Running Head: PART ONE AND TWO 1
Parts One and Two
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Institutional Affiliation
Course
Date
Part One and Two 2
PART ONE: Discussion on Free Speech and Hate Speech
1. What is hate speech? Hate speech can be described as speech that demeans or harasses
individuals or groups on account of characteristics like race, religion, ethnicity, gender,
sexual orientation, disability or age. It is frequently used to provoke hatred, hostility, or
prejudice. Hate speech can be vocalized in the form of spoken words, documented in the
form of writings or present in some form of electronic communication (United Nations,
2019).
2. When does freedom of speech become illegal? Give examples. Freedom of speech
becomes unlawful when it degenerates into conduct or speech capable of instigating
violence, endangering the lives of others or breaching the rights of others. For instance,
threatening language towards people or groups and speech that is likely to spur unlawful
actions within the near future is not protected by the Constitution. Child pornography and
defamation are also examples of speech which are regarded as illegal.
3. What exactly is covered under free speech? Free speech is a broad concept that
encompasses oral and written words, plays and concerts, political rallies and
demonstrations. These are protected by the First Amendment of the U. S. Constitution,
which allows people to freely express their thoughts and ideas to the government without
being prohibited. However, this protection is not intact and does not apply to speech that
is likely to lead to violence a threat, or belongs to other categories prohibited by law.
4. Does the location of the speech affect whether it is protected or not? Describe. Yes,
the place where the speech is delivered can determine whether the speech will be
protected or not. The First Amendment usually gives a very high level of protection to
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speech in public places like streets, parks, and public squares (Gorenc, 2022). However,
freedom of speech in public areas such as properties, schools, or government buildings
can be limited. For example, a protest in a public park is legal, while the same protest in a
private shopping mall may not be legal.
5. How can someone turn their beliefs, which might be labelled as hate speech, into
non-harmful free speech? Changing the terms from hate speech to free speech means
that people should use proper language that does not offend other people. Participating in
a conversation that fosters positive relations and expressing opinions on contentious
issues in a way that engages the freedom of speech without fostering violence or hatred
can assist in preserving the freedom of speech and preventing oppression.
PART TWO: Criminal Justice System
1. The consensus model and conflict model (100 words)
The consensus model of the criminal justice system suggests that all the institutions of the
criminal justice system, namely the police, courts, and corrections, function jointly to
carry out justice. It presupposes that the entire society shares a common perception as to
which actions are considered criminal. On the other hand, the conflict model asserts that
the criminal justice system is a system of strife and that its sub-systems compete rather
than collaborate. Laws are regarded as the measures employed by the ruling class over
the subjugated class, meaning that the entire society does not share a clear understanding
of what constitutes a crime.
2. Three main ways of Collecting crime data
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I. Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program: Assembled by FBI and based on the
report given by local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies from across the U. S, it
is an annual record similar to crime rates of reported crimes that get to the police, violent
crimes including murder, rape, robbery and property crimes including burglars thefts.
This is available in the FBI’s Crime in the United States report series (Schmalleger &
Internet Archive, 2006).
II. National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS): It is a survey conducted by the Bureau
of Justice Statistics BJS, which uses data collection forms and is administered to the U.S.
household sample each year. Criminal Victimization Survey, on the other hand, tries to
obtain specific information as to how often and under what conditions individuals
become victims of crime, including the many that go unreported to the police. This is
useful in providing a broader perspective on the kind of crime in the U.S.
III. Self-report surveys: Such surveys are sometimes carried out by the researchers or some
institutions where respondents self-report concerning their own criminal and delinquent
behaviours. These surveys can assist in outlining crimes that could not have been figured
in the overall ratios, for example, petty crimes or unrecorded crimes. The results of self-
report surveys are provided in papers in scholarly journals or research organizations'
reports.
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References
Gorenc, N. (2022). Hate speech or free speech: an ethical dilemma? International Review of
Sociology, 32(3), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/03906701.2022.2133406
Schmalleger, F., & Internet Archive. (2006). Criminal justice: a brief introduction. In Internet
Archive. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
https://archive.org/details/criminaljusticeb0000schm/page/n1/mode/2up
United Nations. (2019, May). Hate Speech versus Freedom of Speech. United Nations.
https://www.un.org/en/hate-speech/understanding-hate-speech/hate-speech-versus-
freedom-of-speech
