the dominant element that must
always be involved in communication that builds a peaceful social life in competition.
Conclusion
From the discussion above, it can be concluded that in social life there is always peace
and social conflict caused by communication that takes place in various fields of life from
the simplest to the most complex. Peace occurs because of communication that is consistent
with the highest social norms. Meanwhile, social conflict always occurs because of
communication that is inconsistent with social norms and always creates an unbalanced
situation. An unbalanced state produces tension and tension creates social conflict.
Communication Causes of Social Conflict
Kuper (2000: 156) observes that "In general, social scientists seek to understand the
kinds of conflict that take place in the context of interdependent relationships and
institutionalized exchange relationships." Relationships Interdependent relationships require
consistency in the form of regular phenomena that make it possible to predict. This
consistency is the basis for the development of all sciences. Severin & James (2001: 155)
state that the general concept of consistency underlies all sciences. The concept of
consistency in human behavior is an extension of the world of physics into the area of
human behavior. Many humans strive to be consistent in a number of ways such as in our
attitudes, behaviors, and even attitudes and behaviors in our perception of the world, of
people, of ambitions, and even of personality development. Humans organize their world by
communicating in ways that they find reasonable and meaningful.
However, in communicating, humans often prioritize their ambitions. While
ambition is more inconsistent, it often manipulates common sense for the sake of its lustful
expectations. The development of such ambitions drives communication to be inconsistent,
emotional, and sentimental, so that it is no longer rational and causes a lot of
misunderstanding. This misunderstood communication is the cause of social conflicts that
develop in various spheres of life, in the family, in the neighborhood, in groups of friends in
the work environment, in agencies, in communities, societies, and countries, even between
countries. Individual ambition in its development drags other individuals to form group
ambitions that have similarities vis-à-vis group ambitions that do not have the same
perspective. Inconsistent communication can occur in the communicator element, it can also
be from the message conveyed or it can also occur in the communicant. Based on R.D. Nye's
analysis, there are five sources of conflict in interpersonal relationships, namely: (1)
Competition; (2) Domination; (3) Failure; (4) Provocation; (5) Value Differences (in
Rakhmat, 1985 p. 146). Communicators who have a closed attitude can cause conflict as
follows: (1) Judging messages based on personal motives; (2) Thinking Simplistic; (3)
Oriented to the source; (4) Seeking information from their own sources; (5) Rigidly defend
and defend themselves or defend the belief system; (6) Unable to allow inconsistencies
Communicator causes of inconsistency, there are many variations of causes of
inconsistency although there are always similarities. The character of the communicator is
an abusive desire to be praised, to be above others and to see others as inferior to them.
Coercion and domination become the means of achieving his expectations. The form of hope
is greed or avarice. Athailah, states that no disease will develop in a person except on the
seeds of greed. From greed, officials are dragged to prison, unbelievers become robbers,
fraudsters, mafia, and other crimes. The messages from corrupt bad character owners are
closely related to the content of the message to be conveyed, the purpose, and the media or
means used. This can be analyzed from communicators who are in prison controlling drug
trafficking outside prison. Many examples of communication in everyday life such as in the
case of elections, elections, even in the election of leadership of every organization, party,
mass organization, agency, always found inconsistent communication built. Ambitious
communicators have colored inconsistent messages and media that have caused uproar and
disharmony which eventually becomes horizontal and vertical conflicts. Likewise, conflicts
at the level of countries in the world, such as in the Middle East, are destroyed because of
inconsistent communicators, messages, and mass media and other means of communication.
Messages as causes of conflict Social scientists generally argue that the sources of
social conflict are social relationships with messages that produce various communication
effects, both planned and unplanned, such as political messages, and economic messages.
They rarely highlight human biological nature as the cause. Ross (1993) states that the
various social conditions faced by one of the parties involved in the conflict are A conflict is
usually enough to reveal the occurrence of disagreement. The causes of conflict can be
traced on the basis of the level of organization, and on the basis of the level of cohesiveness,
even on the basis of goals, and the means used. Conflict on the basis of goals can be
distinguished between consensual conflict and dissensual conflict. Consensual conflict is a
conflict that occurs because of a struggle over something of material value, while dissensual
conflict is a conflict based on a goal that is considered to be of immaterial value. Conflicts
based on the means used vary widely, ranging from overt coercion, threats, to persuasion,
for example the persuasion of political parties during elections, or leaders who want to instill
their power.
Media as a cause of conflict, especially mass media, often causes the development of
social problems that lead to conflict, and a bad image on people's cognition as well as on the
mass media itself. The effects of mass media shape the process of social change. Bungin
(2006: 91) views social change as a change experienced by members of society and all
elements of culture and social systems, at all levels of life, either voluntarily or influenced
by external elements. Then leave the old patterns of life, culture, social system, and adapt or
use new patterns of life, culture and social system. It is in this transitional process that the
sources of conflict receive potential reinforcement through communication, both verbal and
nonverbal communication.
Social conflict can be seen in facial expressions, eye contact, glare, body position,
gesture and interpersonal distance. Physical contact often occurs due to the development of
nonverbal conflict. In fact, there are often someone gets angry just because they smell
something bad from the person next to them. A case in point was a principal staring at a
teacher over and over in a restaurant and then switching the subject to another teacher
because she was wearing a leather jacket during the meal, which the principal saw as
unethical. The effect of the incident was a prolonged conflict that resulted in the teacher
moving to another place of work. From this case it can be understood that nonverbal cues
can be said to communicate information about emotions, speech, individual differences and
interpersonal relationships. Kuper et al. (2000), view the importance of nonverbal cues in
communicating emotions from observations. Darwin (1872) argued that facial expressions
of emotion were part of a natural, adaptive and physiological response. Recent thinking has
been heavily influenced by Ekman's "neuro-cultural" model. (Ekman (1972), Ekman and
Friesen (1986) state that, according to this model, basic emotions that have a natural
expression can be modified through learning what he calls display rules, i.e. norms that
regulate the expression of emotions in diverse social contexts. Natural facial expressions are
both natural and learnable.
Nonverbal communication is related to speech. Gestures are basically an addition to
speech that is used as a tool to elaborate oral messages or as a substitute when speech is
difficult or impossible to pronounce. Kendon (1985) points out that gestures as a way of
silent visual expression have properties that are very different from speech, so consequently
gestures are adequate to convey certain communication tasks. An illustration when two
people elementary school children in class arguing with each other, which was then noticed
by the class teacher and both were scolded, secretly even though their heads were bowed
because they were afraid of the teacher, but the child who felt brave once in a while he
poked his friend while trying to show his fist. The child's fist conveys important information
about individual differences and interpersonal relationships. This view implies that gestures
should not be considered inferior to speech, but rather as an additional source, of
multichannel communication that gives trained speakers further possibilities to convey
meaning. The clenched fist shown is an important source of information to understand as it
can escalate speech conflict to more dangerous physical conflict.
Fakhrimal, concluded the results of his research that: (1) Conflict is a threat to the
harmony of community life, even a threat to the disintegration of the nation. The logical
consequence of a plural nation like United States is the proliferation of horizontal conflict in
society; (2) Horizontal conflict is an expression of social inequality inherited by the New
Order regime. Although at the external level during the New Order, conflicts were almost
non-existent and national security conditions were under control, the potential for conflict
was still embedded and waiting for the trigger; (3) The dissatisfaction of the political elite
with the results of the ongoing competition is one of the factors driving horizontal conflict,
so they tend to utilize the issue of sara (ethnicity, religion, race, intergroup) as an outlet for
unaccommodated interests; (4) Many factors cause horizontal conflicts to occur, but the
most important of all is communication. To follow a pameo, communication is not
everything, but everything needs to be communicated. Communication can be a trigger for
conflict to end, but communication can also be a bulwark to prevent conflict from occurring;
(5) The mass media is involved in the vortex of conflict through news coverage that tends to
exacerbate conflict instead of helping the conflict to end quickly; (6) This is due to the old
paradigm still used by members of the press, namely, bad news is good news. (7) The
government tends to use a hard power approach (military force) in resolving horizontal
conflicts in United States, while the community needs a more humane approach and
prioritizes dignity; (8) The incomplete resolution of conflicts by the government, leaving
residues such as grudges and injustice. This situation will arise at any time as a trigger for
conflict in the community.
Lamira's research states that conflicts that occur in various regions in United States
show, among other things, the government's lack of ability to overcome the causes of
conflict. Conflicts arise using symbols of ethnicity, religion and race. This occurs due to the
accumulation of mental, spiritual, political, social, cultural and economic "pressure" felt by
some people. Communication carried out by employees has a very important role in the
function of each informant's position to achieve organizational goals at the Bina Marga
Office. Factors causing conflict obtained from informants such as limited sources, namely an
informant does not know new information, so that a problem arises or different goals,
namely one person's opinion or thought is not the same as the other is a problem that must
be resolved wisely. They overcome it by discussing or providing good motivation to others,
so that the problem is quickly resolved.
Lack of ability to understand the problems arising from the effects of messages that
are often biased and incomplete, due to existing limitations, leads to miscommunication,
misinterpretation, and misunderstanding that is difficult to control, causing conflict. Lack of
ability to communicate the causes of conflict can lead to various pressures in various sectors
of life.
Communication as a Solution to Social Conflict?
Horizontal conflict can be understood as a social conflict that involves friction as an
effect of unhealthy communication, or does not take place as it should, leading to conflict,
even fighting between communities.
The results of Hidayat's research (2010) show that interpersonal communication
plays a role in resolving conflicts in adolescent friendship relationships at SMU Negeri 7
Medan. This is evidenced by the way they conduct interpersonal communication with an
attitude of willingness to open themselves, a high sense of empathy for their friends, mutual
respect, positive and supportive attitudes towards their friends. So, effective interpersonal
communication that is established can be used as a solution in solving problems in a friendly
relationship.
The results of Latif's research (2012) concluded in his research entitled
"Communication Strategy in Resolving the North Buton Conflict," as follows: (1) The
communication climate that took place between the government of North Buton Regency
and the community showed a poor situation due to the application of inappropriate
communication strategies. This can be seen from (a) the community and the frequency of
communication between the government and the community are very minimal; (b) the
communication atmosphere created is always in a disharmonious atmosphere. (2) Conflict
resolution the determination of the capital city of North Buton Regency was carried out
through: (a) a celling effect approach in order to align information and communication in the
community; (b) a narrow casting approach in order to stimulate active community
involvement in every communication process; (c) utilization of traditional channels by
involving charismatic community leaders and cultural traditions that are part of attitudes and
behavior in society; and (d) creating an audience participation mechanism, namely a
participatory communication mechanism carried out by involving the community / audience
in every communication activity. (participation) of the community/audience in every
communication activity. All of these approaches aim to resolve conflicts related to the
placement of the Capital of North Buton Regency. However, in practice, none of the conflict
resolution approaches were implemented by the North Buton Regency government.
Conflict resolution efforts can be done through communication by negotiation.
Negotiation is a skill that everyone uses in everyday life. Fisher (2001:115) states,
negotiation is a structured process used by conflicting parties to conduct dialog about issues
where each party has a different opinion. The purpose of negotiation is to seek clarification
of issues or problems and try to find agreement on how to resolve them. This negotiation is
principally carried out with decision- and policy-making parties so that decisions and
policies issued are in accordance with the common interest and can resolve conflicts that
have occurred. Conflict resolution through communication can also be done through
mediation. Moelino (2003: 99) states, negotiation with mediation, namely through a
negotiation process with the help of a third party (mediator) as an intermediary. Mediation is
a process of Conflict resolution through intermediaries, which are activities undertaken by
third parties, who are not involved in the dispute, to assist the disputing groups.
Dominant elements that must be directly involved in communicating
From the discussion above, both communication as a cause of conflict and
communication as a solution to conflict, it can be concluded that it is necessary to have a
dominant element that is always involved in every communication wherever and whoever
and at whatever level so that the communication benefits peace in competition for all parties
to the communication, in particular and in the comfort of human life in general. The
dominant element that must always be involved is consistency. Severin et al. (2005: 156)
state that "consistency theory recognizes human efforts to be rational, but in achieving it we
often show striking irrationality." This shows that irrational forces color the efforts of every
human being. The power of irrationality is infinite, therefore the power of the ratio will not
be able to achieve it. Irrational power can only be achieved through belief or faith. Faith
gives meaning to the essence of life, and directs life to the highest value of life consistently.
Severin et al. (2005: 155) state that we use rationalization as an attempt to explain irrational
behavior in a way that is rational or consistent with ourselves. We often use tools that may
seem irrational or inconsistent to others.
Consistency is believing in irrational forces in a rational way, through everything
that is physical and non-physical in every human behavior communication. Consistency is
normative, guiding the communication process to the ideal effect that is the hope of all
humans in social interaction. Therefore, consistency is the dominant element that must
always be involved in communication that builds a peaceful social life in competition.
Conclusion
From the discussion above, it can be concluded that in social life there is always peace
and social conflict caused by communication that takes place in various fields of life from
the simplest to the most complex. Peace occurs because of communication that is consistent
with the highest social norms. Meanwhile, social conflict always occurs because of
communication that is inconsistent with social norms and always creates an unbalanced
situation. An unbalanced state produces tension and tension creates social conflict.
Communication Causes of Social Conflict
Kuper (2000: 156) observes that "In general, social scientists seek to understand the
kinds of conflict that take place in the context of interdependent relationships and
institutionalized exchange relationships." Relationships Interdependent relationships require
consistency in the form of regular phenomena that make it possible to predict. This
consistency is the basis for the development of all sciences. Severin & James (2001: 155)
state that the general concept of consistency underlies all sciences. The concept of
consistency in human behavior is an extension of the world of physics into the area of
human behavior. Many humans strive to be consistent in a number of ways such as in our
attitudes, behaviors, and even attitudes and behaviors in our perception of the world, of
people, of ambitions, and even of personality development. Humans organize their world by
communicating in ways that they find reasonable and meaningful.
However, in communicating, humans often prioritize their ambitions. While
ambition is more inconsistent, it often manipulates common sense for the sake of its lustful
expectations. The development of such ambitions drives communication to be inconsistent,
emotional, and sentimental, so that it is no longer rational and causes a lot of
misunderstanding. This misunderstood communication is the cause of social conflicts that
develop in various spheres of life, in the family, in the neighborhood, in groups of friends in
the work environment, in agencies, in communities, societies, and countries, even between
countries. Individual ambition in its development drags other individuals to form group
ambitions that have similarities vis-à-vis group ambitions that do not have the same
perspective. Inconsistent communication can occur in the communicator element, it can also
be from the message conveyed or it can also occur in the communicant. Based on R.D. Nye's
analysis, there are five sources of conflict in interpersonal relationships, namely: (1)
Competition; (2) Domination; (3) Failure; (4) Provocation; (5) Value Differences (in
Rakhmat, 1985 p. 146). Communicators who have a closed attitude can cause conflict as
follows: (1) Judging messages based on personal motives; (2) Thinking Simplistic; (3)
Oriented to the source; (4) Seeking information from their own sources; (5) Rigidly defend
and defend themselves or defend the belief system; (6) Unable to allow inconsistencies
Communicator causes of inconsistency, there are many variations of causes of
inconsistency although there are always similarities. The character of the communicator is
an abusive desire to be praised, to be above others and to see others as inferior to them.
Coercion and domination become the means of achieving his expectations. The form of hope
is greed or avarice. Athailah, states that no disease will develop in a person except on the
seeds of greed. From greed, officials are dragged to prison, unbelievers become robbers,
fraudsters, mafia, and other crimes. The messages from corrupt bad character owners are
closely related to the content of the message to be conveyed, the purpose, and the media or
means used. This can be analyzed from communicators who are in prison controlling drug
trafficking outside prison. Many examples of communication in everyday life such as in the
case of elections, elections, even in the election of leadership of every organization, party,
mass organization, agency, always found inconsistent communication built. Ambitious
communicators have colored inconsistent messages and media that have caused uproar and
disharmony which eventually becomes horizontal and vertical conflicts. Likewise, conflicts
at the level of countries in the world, such as in the Middle East, are destroyed because of
inconsistent communicators, messages, and mass media and other means of communication.
Messages as causes of conflict Social scientists generally argue that the sources of
social conflict are social relationships with messages that produce various communication
effects, both planned and unplanned, such as political messages, and economic messages.
They rarely highlight human biological nature as the cause. Ross (1993) states that the
various social conditions faced by one of the parties involved in the conflict are A conflict is
usually enough to reveal the occurrence of disagreement. The causes of conflict can be
traced on the basis of the level of organization, and on the basis of the level of cohesiveness,
even on the basis of goals, and the means used. Conflict on the basis of goals can be
distinguished between consensual conflict and dissensual conflict. Consensual conflict is a
conflict that occurs because of a struggle over something of material value, while dissensual
conflict is a conflict based on a goal that is considered to be of immaterial value. Conflicts
based on the means used vary widely, ranging from overt coercion, threats, to persuasion,
for example the persuasion of political parties during elections, or leaders who want to instill
their power.
Media as a cause of conflict, especially mass media, often causes the development of
social problems that lead to conflict, and a bad image on people's cognition as well as on the
mass media itself. The effects of mass media shape the process of social change. Bungin
(2006: 91) views social change as a change experienced by members of society and all
elements of culture and social systems, at all levels of life, either voluntarily or influenced
by external elements. Then leave the old patterns of life, culture, social system, and adapt or
use new patterns of life, culture and social system. It is in this transitional process that the
sources of conflict receive potential reinforcement through communication, both verbal and
nonverbal communication.
Social conflict can be seen in facial expressions, eye contact, glare, body position,
gesture and interpersonal distance. Physical contact often occurs due to the development of
nonverbal conflict. In fact, there are often someone gets angry just because they smell
something bad from the person next to them. A case in point was a principal staring at a
teacher over and over in a restaurant and then switching the subject to another teacher
because she was wearing a leather jacket during the meal, which the principal saw as
unethical. The effect of the incident was a prolonged conflict that resulted in the teacher
moving to another place of work. From this case it can be understood that nonverbal cues
can be said to communicate information about emotions, speech, individual differences and
interpersonal relationships. Kuper et al. (2000), view the importance of nonverbal cues in
communicating emotions from observations. Darwin (1872) argued that facial expressions
of emotion were part of a natural, adaptive and physiological response. Recent thinking has
been heavily influenced by Ekman's "neuro-cultural" model. (Ekman (1972), Ekman and
Friesen (1986) state that, according to this model, basic emotions that have a natural
expression can be modified through learning what he calls display rules, i.e. norms that
regulate the expression of emotions in diverse social contexts. Natural facial expressions are
both natural and learnable.
Nonverbal communication is related to speech. Gestures are basically an addition to
speech that is used as a tool to elaborate oral messages or as a substitute when speech is
difficult or impossible to pronounce. Kendon (1985) points out that gestures as a way of
silent visual expression have properties that are very different from speech, so consequently
gestures are adequate to convey certain communication tasks. An illustration when two
people elementary school children in class arguing with each other, which was then noticed
by the class teacher and both were scolded, secretly even though their heads were bowed
because they were afraid of the teacher, but the child who felt brave once in a while he
poked his friend while trying to show his fist. The child's fist conveys important information
about individual differences and interpersonal relationships. This view implies that gestures
should not be considered inferior to speech, but rather as an additional source, of
multichannel communication that gives trained speakers further possibilities to convey
meaning. The clenched fist shown is an important source of information to understand as it
can escalate speech conflict to more dangerous physical conflict.
Fakhrimal, concluded the results of his research that: (1) Conflict is a threat to the
harmony of community life, even a threat to the disintegration of the nation. The logical
consequence of a plural nation like United States is the proliferation of horizontal conflict in
society; (2) Horizontal conflict is an expression of social inequality inherited by the New
Order regime. Although at the external level during the New Order, conflicts were almost
non-existent and national security conditions were under control, the potential for conflict
was still embedded and waiting for the trigger; (3) The dissatisfaction of the political elite
with the results of the ongoing competition is one of the factors driving horizontal conflict,
so they tend to utilize the issue of sara (ethnicity, religion, race, intergroup) as an outlet for
unaccommodated interests; (4) Many factors cause horizontal conflicts to occur, but the
most important of all is communication. To follow a pameo, communication is not
everything, but everything needs to be communicated. Communication can be a trigger for
conflict to end, but communication can also be a bulwark to prevent conflict from occurring;
(5) The mass media is involved in the vortex of conflict through news coverage that tends to
exacerbate conflict instead of helping the conflict to end quickly; (6) This is due to the old
paradigm still used by members of the press, namely, bad news is good news. (7) The
government tends to use a hard power approach (military force) in resolving horizontal
conflicts in United States, while the community needs a more humane approach and
prioritizes dignity; (8) The incomplete resolution of conflicts by the government, leaving
residues such as grudges and injustice. This situation will arise at any time as a trigger for
conflict in the community.
Lamira's research states that conflicts that occur in various regions in United States
show, among other things, the government's lack of ability to overcome the causes of
conflict. Conflicts arise using symbols of ethnicity, religion and race. This occurs due to the
accumulation of mental, spiritual, political, social, cultural and economic "pressure" felt by
some people. Communication carried out by employees has a very important role in the
function of each informant's position to achieve organizational goals at the Bina Marga
Office. Factors causing conflict obtained from informants such as limited sources, namely an
informant does not know new information, so that a problem arises or different goals,
namely one person's opinion or thought is not the same as the other is a problem that must
be resolved wisely. They overcome it by discussing or providing good motivation to others,
so that the problem is quickly resolved.
Lack of ability to understand the problems arising from the effects of messages that
are often biased and incomplete, due to existing limitations, leads to miscommunication,
misinterpretation, and misunderstanding that is difficult to control, causing conflict. Lack of
ability to communicate the causes of conflict can lead to various pressures in various sectors
of life.
Communication as a Solution to Social Conflict?
Horizontal conflict can be understood as a social conflict that involves friction as an
effect of unhealthy communication, or does not take place as it should, leading to conflict,
even fighting between communities.
The results of Hidayat's research (2010) show that interpersonal communication
plays a role in resolving conflicts in adolescent friendship relationships at SMU Negeri 7
Medan. This is evidenced by the way they conduct interpersonal communication with an
attitude of willingness to open themselves, a high sense of empathy for their friends, mutual
respect, positive and supportive attitudes towards their friends. So, effective interpersonal
communication that is established can be used as a solution in solving problems in a friendly
relationship.
The results of Latif's research (2012) concluded in his research entitled
"Communication Strategy in Resolving the North Buton Conflict," as follows: (1) The
communication climate that took place between the government of North Buton Regency
and the community showed a poor situation due to the application of inappropriate
communication strategies. This can be seen from (a) the community and the frequency of
communication between the government and the community are very minimal; (b) the
communication atmosphere created is always in a disharmonious atmosphere. (2) Conflict
resolution the determination of the capital city of North Buton Regency was carried out
through: (a) a celling effect approach in order to align information and communication in the
community; (b) a narrow casting approach in order to stimulate active community
involvement in every communication process; (c) utilization of traditional channels by
involving charismatic community leaders and cultural traditions that are part of attitudes and
behavior in society; and (d) creating an audience participation mechanism, namely a
participatory communication mechanism carried out by involving the community / audience
in every communication activity. (participation) of the community/audience in every
communication activity. All of these approaches aim to resolve conflicts related to the
placement of the Capital of North Buton Regency. However, in practice, none of the conflict
resolution approaches were implemented by the North Buton Regency government.
Conflict resolution efforts can be done through communication by negotiation.
Negotiation is a skill that everyone uses in everyday life. Fisher (2001:115) states,
negotiation is a structured process used by conflicting parties to conduct dialog about issues
where each party has a different opinion. The purpose of negotiation is to seek clarification
of issues or problems and try to find agreement on how to resolve them. This negotiation is
principally carried out with decision- and policy-making parties so that decisions and
policies issued are in accordance with the common interest and can resolve conflicts that
have occurred. Conflict resolution through communication can also be done through
mediation. Moelino (2003: 99) states, negotiation with mediation, namely through a
negotiation process with the help of a third party (mediator) as an intermediary. Mediation is
a process of Conflict resolution through intermediaries, which are activities undertaken by
third parties, who are not involved in the dispute, to assist the disputing groups.
Dominant elements that must be directly involved in communicating
From the discussion above, both communication as a cause of conflict and
communication as a solution to conflict, it can be concluded that it is necessary to have a
dominant element that is always involved in every communication wherever and whoever
and at whatever level so that the communication benefits peace in competition for all parties
to the communication, in particular and in the comfort of human life in general. The
dominant element that must always be involved is consistency. Severin et al. (2005: 156)
state that "consistency theory recognizes human efforts to be rational, but in achieving it we
often show striking irrationality." This shows that irrational forces color the efforts of every
human being. The power of irrationality is infinite, therefore the power of the ratio will not
be able to achieve it. Irrational power can only be achieved through belief or faith. Faith
gives meaning to the essence of life, and directs life to the highest value of life consistently.
Severin et al. (2005: 155) state that we use rationalization as an attempt to explain irrational
behavior in a way that is rational or consistent with ourselves. We often use tools that may
seem irrational or inconsistent to others.
Consistency is believing in irrational forces in a rational way, through everything
that is physical and non-physical in every human behavior communication. Consistency is
normative, guiding the communication process to the ideal effect that is the hope of all
humans in social interaction. Therefore, consistency is the dominant element that must
always be involved in communication that builds a peaceful social life in competition.
Conclusion
From the discussion above, it can be concluded that in social life there is always peace
and social conflict caused by communication that takes place in various fields of life from
the simplest to the most complex. Peace occurs because of communication that is consistent
with the highest social norms. Meanwhile, social conflict always occurs because of
communication that is inconsistent with social norms and always creates an unbalanced
situation. An unbalanced state produces tension and tension creates social conflict.
Communication Causes of Social Conflict
Kuper (2000: 156) observes that "In general, social scientists seek to understand the
kinds of conflict that take place in the context of interdependent relationships and
institutionalized exchange relationships." Relationships Interdependent relationships require
consistency in the form of regular phenomena that make it possible to predict. This
consistency is the basis for the development of all sciences. Severin & James (2001: 155)
state that the general concept of consistency underlies all sciences. The concept of
consistency in human behavior is an extension of the world of physics into the area of
human behavior. Many humans strive to be consistent in a number of ways such as in our
attitudes, behaviors, and even attitudes and behaviors in our perception of the world, of
people, of ambitions, and even of personality development. Humans organize their world by
communicating in ways that they find reasonable and meaningful.
However, in communicating, humans often prioritize their ambitions. While
ambition is more inconsistent, it often manipulates common sense for the sake of its lustful
expectations. The development of such ambitions drives communication to be inconsistent,
emotional, and sentimental, so that it is no longer rational and causes a lot of
misunderstanding. This misunderstood communication is the cause of social conflicts that
develop in various spheres of life, in the family, in the neighborhood, in groups of friends in
the work environment, in agencies, in communities, societies, and countries, even between
countries. Individual ambition in its development drags other individuals to form group
ambitions that have similarities vis-à-vis group ambitions that do not have the same
perspective. Inconsistent communication can occur in the communicator element, it can also
be from the message conveyed or it can also occur in the communicant. Based on R.D. Nye's
analysis, there are five sources of conflict in interpersonal relationships, namely: (1)
Competition; (2) Domination; (3) Failure; (4) Provocation; (5) Value Differences (in
Rakhmat, 1985 p. 146). Communicators who have a closed attitude can cause conflict as
follows: (1) Judging messages based on personal motives; (2) Thinking Simplistic; (3)
Oriented to the source; (4) Seeking information from their own sources; (5) Rigidly defend
and defend themselves or defend the belief system; (6) Unable to allow inconsistencies
Communicator causes of inconsistency, there are many variations of causes of
inconsistency although there are always similarities. The character of the communicator is
an abusive desire to be praised, to be above others and to see others as inferior to them.
Coercion and domination become the means of achieving his expectations. The form of hope
is greed or avarice. Athailah, states that no disease will develop in a person except on the
seeds of greed. From greed, officials are dragged to prison, unbelievers become robbers,
fraudsters, mafia, and other crimes. The messages from corrupt bad character owners are
closely related to the content of the message to be conveyed, the purpose, and the media or
means used. This can be analyzed from communicators who are in prison controlling drug
trafficking outside prison. Many examples of communication in everyday life such as in the
case of elections, elections, even in the election of leadership of every organization, party,
mass organization, agency, always found inconsistent communication built. Ambitious
communicators have colored inconsistent messages and media that have caused uproar and
disharmony which eventually becomes horizontal and vertical conflicts. Likewise, conflicts
at the level of countries in the world, such as in the Middle East, are destroyed because of
inconsistent communicators, messages, and mass media and other means of communication.
Messages as causes of conflict Social scientists generally argue that the sources of
social conflict are social relationships with messages that produce various communication
effects, both planned and unplanned, such as political messages, and economic messages.
They rarely highlight human biological nature as the cause. Ross (1993) states that the
various social conditions faced by one of the parties involved in the conflict are A conflict is
usually enough to reveal the occurrence of disagreement. The causes of conflict can be
traced on the basis of the level of organization, and on the basis of the level of cohesiveness,
even on the basis of goals, and the means used. Conflict on the basis of goals can be
distinguished between consensual conflict and dissensual conflict. Consensual conflict is a
conflict that occurs because of a struggle over something of material value, while dissensual
conflict is a conflict based on a goal that is considered to be of immaterial value. Conflicts
based on the means used vary widely, ranging from overt coercion, threats, to persuasion,
for example the persuasion of political parties during elections, or leaders who want to instill
their power.
Media as a cause of conflict, especially mass media, often causes the development of
social problems that lead to conflict, and a bad image on people's cognition as well as on the
mass media itself. The effects of mass media shape the process of social change. Bungin
(2006: 91) views social change as a change experienced by members of society and all
elements of culture and social systems, at all levels of life, either voluntarily or influenced
by external elements. Then leave the old patterns of life, culture, social system, and adapt or
use new patterns of life, culture and social system. It is in this transitional process that the
sources of conflict receive potential reinforcement through communication, both verbal and
nonverbal communication.
Social conflict can be seen in facial expressions, eye contact, glare, body position,
gesture and interpersonal distance. Physical contact often occurs due to the development of
nonverbal conflict. In fact, there are often someone gets angry just because they smell
something bad from the person next to them. A case in point was a principal staring at a
teacher over and over in a restaurant and then switching the subject to another teacher
because she was wearing a leather jacket during the meal, which the principal saw as
unethical. The effect of the incident was a prolonged conflict that resulted in the teacher
moving to another place of work. From this case it can be understood that nonverbal cues
can be said to communicate information about emotions, speech, individual differences and
interpersonal relationships. Kuper et al. (2000), view the importance of nonverbal cues in
communicating emotions from observations. Darwin (1872) argued that facial expressions
of emotion were part of a natural, adaptive and physiological response. Recent thinking has
been heavily influenced by Ekman's "neuro-cultural" model. (Ekman (1972), Ekman and
Friesen (1986) state that, according to this model, basic emotions that have a natural
expression can be modified through learning what he calls display rules, i.e. norms that
regulate the expression of emotions in diverse social contexts. Natural facial expressions are
both natural and learnable.
Nonverbal communication is related to speech. Gestures are basically an addition to
speech that is used as a tool to elaborate oral messages or as a substitute when speech is
difficult or impossible to pronounce. Kendon (1985) points out that gestures as a way of
silent visual expression have properties that are very different from speech, so consequently
gestures are adequate to convey certain communication tasks. An illustration when two
people elementary school children in class arguing with each other, which was then noticed
by the class teacher and both were scolded, secretly even though their heads were bowed
because they were afraid of the teacher, but the child who felt brave once in a while he
poked his friend while trying to show his fist. The child's fist conveys important information
about individual differences and interpersonal relationships. This view implies that gestures
should not be considered inferior to speech, but rather as an additional source, of
multichannel communication that gives trained speakers further possibilities to convey
meaning. The clenched fist shown is an important source of information to understand as it
can escalate speech conflict to more dangerous physical conflict.
Fakhrimal, concluded the results of his research that: (1) Conflict is a threat to the
harmony of community life, even a threat to the disintegration of the nation. The logical
consequence of a plural nation like United States is the proliferation of horizontal conflict in
society; (2) Horizontal conflict is an expression of social inequality inherited by the New
Order regime. Although at the external level during the New Order, conflicts were almost
non-existent and national security conditions were under control, the potential for conflict
was still embedded and waiting for the trigger; (3) The dissatisfaction of the political elite
with the results of the ongoing competition is one of the factors driving horizontal conflict,
so they tend to utilize the issue of sara (ethnicity, religion, race, intergroup) as an outlet for
unaccommodated interests; (4) Many factors cause horizontal conflicts to occur, but the
most important of all is communication. To follow a pameo, communication is not
everything, but everything needs to be communicated. Communication can be a trigger for
conflict to end, but communication can also be a bulwark to prevent conflict from occurring;
(5) The mass media is involved in the vortex of conflict through news coverage that tends to
exacerbate conflict instead of helping the conflict to end quickly; (6) This is due to the old
paradigm still used by members of the press, namely, bad news is good news. (7) The
government tends to use a hard power approach (military force) in resolving horizontal
conflicts in United States, while the community needs a more humane approach and
prioritizes dignity; (8) The incomplete resolution of conflicts by the government, leaving
residues such as grudges and injustice. This situation will arise at any time as a trigger for
conflict in the community.
Lamira's research states that conflicts that occur in various regions in United States
show, among other things, the government's lack of ability to overcome the causes of
conflict. Conflicts arise using symbols of ethnicity, religion and race. This occurs due to the
accumulation of mental, spiritual, political, social, cultural and economic "pressure" felt by
some people. Communication carried out by employees has a very important role in the
function of each informant's position to achieve organizational goals at the Bina Marga
Office. Factors causing conflict obtained from informants such as limited sources, namely an
informant does not know new information, so that a problem arises or different goals,
namely one person's opinion or thought is not the same as the other is a problem that must
be resolved wisely. They overcome it by discussing or providing good motivation to others,
so that the problem is quickly resolved.
Lack of ability to understand the problems arising from the effects of messages that
are often biased and incomplete, due to existing limitations, leads to miscommunication,
misinterpretation, and misunderstanding that is difficult to control, causing conflict. Lack of
ability to communicate the causes of conflict can lead to various pressures in various sectors
of life.
Communication as a Solution to Social Conflict?
Horizontal conflict can be understood as a social conflict that involves friction as an
effect of unhealthy communication, or does not take place as it should, leading to conflict,
even fighting between communities.
The results of Hidayat's research (2010) show that interpersonal communication
plays a role in resolving conflicts in adolescent friendship relationships at SMU Negeri 7
Medan. This is evidenced by the way they conduct interpersonal communication with an
attitude of willingness to open themselves, a high sense of empathy for their friends, mutual
respect, positive and supportive attitudes towards their friends. So, effective interpersonal
communication that is established can be used as a solution in solving problems in a friendly
relationship.
The results of Latif's research (2012) concluded in his research entitled
"Communication Strategy in Resolving the North Buton Conflict," as follows: (1) The
communication climate that took place between the government of North Buton Regency
and the community showed a poor situation due to the application of inappropriate
communication strategies. This can be seen from (a) the community and the frequency of
communication between the government and the community are very minimal; (b) the
communication atmosphere created is always in a disharmonious atmosphere. (2) Conflict
resolution the determination of the capital city of North Buton Regency was carried out
through: (a) a celling effect approach in order to align information and communication in the
community; (b) a narrow casting approach in order to stimulate active community
involvement in every communication process; (c) utilization of traditional channels by
involving charismatic community leaders and cultural traditions that are part of attitudes and
behavior in society; and (d) creating an audience participation mechanism, namely a
participatory communication mechanism carried out by involving the community / audience
in every communication activity. (participation) of the community/audience in every
communication activity. All of these approaches aim to resolve conflicts related to the
placement of the Capital of North Buton Regency. However, in practice, none of the conflict
resolution approaches were implemented by the North Buton Regency government.
Conflict resolution efforts can be done through communication by negotiation.
Negotiation is a skill that everyone uses in everyday life. Fisher (2001:115) states,
negotiation is a structured process used by conflicting parties to conduct dialog about issues
where each party has a different opinion. The purpose of negotiation is to seek clarification
of issues or problems and try to find agreement on how to resolve them. This negotiation is
principally carried out with decision- and policy-making parties so that decisions and
policies issued are in accordance with the common interest and can resolve conflicts that
have occurred. Conflict resolution through communication can also be done through
mediation. Moelino (2003: 99) states, negotiation with mediation, namely through a
negotiation process with the help of a third party (mediator) as an intermediary. Mediation is
a process of Conflict resolution through intermediaries, which are activities undertaken by
third parties, who are not involved in the dispute, to assist the disputing groups.
Dominant elements that must be directly involved in communicating
From the discussion above, both communication as a cause of conflict and
communication as a solution to conflict, it can be concluded that it is necessary to have a
dominant element that is always involved in every communication wherever and whoever
and at whatever level so that the communication benefits peace in competition for all parties
to the communication, in particular and in the comfort of human life in general. The
dominant element that must always be involved is consistency. Severin et al. (2005: 156)
state that "consistency theory recognizes human efforts to be rational, but in achieving it we
often show striking irrationality." This shows that irrational forces color the efforts of every
human being. The power of irrationality is infinite, therefore the power of the ratio will not
be able to achieve it. Irrational power can only be achieved through belief or faith. Faith
gives meaning to the essence of life, and directs life to the highest value of life consistently.
Severin et al. (2005: 155) state that we use rationalization as an attempt to explain irrational
behavior in a way that is rational or consistent with ourselves. We often use tools that may
seem irrational or inconsistent to others.
Consistency is believing in irrational forces in a rational way, through everything
that is physical and non-physical in every human behavior communication. Consistency is
normative, guiding the communication process to the ideal effect that is the hope of all
humans in social interaction. Therefore, consistency is the dominant element that must
always be involved in communication that builds a peaceful social life in competition.
Conclusion
From the discussion above, it can be concluded that in social life there is always peace
and social conflict caused by communication that takes place in various fields of life from
the simplest to the most complex. Peace occurs because of communication that is consistent
with the highest social norms. Meanwhile, social conflict always occurs because of
communication that is inconsistent with social norms and always creates an unbalanced
situation. An unbalanced state produces tension and tension creates social conflict.
Communication Causes of Social Conflict
Kuper (2000: 156) observes that "In general, social scientists seek to understand the
kinds of conflict that take place in the context of interdependent relationships and
institutionalized exchange relationships." Relationships Interdependent relationships require
consistency in the form of regular phenomena that make it possible to predict. This
consistency is the basis for the development of all sciences. Severin & James (2001: 155)
state that the general concept of consistency underlies all sciences. The concept of
consistency in human behavior is an extension of the world of physics into the area of
human behavior. Many humans strive to be consistent in a number of ways such as in our
attitudes, behaviors, and even attitudes and behaviors in our perception of the world, of
people, of ambitions, and even of personality development. Humans organize their world by
communicating in ways that they find reasonable and meaningful.
However, in communicating, humans often prioritize their ambitions. While
ambition is more inconsistent, it often manipulates common sense for the sake of its lustful
expectations. The development of such ambitions drives communication to be inconsistent,
emotional, and sentimental, so that it is no longer rational and causes a lot of
misunderstanding. This misunderstood communication is the cause of social conflicts that
develop in various spheres of life, in the family, in the neighborhood, in groups of friends in
the work environment, in agencies, in communities, societies, and countries, even between
countries. Individual ambition in its development drags other individuals to form group
ambitions that have similarities vis-à-vis group ambitions that do not have the same
perspective. Inconsistent communication can occur in the communicator element, it can also
be from the message conveyed or it can also occur in the communicant. Based on R.D. Nye's
analysis, there are five sources of conflict in interpersonal relationships, namely: (1)
Competition; (2) Domination; (3) Failure; (4) Provocation; (5) Value Differences (in
Rakhmat, 1985 p. 146). Communicators who have a closed attitude can cause conflict as
follows: (1) Judging messages based on personal motives; (2) Thinking Simplistic; (3)
Oriented to the source; (4) Seeking information from their own sources; (5) Rigidly defend
and defend themselves or defend the belief system; (6) Unable to allow inconsistencies
Communicator causes of inconsistency, there are many variations of causes of
inconsistency although there are always similarities. The character of the communicator is
an abusive desire to be praised, to be above others and to see others as inferior to them.
Coercion and domination become the means of achieving his expectations. The form of hope
is greed or avarice. Athailah, states that no disease will develop in a person except on the
seeds of greed. From greed, officials are dragged to prison, unbelievers become robbers,
fraudsters, mafia, and other crimes. The messages from corrupt bad character owners are
closely related to the content of the message to be conveyed, the purpose, and the media or
means used. This can be analyzed from communicators who are in prison controlling drug
trafficking outside prison. Many examples of communication in everyday life such as in the
case of elections, elections, even in the election of leadership of every organization, party,
mass organization, agency, always found inconsistent communication built. Ambitious
communicators have colored inconsistent messages and media that have caused uproar and
disharmony which eventually becomes horizontal and vertical conflicts. Likewise, conflicts
at the level of countries in the world, such as in the Middle East, are destroyed because of
inconsistent communicators, messages, and mass media and other means of communication.
Messages as causes of conflict Social scientists generally argue that the sources of
social conflict are social relationships with messages that produce various communication
effects, both planned and unplanned, such as political messages, and economic messages.
They rarely highlight human biological nature as the cause. Ross (1993) states that the
various social conditions faced by one of the parties involved in the conflict are A conflict is
usually enough to reveal the occurrence of disagreement. The causes of conflict can be
traced on the basis of the level of organization, and on the basis of the level of cohesiveness,
even on the basis of goals, and the means used. Conflict on the basis of goals can be
distinguished between consensual conflict and dissensual conflict. Consensual conflict is a
conflict that occurs because of a struggle over something of material value, while dissensual
conflict is a conflict based on a goal that is considered to be of immaterial value. Conflicts
based on the means used vary widely, ranging from overt coercion, threats, to persuasion,
for example the persuasion of political parties during elections, or leaders who want to instill
their power.
Media as a cause of conflict, especially mass media, often causes the development of
social problems that lead to conflict, and a bad image on people's cognition as well as on the
mass media itself. The effects of mass media shape the process of social change. Bungin
(2006: 91) views social change as a change experienced by members of society and all
elements of culture and social systems, at all levels of life, either voluntarily or influenced
by external elements. Then leave the old patterns of life, culture, social system, and adapt or
use new patterns of life, culture and social system. It is in this transitional process that the
sources of conflict receive potential reinforcement through communication, both verbal and
nonverbal communication.
Social conflict can be seen in facial expressions, eye contact, glare, body position,
gesture and interpersonal distance. Physical contact often occurs due to the development of
nonverbal conflict. In fact, there are often someone gets angry just because they smell
something bad from the person next to them. A case in point was a principal staring at a
teacher over and over in a restaurant and then switching the subject to another teacher
because she was wearing a leather jacket during the meal, which the principal saw as
unethical. The effect of the incident was a prolonged conflict that resulted in the teacher
moving to another place of work. From this case it can be understood that nonverbal cues
can be said to communicate information about emotions, speech, individual differences and
interpersonal relationships. Kuper et al. (2000), view the importance of nonverbal cues in
communicating emotions from observations. Darwin (1872) argued that facial expressions
of emotion were part of a natural, adaptive and physiological response. Recent thinking has
been heavily influenced by Ekman's "neuro-cultural" model. (Ekman (1972), Ekman and
Friesen (1986) state that, according to this model, basic emotions that have a natural
expression can be modified through learning what he calls display rules, i.e. norms that
regulate the expression of emotions in diverse social contexts. Natural facial expressions are
both natural and learnable.
Nonverbal communication is related to speech. Gestures are basically an addition to
speech that is used as a tool to elaborate oral messages or as a substitute when speech is
difficult or impossible to pronounce. Kendon (1985) points out that gestures as a way of
silent visual expression have properties that are very different from speech, so consequently
gestures are adequate to convey certain communication tasks. An illustration when two
people elementary school children in class arguing with each other, which was then noticed
by the class teacher and both were scolded, secretly even though their heads were bowed
because they were afraid of the teacher, but the child who felt brave once in a while he
poked his friend while trying to show his fist. The child's fist conveys important information
about individual differences and interpersonal relationships. This view implies that gestures
should not be considered inferior to speech, but rather as an additional source, of
multichannel communication that gives trained speakers further possibilities to convey
meaning. The clenched fist shown is an important source of information to understand as it
can escalate speech conflict to more dangerous physical conflict.
Fakhrimal, concluded the results of his research that: (1) Conflict is a threat to the
harmony of community life, even a threat to the disintegration of the nation. The logical
consequence of a plural nation like United States is the proliferation of horizontal conflict in
society; (2) Horizontal conflict is an expression of social inequality inherited by the New
Order regime. Although at the external level during the New Order, conflicts were almost
non-existent and national security conditions were under control, the potential for conflict
was still embedded and waiting for the trigger; (3) The dissatisfaction of the political elite
with the results of the ongoing competition is one of the factors driving horizontal conflict,
so they tend to utilize the issue of sara (ethnicity, religion, race, intergroup) as an outlet for
unaccommodated interests; (4) Many factors cause horizontal conflicts to occur, but the
most important of all is communication. To follow a pameo, communication is not
everything, but everything needs to be communicated. Communication can be a trigger for
conflict to end, but communication can also be a bulwark to prevent conflict from occurring;
(5) The mass media is involved in the vortex of conflict through news coverage that tends to
exacerbate conflict instead of helping the conflict to end quickly; (6) This is due to the old
paradigm still used by members of the press, namely, bad news is good news. (7) The
government tends to use a hard power approach (military force) in resolving horizontal
conflicts in United States, while the community needs a more humane approach and
prioritizes dignity; (8) The incomplete resolution of conflicts by the government, leaving
residues such as grudges and injustice. This situation will arise at any time as a trigger for
conflict in the community.
Lamira's research states that conflicts that occur in various regions in United States
show, among other things, the government's lack of ability to overcome the causes of
conflict. Conflicts arise using symbols of ethnicity, religion and race. This occurs due to the
accumulation of mental, spiritual, political, social, cultural and economic "pressure" felt by
some people. Communication carried out by employees has a very important role in the
function of each informant's position to achieve organizational goals at the Bina Marga
Office. Factors causing conflict obtained from informants such as limited sources, namely an
informant does not know new information, so that a problem arises or different goals,
namely one person's opinion or thought is not the same as the other is a problem that must
be resolved wisely. They overcome it by discussing or providing good motivation to others,
so that the problem is quickly resolved.
Lack of ability to understand the problems arising from the effects of messages that
are often biased and incomplete, due to existing limitations, leads to miscommunication,
misinterpretation, and misunderstanding that is difficult to control, causing conflict. Lack of
ability to communicate the causes of conflict can lead to various pressures in various sectors
of life.
Communication as a Solution to Social Conflict?
Horizontal conflict can be understood as a social conflict that involves friction as an
effect of unhealthy communication, or does not take place as it should, leading to conflict,
even fighting between communities.
The results of Hidayat's research (2010) show that interpersonal communication
plays a role in resolving conflicts in adolescent friendship relationships at SMU Negeri 7
Medan. This is evidenced by the way they conduct interpersonal communication with an
attitude of willingness to open themselves, a high sense of empathy for their friends, mutual
respect, positive and supportive attitudes towards their friends. So, effective interpersonal
communication that is established can be used as a solution in solving problems in a friendly
relationship.
The results of Latif's research (2012) concluded in his research entitled
"Communication Strategy in Resolving the North Buton Conflict," as follows: (1) The
communication climate that took place between the government of North Buton Regency
and the community showed a poor situation due to the application of inappropriate
communication strategies. This can be seen from (a) the community and the frequency of
communication between the government and the community are very minimal; (b) the
communication atmosphere created is always in a disharmonious atmosphere. (2) Conflict
resolution the determination of the capital city of North Buton Regency was carried out
through: (a) a celling effect approach in order to align information and communication in the
community; (b) a narrow casting approach in order to stimulate active community
involvement in every communication process; (c) utilization of traditional channels by
involving charismatic community leaders and cultural traditions that are part of attitudes and
behavior in society; and (d) creating an audience participation mechanism, namely a
participatory communication mechanism carried out by involving the community / audience
in every communication activity. (participation) of the community/audience in every
communication activity. All of these approaches aim to resolve conflicts related to the
placement of the Capital of North Buton Regency. However, in practice, none of the conflict
resolution approaches were implemented by the North Buton Regency government.
Conflict resolution efforts can be done through communication by negotiation.
Negotiation is a skill that everyone uses in everyday life. Fisher (2001:115) states,
negotiation is a structured process used by conflicting parties to conduct dialog about issues
where each party has a different opinion. The purpose of negotiation is to seek clarification
of issues or problems and try to find agreement on how to resolve them. This negotiation is
principally carried out with decision- and policy-making parties so that decisions and
policies issued are in accordance with the common interest and can resolve conflicts that
have occurred. Conflict resolution through communication can also be done through
mediation. Moelino (2003: 99) states, negotiation with mediation, namely through a
negotiation process with the help of a third party (mediator) as an intermediary. Mediation is
a process of Conflict resolution through intermediaries, which are activities undertaken by
third parties, who are not involved in the dispute, to assist the disputing groups.
Dominant elements that must be directly involved in communicating
From the discussion above, both communication as a cause of conflict and
communication as a solution to conflict, it can be concluded that it is necessary to have a
dominant element that is always involved in every communication wherever and whoever
and at whatever level so that the communication benefits peace in competition for all parties
to the communication, in particular and in the comfort of human life in general. The
dominant element that must always be involved is consistency. Severin et al. (2005: 156)
state that "consistency theory recognizes human efforts to be rational, but in achieving it we
often show striking irrationality." This shows that irrational forces color the efforts of every
human being. The power of irrationality is infinite, therefore the power of the ratio will not
be able to achieve it. Irrational power can only be achieved through belief or faith. Faith
gives meaning to the essence of life, and directs life to the highest value of life consistently.
Severin et al. (2005: 155) state that we use rationalization as an attempt to explain irrational
behavior in a way that is rational or consistent with ourselves. We often use tools that may
seem irrational or inconsistent to others.
Consistency is believing in irrational forces in a rational way, through everything
that is physical and non-physical in every human behavior communication. Consistency is
normative, guiding the communication process to the ideal effect that is the hope of all
humans in social interaction. Therefore, consistency is the dominant element that must
always be involved in communication that builds a peaceful social life in competition.
Conclusion
From the discussion above, it can be concluded that in social life there is always peace
and social conflict caused by communication that takes place in various fields of life from
the simplest to the most complex. Peace occurs because of communication that is consistent
with the highest social norms. Meanwhile, social conflict always occurs because of
communication that is inconsistent with social norms and always creates an unbalanced
situation. An unbalanced state produces tension and tension creates social conflict.
Communication Causes of Social Conflict
Kuper (2000: 156) observes that "In general, social scientists seek to understand the
kinds of conflict that take place in the context of interdependent relationships and
institutionalized exchange relationships." Relationships Interdependent relationships require
consistency in the form of regular phenomena that make it possible to predict. This
consistency is the basis for the development of all sciences. Severin & James (2001: 155)
state that the general concept of consistency underlies all sciences. The concept of
consistency in human behavior is an extension of the world of physics into the area of
human behavior. Many humans strive to be consistent in a number of ways such as in our
attitudes, behaviors, and even attitudes and behaviors in our perception of the world, of
people, of ambitions, and even of personality development. Humans organize their world by
communicating in ways that they find reasonable and meaningful.
However, in communicating, humans often prioritize their ambitions. While
ambition is more inconsistent, it often manipulates common sense for the sake of its lustful
expectations. The development of such ambitions drives communication to be inconsistent,
emotional, and sentimental, so that it is no longer rational and causes a lot of
misunderstanding. This misunderstood communication is the cause of social conflicts that
develop in various spheres of life, in the family, in the neighborhood, in groups of friends in
the work environment, in agencies, in communities, societies, and countries, even between
countries. Individual ambition in its development drags other individuals to form group
ambitions that have similarities vis-à-vis group ambitions that do not have the same
perspective. Inconsistent communication can occur in the communicator element, it can also
be from the message conveyed or it can also occur in the communicant. Based on R.D. Nye's
analysis, there are five sources of conflict in interpersonal relationships, namely: (1)
Competition; (2) Domination; (3) Failure; (4) Provocation; (5) Value Differences (in
Rakhmat, 1985 p. 146). Communicators who have a closed attitude can cause conflict as
follows: (1) Judging messages based on personal motives; (2) Thinking Simplistic; (3)
Oriented to the source; (4) Seeking information from their own sources; (5) Rigidly defend
and defend themselves or defend the belief system; (6) Unable to allow inconsistencies
Communicator causes of inconsistency, there are many variations of causes of
inconsistency although there are always similarities. The character of the communicator is
an abusive desire to be praised, to be above others and to see others as inferior to them.
Coercion and domination become the means of achieving his expectations. The form of hope
is greed or avarice. Athailah, states that no disease will develop in a person except on the
seeds of greed. From greed, officials are dragged to prison, unbelievers become robbers,
fraudsters, mafia, and other crimes. The messages from corrupt bad character owners are
closely related to the content of the message to be conveyed, the purpose, and the media or
means used. This can be analyzed from communicators who are in prison controlling drug
trafficking outside prison. Many examples of communication in everyday life such as in the
case of elections, elections, even in the election of leadership of every organization, party,
mass organization, agency, always found inconsistent communication built. Ambitious
communicators have colored inconsistent messages and media that have caused uproar and
disharmony which eventually becomes horizontal and vertical conflicts. Likewise, conflicts
at the level of countries in the world, such as in the Middle East, are destroyed because of
inconsistent communicators, messages, and mass media and other means of communication.
Messages as causes of conflict Social scientists generally argue that the sources of
social conflict are social relationships with messages that produce various communication
effects, both planned and unplanned, such as political messages, and economic messages.
They rarely highlight human biological nature as the cause. Ross (1993) states that the
various social conditions faced by one of the parties involved in the conflict are A conflict is
usually enough to reveal the occurrence of disagreement. The causes of conflict can be
traced on the basis of the level of organization, and on the basis of the level of cohesiveness,
even on the basis of goals, and the means used. Conflict on the basis of goals can be
distinguished between consensual conflict and dissensual conflict. Consensual conflict is a
conflict that occurs because of a struggle over something of material value, while dissensual
conflict is a conflict based on a goal that is considered to be of immaterial value. Conflicts
based on the means used vary widely, ranging from overt coercion, threats, to persuasion,
for example the persuasion of political parties during elections, or leaders who want to instill
their power.
Media as a cause of conflict, especially mass media, often causes the development of
social problems that lead to conflict, and a bad image on people's cognition as well as on the
mass media itself. The effects of mass media shape the process of social change. Bungin
(2006: 91) views social change as a change experienced by members of society and all
elements of culture and social systems, at all levels of life, either voluntarily or influenced
by external elements. Then leave the old patterns of life, culture, social system, and adapt or
use new patterns of life, culture and social system. It is in this transitional process that the
sources of conflict receive potential reinforcement through communication, both verbal and
nonverbal communication.
Social conflict can be seen in facial expressions, eye contact, glare, body position,
gesture and interpersonal distance. Physical contact often occurs due to the development of
nonverbal conflict. In fact, there are often someone gets angry just because they smell
something bad from the person next to them. A case in point was a principal staring at a
teacher over and over in a restaurant and then switching the subject to another teacher
because she was wearing a leather jacket during the meal, which the principal saw as
unethical. The effect of the incident was a prolonged conflict that resulted in the teacher
moving to another place of work. From this case it can be understood that nonverbal cues
can be said to communicate information about emotions, speech, individual differences and
interpersonal relationships. Kuper et al. (2000), view the importance of nonverbal cues in
communicating emotions from observations. Darwin (1872) argued that facial expressions
of emotion were part of a natural, adaptive and physiological response. Recent thinking has
been heavily influenced by Ekman's "neuro-cultural" model. (Ekman (1972), Ekman and
Friesen (1986) state that, according to this model, basic emotions that have a natural
expression can be modified through learning what he calls display rules, i.e. norms that
regulate the expression of emotions in diverse social contexts. Natural facial expressions are
both natural and learnable.
Nonverbal communication is related to speech. Gestures are basically an addition to
speech that is used as a tool to elaborate oral messages or as a substitute when speech is
difficult or impossible to pronounce. Kendon (1985) points out that gestures as a way of
silent visual expression have properties that are very different from speech, so consequently
gestures are adequate to convey certain communication tasks. An illustration when two
people elementary school children in class arguing with each other, which was then noticed
by the class teacher and both were scolded, secretly even though their heads were bowed
because they were afraid of the teacher, but the child who felt brave once in a while he
poked his friend while trying to show his fist. The child's fist conveys important information
about individual differences and interpersonal relationships. This view implies that gestures
should not be considered inferior to speech, but rather as an additional source, of
multichannel communication that gives trained speakers further possibilities to convey
meaning. The clenched fist shown is an important source of information to understand as it
can escalate speech conflict to more dangerous physical conflict.
Fakhrimal, concluded the results of his research that: (1) Conflict is a threat to the
harmony of community life, even a threat to the disintegration of the nation. The logical
consequence of a plural nation like United States is the proliferation of horizontal conflict in
society; (2) Horizontal conflict is an expression of social inequality inherited by the New
Order regime. Although at the external level during the New Order, conflicts were almost
non-existent and national security conditions were under control, the potential for conflict
was still embedded and waiting for the trigger; (3) The dissatisfaction of the political elite
with the results of the ongoing competition is one of the factors driving horizontal conflict,
so they tend to utilize the issue of sara (ethnicity, religion, race, intergroup) as an outlet for
unaccommodated interests; (4) Many factors cause horizontal conflicts to occur, but the
most important of all is communication. To follow a pameo, communication is not
everything, but everything needs to be communicated. Communication can be a trigger for
conflict to end, but communication can also be a bulwark to prevent conflict from occurring;
(5) The mass media is involved in the vortex of conflict through news coverage that tends to
exacerbate conflict instead of helping the conflict to end quickly; (6) This is due to the old
paradigm still used by members of the press, namely, bad news is good news. (7) The
government tends to use a hard power approach (military force) in resolving horizontal
conflicts in United States, while the community needs a more humane approach and
prioritizes dignity; (8) The incomplete resolution of conflicts by the government, leaving
residues such as grudges and injustice. This situation will arise at any time as a trigger for
conflict in the community.
Lamira's research states that conflicts that occur in various regions in United States
show, among other things, the government's lack of ability to overcome the causes of
conflict. Conflicts arise using symbols of ethnicity, religion and race. This occurs due to the
accumulation of mental, spiritual, political, social, cultural and economic "pressure" felt by
some people. Communication carried out by employees has a very important role in the
function of each informant's position to achieve organizational goals at the Bina Marga
Office. Factors causing conflict obtained from informants such as limited sources, namely an
informant does not know new information, so that a problem arises or different goals,
namely one person's opinion or thought is not the same as the other is a problem that must
be resolved wisely. They overcome it by discussing or providing good motivation to others,
so that the problem is quickly resolved.
Lack of ability to understand the problems arising from the effects of messages that
are often biased and incomplete, due to existing limitations, leads to miscommunication,
misinterpretation, and misunderstanding that is difficult to control, causing conflict. Lack of
ability to communicate the causes of conflict can lead to various pressures in various sectors
of life.
Communication as a Solution to Social Conflict?
Horizontal conflict can be understood as a social conflict that involves friction as an
effect of unhealthy communication, or does not take place as it should, leading to conflict,
even fighting between communities.
The results of Hidayat's research (2010) show that interpersonal communication
plays a role in resolving conflicts in adolescent friendship relationships at SMU Negeri 7
Medan. This is evidenced by the way they conduct interpersonal communication with an
attitude of willingness to open themselves, a high sense of empathy for their friends, mutual
respect, positive and supportive attitudes towards their friends. So, effective interpersonal
communication that is established can be used as a solution in solving problems in a friendly
relationship.
The results of Latif's research (2012) concluded in his research entitled
"Communication Strategy in Resolving the North Buton Conflict," as follows: (1) The
communication climate that took place between the government of North Buton Regency
and the community showed a poor situation due to the application of inappropriate
communication strategies. This can be seen from (a) the community and the frequency of
communication between the government and the community are very minimal; (b) the
communication atmosphere created is always in a disharmonious atmosphere. (2) Conflict
resolution the determination of the capital city of North Buton Regency was carried out
through: (a) a celling effect approach in order to align information and communication in the
community; (b) a narrow casting approach in order to stimulate active community
involvement in every communication process; (c) utilization of traditional channels by
involving charismatic community leaders and cultural traditions that are part of attitudes and
behavior in society; and (d) creating an audience participation mechanism, namely a
participatory communication mechanism carried out by involving the community / audience
in every communication activity. (participation) of the community/audience in every
communication activity. All of these approaches aim to resolve conflicts related to the
placement of the Capital of North Buton Regency. However, in practice, none of the conflict
resolution approaches were implemented by the North Buton Regency government.
Conflict resolution efforts can be done through communication by negotiation.
Negotiation is a skill that everyone uses in everyday life. Fisher (2001:115) states,
negotiation is a structured process used by conflicting parties to conduct dialog about issues
where each party has a different opinion. The purpose of negotiation is to seek clarification
of issues or problems and try to find agreement on how to resolve them. This negotiation is
principally carried out with decision- and policy-making parties so that decisions and
policies issued are in accordance with the common interest and can resolve conflicts that
have occurred. Conflict resolution through communication can also be done through
mediation. Moelino (2003: 99) states, negotiation with mediation, namely through a
negotiation process with the help of a third party (mediator) as an intermediary. Mediation is
a process of Conflict resolution through intermediaries, which are activities undertaken by
third parties, who are not involved in the dispute, to assist the disputing groups.
Dominant elements that must be directly involved in communicating
From the discussion above, both communication as a cause of conflict and
communication as a solution to conflict, it can be concluded that it is necessary to have a
dominant element that is always involved in every communication wherever and whoever
and at whatever level so that the communication benefits peace in competition for all parties
to the communication, in particular and in the comfort of human life in general. The
dominant element that must always be involved is consistency. Severin et al. (2005: 156)
state that "consistency theory recognizes human efforts to be rational, but in achieving it we
often show striking irrationality." This shows that irrational forces color the efforts of every
human being. The power of irrationality is infinite, therefore the power of the ratio will not
be able to achieve it. Irrational power can only be achieved through belief or faith. Faith
gives meaning to the essence of life, and directs life to the highest value of life consistently.
Severin et al. (2005: 155) state that we use rationalization as an attempt to explain irrational
behavior in a way that is rational or consistent with ourselves. We often use tools that may
seem irrational or inconsistent to others.
Consistency is believing in irrational forces in a rational way, through everything
that is physical and non-physical in every human behavior communication. Consistency is
normative, guiding the communication process to the ideal effect that is the hope of all
humans in social interaction. Therefore, consistency is the dominant element that must
always be involved in communication that builds a peaceful social life in competition.
Conclusion
From the discussion above, it can be concluded that in social life there is always peace
and social conflict caused by communication that takes place in various fields of life from
the simplest to the most complex. Peace occurs because of communication that is consistent
with the highest social norms. Meanwhile, social conflict always occurs because of
communication that is inconsistent with social norms and always creates an unbalanced
situation. An unbalanced state produces tension and tension creates social conflict.
