Cell and structure
Prokaryotic cell
The type of prokaryotic cell has a smaller size than
with eukaryotic cells. Some pseudomonas bacterial cells only measure 0.4-
0.7
μ
in diameter and length 2-3. This cell does not have organela
Like mitochondria, Khloroplas and Golgi officials.
Prokaryotic cell core does not have a membrane. Genetic material is found in
In the cytoplasm, in the form of a double string (double helix) DNA shaped
Closed circle. "Chromosome" bacteria in general only one, but
also has one or more circular DNA (circular) molecules
called plasmid. Prokaryotic cells do not contain organeles surrounded
by membrane. Ribosomes owned by smaller prokariot cells are sized
The 70s.
The size of the prokariot cell genome is different from eukariot cells. Number of
DNA
The constituent of prokariot cells ranges from 0.8-8,106 DNA base (Pb) pairs.
DNA in eukariot cells has a higher base partner, for example:
Neurospora 19,106; Aspergillus Niger 40.106; Corn 7.109; and humans
29.109. Prokaryotic cells do not all need oxygen, for example on
Anaerobic bacteria.
Eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells have a true core covered by core membranes. The core
Cells contain genetical material in the form of genome / DNA. All genetical
materials. It is arranged in a chromosome. In the chromosome there is DNA
Which is associated with a protein called histony. Chromosomes can
Experiencing division through a process known as mitosis.
Eukaryotic cells also contain organeles such as mitochondria and
Khloroplalas contains a little DNA. DNA form in the two organeles
It is closed circular (like DNA prokariot). Ribosomes on cells
Eukaryotics are greater than prokaryotic, measuring 80s. In the cell
It was also found by other organeles that worked, namely the Golgi apparatus.
On the This organelle plant is similar to dictosomes. The two organeles play a
role in the secretion process.
Cell structure
a. Cell
Eukaryotic cell core on the interfase is surrounded by a membrane.
The membrane consists of two layers of fat (lipid bilayers). DNA on the scattered
core. In a structure called chromosome. Core division of one
Being two core children is known as mitosis. On plants and animal levels
High is known for sexual reproduction. At fertilization, second
The core of male cells and female cells (gamet) melts forming a sigot. Respective
each type of gamet contributes a number (n) chromosomes. breakfast.
Prokaryotic cell membrane
The outer surface of the lipid bilyers of cell membranes is hydroophile, whereas
The inner surface is hydrofob. Cell membrane stability is caused by
hydrophobic strength between fatty acid residues and electrostatic strength
between the edges of the hydrophilic. On the bilayer there is a protein that is
located sinking (inside) bilayer or on its surface.
C.. Cell wall
Bacterial cell walls are rather elastic. Cell walls are not
permeable to salt and certain compounds with low molecular weight.
Normally the concentration of salt and sugar that determines osmotic pressure
Inside the cell is higher than outside the cell. If the osmosis pressure is outside
The cell rises, cells will flow out, protoplasms experience a scene, and the
membrane will be separated from the cell wall. This process is called
plasmolysis.The gram positive bacterial cell wall consists of 40 minein base
scales, including 30-70% dry weight of bacterial cell walls. Other compounds
The compiler of gram positive cell walls is polysaccharides that are bound
covalently, and very specific teikoate acid.
Lisosim is an antibacterial enensy found in egg white and water
Eyes, and can be produced by some bacteria. Lisosim will damage the bond
inter n-acetylglukosamine and n-acetyl acid muramic in Murein, so
Lisosim can overhaul Murein. in cell walls. Broken cell wall
will produce cells without cell walls called spheroplasts. Spheroplas
Very vulnerable to osmotic pressure. Penicillin will work actively against
Gram positive cell walls are dividing. This compound resulted in
Cells grow irregularly. In this case the penicillin hinders the formation
Cell wall.
d. Flagel and Pili
Flagel is one of the bacterial motion tools. The location of the flagel can be polar,
Bipolar, Peritrics and Politics. Flagel results in bacteria to move
spinning. Flagel's compiler is a sub unit of protein called flagelin, which is
Has a low molecular weight. The size of the flag can with a diameter of 12-18 nm
and
It is more than 20 nm long.
Hey. Capsule and mucus
Some bacteria accumulate compounds that are rich in water,
so it forms a layer on the outer surface of the cell called
As a capsule or slimy sheath. Its function for bacterial life
not so essential, but it causes virulent properties to
host. In the formation of soil aggregation, the compounds contained in capsules
or mucus are very instrumental. The existence of capsules is easy to know with
the negative painting method using Chinese ink or nigrosin.
Bacterial classification
Bacteria Shaped COKUS (round)
a. Gram positive cockcycle bacteria (14 groups)
Aerobics: Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Leuconostoc
Anaerobic: Methanosarcina, Thiosarcina, Sarcina, Ruminococcus
breakfast. Gram negative cock bacteria
Aerobics: Neisseria, Moraxella, Acinetobacter, paracoccus (10 groups)
Anaerobic: Veillonella, Acidaminococcus Megasphaera, (11 groups).
1. gram negative bacteria aerobic khemolitotrophic (12 groups)
Aerobics: nitrobacter, nitrospira, nitrococcus, nitrosomonas, nitrosospira,
Nitrosococcus, nitrosolobus. These bacterial bacteria generally play a role in the
process of nitrification in the soil. Thiobacillus, Sulfolobus', Thiobacterium,
Thiovolum is a bacterium that plays a role in the oxidation process of sulfur in
nature.
2. Sheathed bacteria (3 groups)
Aerobics: Sphaerotilus, Leptothrix, Cladothrix, Crenothrix. Sphaerotilus
bacteria
Usually living in waterways. Leptothrix and Cladothrix are
Bacteria that are able to oxidize iron or corrosion causes.
3. Facultative gram negative gram bacteria (8 groups)
Anaerobic Facultative: Escherichia Coli, Klebsiella. Enterobacter, salmonella,
Shigella, Proteus, Serratia, Erwinia, Yersinia, Vibrio, Aeromonas,
Photobacterium.
4. Gram negative bacteria anaerobic obligate (9 groups)
Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Leptotrichia
5. Bacteria Methanogens and Arkaebakteria (13 groups)
a. Anaerobic Obligate: Methanobacterium, Methanothermus, Methanosarcina,
Methanothrix, Methanococcus. This bacterium is a methane form
(CH4) from the results of an anaerobic organic material reshuffle.
breakfast. Aerobics: Halobacterium, Halococcus, thermoplasma. These bacteria
are there
Hold out high salt content and and some are resistant to temperature
high.
C.. Anaerobic: thermoproteus, pyrodictium, desuls ~ orococcus.
Curved bacteria
1. Gram negative bacteria spirail and curved (6 groups)
Aerobics: Spirillum, Aquaspirillum, Azospirillum, Oceanospirillum,
Campylobacter, bdellovibrio, microcyclus, pelosigm.
Azospirillum bacteria including nitrogen bacteria that can be
Associated with gramineae plants including rice plants. Bacteria
Bdellovibrio is a bacterium that can live as a parasite in bacterial cells
Other (bacterial parasites).
2. Gram negative bacteria anaerobic arch (9 groups)
Anaerobic: Desulfovibrio, Succinivibio, Butyrivibrio, Selenomonas.
Desulfovibrio bacteria are one of the bacteria that can reduce
sulfate.
3. Spiro Chaeta (5 groups)
Aerobics and Anaerobics: Spirochaeta, Cristispira, Treponema, Borrelia,
Leptospira. These bacteria are shaped thin and coated threads. Thin and flexible
cell walls. These tacters can move by means of cell contractions according to the
cell of the cell. The cell is 0.1-3 p, x 4-8 p.
Bacteria that include special groups
1. Bacteria that creep / slide (2 groups)
These bacteria can crawl even though they don't flege. This bacterium is always
gram negative. In this group including some blue algae, some
Khemoorganotrof bacteria and some sulfur bacteria (sulfur). Group
The bacteria that become members of the creeping bacteria (sliding) are as
follows:
a. Bacteria containing intracellular sulfur, shaped thread. Example:
Beggiatoa, Thiatryrix, Achromatiium.
breakfast. Sulfur-free bacteria, forming tricoma (fur). Example: Vitreoscilla,
Leucothrix, Saprospira.
C.. Uniselular bacteria, short stem shapes. Example: cytophaga, flexibacter,
Myxobacteria.
d. Phototrof bacteria that move creep. Example: Chloroflexus.
Hey. Cyanobacteria moving creeping. Example: Oscillatoria.
Myxobacteria
Bacteria including myxobacteria have very thin cell walls and
bending. These bacteria are gram negative, and can move sliding. Shape
cells generally elongated (spoel) with pointed tip. In his life cycle
can form a fruit body, which is a collection of cells
berdifrensiasi. Fruit body size is less than 1 mm. Example: chondromyces,
Myxococcus.
2. Bacteria staged or sprout (4 groups)
These bacteria have a stalk-like structure or bud which is
Bulge of the cell, or the result of mucus expenditure. Example: Hypomicrobium,
Caulobacter, Prosthecomicrobium, Ancalomicrobium, Gallionella, Nevskia.
3. Bacteria Parasites Oblated: Rickettsiae and Chlamydiae (18 groups)
Is the smallest-sized bacteria, but bigger than viruses,
That is 0.3x2. The form of pleomorphic cells, can be in the form of stems, kokus,
or filament.
This bacterium is the way of life as a true parasite (parasite obligate) in cells
Other body and pathogenic. His life is intracellular in the cytoplasm and
animal and human cell core. Therefore this group bacteria is
Causes of disease, which is usually transmitted by insect vectors. Example:
Rickettsia Prowazekii, Chlamydia Trachomatis, Coxiella Burnetii.
4. MyCoplasma (Molli Cutes class) (19 groups)
Mycoplasma is also called PPLO (Pleuropneumonia Like Organisms).
Characteristics
that is, it does not have a cell wall, or is the L form of true bacteria
(Eubacteria) or eubacterian cell speroplast form, so it is similar
True bacteria. Mycoplasma measuring 0.001-7. Generally bigger than
Rickettsiae and can be painted with aniline paint. Colony size reaches 10-600g.
The cell is shaped, filaments, rosettes, and very pleomorphics. Can
multiplying with binary division, fragmentation, and
germination. The way of life is as a saprofit or pathogen. Example:
Mycoplasma Mycoides, M. Homonia, M. Orale, Acholeplasma, Spiroplasma.
L or bacterial forms in the form of protoplasts, not cell-walled. It
This can occur due to mutations or made. For example (a) mycobacterium
tuberculosis in medium with low face stress and plus
Lisosim and EDTA, (b) Strain Mutan Staphylococcus Aureus in Medium
with penicillin G.
5. Phototrophic anoksigenic anoksigenic bacteria (Group 1)
These bacteria have photosynthetic pigmented characteristics. There is a Kokus
shaped,
stem, and curved. Based on the nature of the physiology can be divided into:
Familia thiorhodaceae (purple sulfur bacterium). Example: Thiospirillum sp.,
Chromatiium sp. Familia thiorhodaceae / rhodospirillaceae (non-sulfur bacteria
purple). Example: Rhodospirillum, rhodopseudomonas. Familia Chlorobiaceae
(Green sulfur bacteria). Example: Chlorobium, chloropseudomonas,
Chlorochromatium.
6. Phototrophic oxygenic aerobic bacteria: cyanobacteria (20 groups)
These bacteria include Myxophyceae or Cyanophyceae. It is similar
Bacteria are the wall of the cell consisting of mukokomplex, not core walled, no
mitochondria and chloroplasts. Its different nature is that can be a high-level
potential plant, and produce O2.
These bacteria have Chlorophyll A and Fikobilin (Fikosianin and Fikoeritrin).
The single cell form (uniselular), colony, and threads (filament).
The cell can move slid but it's very slow (250 g per minute),
Even though it doesn't fencela. The way of life is free, and associated symbiosis.
Generally it can be moored nitrogen from the air, and it is photoautotrof
obligate. Example: Gloeobacter, Gloeocapsa, Dermocarpa, Spirulina, Nostoc,
Anabaena, Oscillatoria, Calothrix, Cylindrospermum. Anabaena azollae can
Brying with water nail plants, Azolla sp. and nostoc bizarriosis
With mushrooms forming Lichenes.
