1
THE SPREAD OF DISEASE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA IN THE EARLY
XX CENTURY
Introduction
Southeast Asia as a region at the tip of the Asian continent, is considered a safe area from
the plague, but because this region became a stopover for merchants across the world,
namely merchants from China, India, Arabia, and even recently With the arrival of the
Europeans, the region was also affected by disease, but not as severely as in Europe and the
Middle East.1 For example, while the colera outbreak in Europe claimed many lives, the
number of victims in Southeast Asia was not as high as in Europe. According to Antony
Reid, this is due to the habit of the people in Southeast Asia to bathe frequently, in one day,
two or three times in the river. The flowing river water is very good for cleaning the body.
Europeans, on the other hand, are accustomed to bathing in a bathtub for one family, of
course the water is not healthy. In Europe, the water used for bathing is warm water, hence
the need to cook the water.
The arrival of the Portuguese to Malacca, and the Spanish to Luzon (Philippines), caused
people to experience new diseases, which were unusual for the people of Southeast Asia. In
Kedah, plague caused two-thirds of the population to die. In Siam in 1659, smallpox caused
one-third of the population to die. In 1585-1686, smallpox left the mountains of Luzon
empty, with many babies dying.
This can be attributed to the reported rice shortage in Bali in 1633, the drought in Maluku in
1635, and the violent plague in Makassar in 1636, where thousands were said to have died in
40 days.
Because Southeast Asians have a strong belief in mystical medicine, there are many strange
ways of treating illnesses. For example, corpses exposed to smallpox are buried and then
exhumed to prevent the disease from spreading. In fact, this kind of belief will infect others.
Smallpox attacked Southeast Asia around 1614-1686. This was the time when Europeans
came to Southeast Asia. For Europeans, they were already familiar with smallpox, but for
Southeast Asians, smallpox was considered a new disease, so thousands of people died.
After this period, the Southeast Asian population became immune to smallpox, no longer
causing mass casualties, only a few people died. Plague attack diseases in Southeast Asia are
heavily influenced by outbreaks that occur in other continents, namely Europe.
Likewise, the outbreaks of lung disease that occurred in major cities, such as Banten,
Mataram and Makassar, were heavily influenced by the lung disease attacks that hit the
Netherlands in 1665.
The areas hit by the plague were usually large cities (trading ports), such as Malacca, Aceh,
Banten, Mataram, Banda, Goa, Makassar and other trading transit cities in the archipelago.
This is because population mobility is very high. For example, traders from Europe stopped
by India, Aceh, Malacca, Banten, Mataram, Goa, Banda and other areas. Viruses are also
very easy to move (infectious) to other groups of people.
This is one illustration of how the plague process occurs in Southeast Asia. Therefore, it is
very important to know how a pandemic outbreak can occur in the Southeast Asia region.
Regional studies require a total, or comprehensive approach, so that readers get a complete
picture of the Southeast Asian region.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
3
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
5
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
7
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
9
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
1
1
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
1
3
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
1
5
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
1
7
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
1
9
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
2
1
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
2
3
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
2
5
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
2
7
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
2
9
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
3
1
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
3
3
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
3
5
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
3
7
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
3
9
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
4
1
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
4
3
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
4
5
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
4
7
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
4
9
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
5
1
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
5
3
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
5
5
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
5
7
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
5
9
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
6
1
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
6
3
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
6
5
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
6
7
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
6
9
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
7
1
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
7
3
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
7
5
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
7
7
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
7
9
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
8
1
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
8
3
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
8
5
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
8
7
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
8
9
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
9
1
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
9
3
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
9
5
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
9
7
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
9
9
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
1
0
1
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
1
0
3
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
1
0
5
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
1
0
7
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
1
0
9
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
1
1
1
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
1
1
3
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
1
1
5
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
1
1
7
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
1
1
9
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
1
2
1
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
1
2
3
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
1
2
5
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
1
2
7
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
1
2
9
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
1
3
1
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
1
3
3
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
1
3
5
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
1
3
7
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
1
3
9
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
1
4
1
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
1
4
3
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
1
4
5
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
1
4
7
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
1
4
9
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
1
5
1
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
1
5
3
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
1
5
5
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
1
5
7
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
1
5
9
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
1
6
1
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
1
6
3
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
1
6
5
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
1
6
7
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
1
6
9
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
1
7
1
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
1
7
3
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
1
7
5
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
1
7
7
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
1
7
9
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
1
8
1
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
1
8
3
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
1
8
5
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
1
8
7
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
1
8
9
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
1
9
1
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
1
9
3
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
1
9
5
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
1
9
7
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
1
9
9
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
2
0
1
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
2
0
3
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
2
0
5
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
2
0
7
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
2
0
9
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
2
1
1
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
2
1
3
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
2
1
5
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
2
1
7
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
2
1
9
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
2
2
1
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
2
2
3
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
2
2
5
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
2
2
7
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
2
2
9
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
2
3
1
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
2
3
3
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
2
3
5
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
2
3
7
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
2
3
9
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
2
4
1
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
2
4
3
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
2
4
5
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
2
4
7
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
2
4
9
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
2
5
1
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
2
5
3
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
2
5
5
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
2
5
7
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
2
5
9
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
2
6
1
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
2
6
3
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
2
6
5
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
2
6
7
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
2
6
9
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
2
7
1
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
2
7
3
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
The Urgency of a Total History Approach
Ziauddin Sardar said that "history is in the future", meaning that studying history is not only
for the past, if only for the past then history is not useful. But if the history of the past is
used to reconstruct the future, then that is useful history.
The past is used as material for analysis to build (design or reconstruct) the future. Likewise,
the past of the pandemic that has hit the archipelago (Southeast Asia), should be used as
material to reconstruct civilization in this region, so that a glorious civilization is built,
avoiding the threat of a pandemic outbreak.
Civilization need reconstructed. Development should not be left without direction and
purpose. Designing civilization does not only use philosophy, but can use the science of
history, because history provides information about the past. From this past data, the future
is reconstructed. The entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia due to the arrival of
foreign traders or trade interactions, is part of past history.
The material for reconstructing civilization is within ourselves, namely in the archipelago.
This region has human and regional similarities, and also cultural similarities. This region
has a variety of cultures that are strong in protecting foreign threats, both in the form of
ideological threats and the threat of disease.
The power of the past is what needs to be explored in this research. Namely, data on the
entry of disease outbreaks into Southeast Asia, various diseases, and other important events.
Antony Reid, a historian who always uses the "total history" approach, is interesting to be
2
7
5
used as a way of describing (writing), because with a total historical approach, past events
will be revealed as a whole. 4 From small things, he uses them as material for writing
history. Just look at when Antony describes the various diseases that exist in Southeast Asia,
he managed to explain the small things about the outbreak at several points in Southeast
Asia.
Kuntowijoyo explains how to write good history, one of which is by using meaning. Do not
let the collected historical data be presented without meaning, so that the data is silent and
cannot become material for contemplation or thought.
As a prophetic historian, Kuntowijoyo always advised that successful historical writing
transforms scattered data into an important meaning. However, it should not be without data,
if you make it up, it is called a myth. It needs to go through a verification process sources in
accordance with the rules of historical science.
The author of this history of pandemic outbreaks in Southeast Asia, apart from sourcing
primary data, will also use field observations. Some residents who have been exposed to
polio, bubonic plague, and other diseases, so that it can be fully illustrated how the
pandemic has hit this Southeast Asian region.
Koentjaraningrat explains that culture provides an overview of the history of the region, so
that the anthropological approach illustrates how the past conditions were.
Therefore, in addition to sourcing classic texts, this research also reviews research locations.
Namely, several sample locations that have been hit by a pandemic will be used as research
locations, so that a complete picture of how the pandemic has occurred in this Southeast
Asian region. For example, Boyolali experienced the bubonic plague in the 1930s.
Researchers will take a sample of several people, interviewed about the conditions
experienced when the bubonic plague hit Boyolali. Other samples outside Java, for example
in Sumatra and Malaysia, in order to provide a complete picture of the plague that has hit
this Southeast Asian region.
Traditional Medicine Trust and Advertising
For traditional communities in the archipelago, there are several ways to overcome illness,
for example for Muslims who live in villages and still think traditionally and a number of
Islamic boarding schools they drink holy water, white water that is read with prayers by the
kiaiKiyai. There are also events to ward off bad luck, pangeblug, in the kampong, they hold
a meal together and pray. Not only in Javanese society, but this event is also carried out by
other communities in the archipelago, even European communities also believe in the
tradition of expelling diseases with supernatural assistance. They believe the emergence of
disease is due to human actions that violate natural laws.
Chinese people they repel the bad luck by calling the lion dance. The lion dance surrounds
the village, to drive away the plague that attacks their village, because the lion dance is
considered to be able to drive away the evil spirit that brings disease to the village.
The Balinese have a tradition of carrying ogoh-ogoh while marching around the village. Of
course, the way the community deals with cholera outbreaks uses a culture-based approach
and is associated with religious rituals.
Traditional medicines were sold in stores such as in Bandung, a Foekoendin Tabib medicine
store located at Jalan Kebondjati Blok 8 B. Rumah Petok Khoe Hong Thaij No. 83 Tjitepoes
Bandoeng, read the advertisement in the newspaper with the old spelling. The shop sold a
variety of traditional medicines, and was in high demand by residents at the time,
Hemorrhoid medicine, kidney disease medicine or gegindjel pain, scrofula medicine,
Spanish smallpox medicine or patek. Rheumatic drugs asthma drugs or dry and wet, beriberi
drugs, headache drugs, eye pain drugs, malaria drugs and old fever drugs and coughs. This
medicine is all atoeran from hindu and suda dapet letter of approval from many countries.
This drug advertisement explains that traditional medicine can cure Spanish smallpox, which
at that time was a threat to residents. There are many drugstore advertisements in this
newspaper, almost one page specifically for the cheap drug advertisement section, and every
day these advertisements appear in several newspapers, such as De locomotief, De
Preanger-bodem (Utusan Pringer), Bataviaasch nieuwsblad and others.17 Perhaps this was
part of the alternative for citizens who had to seek medical treatment, because at that time
the access to health was very difficult.
Medical Treatment and Dutch Colonial Policy
2
7
7
The Dutch colonial government tried to treat people affected by the cholera epidemic that hit
Java. In the early stages, they conducted research on the source of cholera, and it turned out
that one of the reasons was because the river water used by residents was polluted. It turned
out that ice factories used the polluted water for ice production, even though this ice was
consumed by the masses, so the spread of the disease was even faster.
The Bataviaasch nieuwsblad newspaper published on October 1, 1921 quoted doctor L
Crarner, urging residents to boil water before using it for bathing, and drinking. He also
suggested eating vegetables that cooked, while fresh vegetables, which are prone to typhoid,
are prohibited.
The Dutch colonizers were smart and reactive (fast), so the spread of disease could be
avoided, but the community's trust in shamans and the limited knowledge and information at
that time, so many victims died. A KITLV photo shows a native doctor treating indigenous
people, because usually Dutch doctors were reluctant to go directly to native homes.18
Usually people were gathered in one place, so that doctors could treat them en masse.
The Dutch government also burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Generally,
native houses were made of wooden walls, sometimes gedek (woven bamboo) walls and
roofed with thatched leaves. These conditions were favored by rats, so the Dutch
government burned down houses that were considered rat nests. Dutch newspapers
displayed photos of the houses that were burned.
The Batavia Cholera Bureau reported to the public through the newspapers, how many
people had recovered, and how many people were still under treatment. The Dutch colonial
government was very vigilant about disease, because the threat of disease would attack
themselves.19 The newspaper Het vaderland published on January 10, 1912 described the
number of cholera patients who died, were treated and who recovered.
This free outpatient polyclinic service was not only in Batavia, but also opened in a number
of large cities, even small towns such as Kabanjahe were established polyclinics for health
services. The spread of this polyclinic service was due to the cholera epidemic attacking
several cities, from Banda Aceh (western region) to Ambon in the eastern region. 20 The
Netherlands was particularly vigilant with regard to infectious diseases, which is why public
reports on the development of infectious diseases were made in the mass media, so that the
public would know and be aware of them. This report on the development of infectious
diseases was featured in the newspaper Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië
published on May 19, 1920.21
Conclusion
Southeast Asia, as a world trade route, is a region prone to disease outbreaks. A number of
epidemics have attacked this region, especially since the entry of colonizers (Europeans)
into the Southeast Asian region.
Some of the diseases that have affected Southeast Asia include smallpox, cholera, typhoid,
plague, flu and others. These disease outbreaks originated from the European continent and
was brought by ships sailing to Southeast Asia.
Traditional societies respond to the illnesses they experience by means of their beliefs,
namely holding a bala repellent. In general, all tribes have their own rituals or ways of
performing rituals to ward off bad luck. Each religion also has its own way of dealing with
the threat of disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
The Dutch colonial government made a mass treatment policy to overcome the disease
outbreak that hit its territory, starting from the policy of medical services in a number of
polyclinics and native doctors who went directly to the countryside.
The Dutch colonial government also reported the development of the number of people
infected with the disease, who recovered and the number of people who died due to the
outbreak of the disease, this report on the development of the disease outbreak was so that
the public knew the threat of disease that hit several cities in Southeast Asia.
