INDONESIAN CULTURE
World traffic participates in shaping both the physical and cultural culture of the Indonesian
nation. Cultural traffic concerns these seven elements of culture. History shows that these various
systems (the seven elements of culture are included in Indonesian culture). Therefore, the culture of
the archipelago is basically an open culture because it lives with the traffic that passes and passes
through it. The people of the archipelago strive so that all those who come into contact with them
have a productive, functional, and constructive meaning or value for their lives. Perhaps because of
such a situation, the pattern of system and acculturation has developed and is a staple strength for
the society and culture of the archipelago. Such an archipelago nature makes the Indonesian people
always intertwined with the life of the surrounding community and the life of the wider world. Before
Hinduism entered, there were already elements of Indonesian culture. When Hinduism and Islam
entered, there were indeed many things that happened, namely: acculturation I, not Hindunization or
Arabization, so that our nation in the course of its cultural history never lost its personality character
growing and developing, towards maturity by being enriched with elements from outside. Of the
seven elements of culture; Obviously experiencing changes or developments are the social, linguistic,
artistic and religious systems.
Example: The social system is mainly the birth of Hindu kingdoms in Indonesia. Indonesian
does not know the language of writing, Hinduism and Islam come, develop written languages (Sanskrit
and Arabic) Arts, Hinduism and Islam also bring their arts (carving, sculpture, singing, and others)
Religion, the Ancient Indonesian people who have the belief in animism, dynamism comes Hinduism
and Islam they know the existence of God, the arrival of Western nations to Indonesia also brings
culture and acculturation occurs II. However, from the 7 elements mentioned above. So the three
elements of culture, namely: Technology, Science and the economic system until we have achieved
independence, are still lagging behind, so that is why it is necessary to prepare a development plan
that mainly concerns these three elements. Further discussion will be discussed in the next module.
2. Social Institutions To meet the basic needs of community citizens, the growth and development of
institutions called Social Institutions, is a term used by Koentjaraningrat. Example: The need for
education, the birth of an educational institution. The need for marriage was born, the institution of
marriage was born. The need for property rights was born in property institutions. The term Social
Institution is used by Koentjaraningrat to translate the term "Social Institution". The reason
Koentjaraningrat with the term Institution is because this community institution answers to the
existence of
Elements that regulate the behavior of members of society. Example: In educational
institutions (schools) there are regulations that must be obeyed by every student, teachers,
administrative staff, servants and; others. For example, a student must pay tuition fees, must wear a
uniform. So, in addition to providing lessons, schools are also educated to comply with rules and
norms. The term used by Soerjono Soekanto for Social Institution is Community Institution, because
Institution is the same, with Institution. The definition of a Community Institution is a set of norms,
rather than all levels, which revolves around a basic need in people's lives. Social Institutions
(Koentjaraningrat) is a system of behavior and relationships centered on activities to meet the
complex needs of special needs in people's lives. Example: The savings and loan cooperative in the RT
has a regulation, that the person who can be the member is the resident of the RT. Each member must
deposit principal deposits, and contributions every month. If the conditions have been met, they can
borrow money from the cooperative. Cooperatives are Community Institutions (Social Institutions).
But borrowing and borrowing with neighbors does not have official regulations or official
requirements, so it means that it is not a Social Institution.
In order to fulfill the basic needs of human life above, a forum or institution is needed as a
temp to meet needs. The containers needed to meet these needs include: a. Biological needs are
needed by the institution of marriage Every human being has desires and passions. In order for their
desires to be channeled in a healthy, ethical and moral manner, humans want to have a partner as a
place to vent. This couple is obtained by means of customs, religious (halal) and religious (halal) and
religious shah, so that the impact of the marriage process will obtain a offspring that can be accepted
by the legal community, the indigenous people of the religious law. b. The need to earn a living is
needed by economic institutions/institutions As the accessibility of human life is demanded by a
number of economic needs. The economy can be obtained by the way humans do some kind of work.
From this work, humans hope to get rewards/wages. Both goods and money wages can later be used
as a means of living
Therefore, economic institutions are closely related to employment. c. The need for a sense
of security and protection The association of a number of people in the sense that it is not limited to
a certain area will form a community and between communities will arise a desire to obtain an
economy. From the marriage process and the accumulation of property/wealth as a result of work,
they need security for family members, wealth and safety while doing work. The strongest and most
guaranteed protection is security protection from the government. For this reason, the human
community needs government institutions as a guarantee of security. d. The need for moral
recognition Every human being will experience a doubt, doubt and every human being has a need for
self-esteem and identity. In order to overcome doubts, guidance and difficulties, human beings will
complain to the creator (God). The way to complain to God is according to the religious teachings
embraced by each human religion, so that humans need a certain religion as the foundation of moral
belief. Whether Kitra realizes or not, by choosing one of the religious teachings that we follow, we
have an identity and self-esteem that strengthens morals in the eyes of society and before God. As an
illustration in daily life, humans will be hurt and sad when labeled by other humans as non-religious
humans. e. The need for intelligence The desire to be curious in every human will always appear along
with the development of age. Therefore, every time people age, they want to
Definition of Institution or Institution The definition of institutions and institutions can be
traced through the language approach, cultural approach and state/state approach as follows: a.
Institutional Language Approach (Indonesian) is a translation of two terms/words, namely institute
and institution, both have different meanings. The Institute is a concrete / tangible form of an
institution, for example Semarang State University, State Islamic Religious Institute. Institution is an
abstract form of an institution because it is a set of norms that regulate behavior in certain life
activities. Koentjaraningrat emphasized that community institutions as social institutions are defined
as a system of relationship behavior centered on activities to meet the complex of special needs in
living together. Soerjono Soekamto said that community institutions are a set of norms from all levels
that revolve around a need in people's lives.
The Institutional Cultural Approach has a variety of meanings, ranging from family life to
village and state life. In economics there are buying and selling institutions, rent-lease, credit and so
on. In social sciences, it is known as the institution of marriage, family, association, union and many
more. In political science, there are institutions called villages, states, political parties and so on. Based
on some of the descriptions above, institutions can be interpreted as people's behavior. This
understanding is emphasized by Gillin and Gillin as a social institution which is a functional
configuration of cultural patterns in the form of deeds, ideas, attitudes and equipment as well as
permanent cultural equipment to meet the needs of the community. Summer, a social institution from
a cultural point of view is a form of deeds, ideals, attitudes, and cultural equipment that has an eternal
nature that aims to meet the needs of society. John R. Commons, collectiveactionin control of
individual action. The essence of the institution is action or positive action to do something that is
justified or not to do something, that is, to refrain from doing something that is prohibited. Collective
action, as supervision, means that institutions can also mean regulations that control or supervise
actions together. In control means those who supervise and do together. The general principle of the
institution is supervision, control, and restriction of individual actions by collective actions by
sanctioning violators. In any institution, its members are not allowed to act as they please without
following the rules made together.
Differences between Institutions, Associations and Organizations. Hernes, associations and
organizations are tools used to carry out their functions Bacoum and Zel Chick, institutions or
associations as a form of social organization that have clear differences. Institutions are general and
associations are special. Roucek and Warren, differences in institutions and associations. An
institution is an organic pattern to meet the needs of human beings born with the existence of various
cultures as a fixed (using and giving birth to a structure), while association is an organized group that
aims to carry out one or more institutional patterns (having a formal organization). In other words,
association is a concrete form of the institution. Based on the description above, it can be concluded
that the differences in institutions, associations and organizations are as follows: a. Institutions are
norms that are universal or general. b. Associations are things that are regulated in specific or special
institutions and organizations.
The Process of Growing Social Institutions The occurrence of social institutions begins with
the growth of a bond of relationships between humans in a society. The bonds of relationships
between human beings are very closely related to the needs of life, such as the need for a sense of
security and protection, justice, beauty, education, peace, family and so on. The need for education
then gives rise to educational institutions, such as elementary schools, Islamic boarding schools and
universities. The need for beauty then gives rise to other social institutions such as fine arts, dance
art, sound arts and so on the process of institutionalizing other needs According to Soerjono Soekanto
(1990), that the growth of social institutions because human beings in their lives requires order, so
norms in society are formulated. At first, these norms were formed by accident, but over time they
were made consciously. For example, in the past, in buying and selling, an intermediary did not have
to be given a share of the profits, but over time there was a custom that the intermediary had to get
his share, where at the same time it was determined who bears it, namely the buyer or the seller.
The characteristics of the code of conduct are to reflect the attitude of group life as a
supervisory tool, force an action, prohibit and demand community members to adapt. An example of
the habit of borrowing a friend's book without asking permission first because the owner of the book
is familiar. If the habit of borrowing books without permission is constantly repeated, the perpetrator
can eventually become a thief. So permission is a trait and attitude of life in a community group.
Borrowing without permission connotations stealing. In order not to be called a thief, everyone who
will borrow a forced dip must ask for permission. In daily life, the code of conduct (mores) functions
as: a. Provides boundaries for the behavior of a person/individual. In each society there is a different
code of conduct, because the code of conduct arises from different experiences of the society
concerned. For example: in the Mataram community, a man who is still single when he wants to get
married is required to run away with a girl who wants to marry. While in the Bugis-Makassar
community, taking a girl away is a disgrace ( series ") b. The code of conduct identifies a person with
his group A person is forced by mores to conform to the code of conduct of his group/society and with
adjustments a person is identical to his group, or must be legally recognized as a member of the group
in question.
Empirically, social institutions (local) that exist and develop in society are in fact formal and
informal. The characteristics of an informal institution are formed by the will of the community
concerned, the management is weak, the dynamics of activities are irregular, formed on norms and
values developed on the basis of trust, the management is chosen by the institution is monotonous,
and rejects outside interference. Examples of rice barn institutions in rural areas and Sinoman
institutions. The characteristics of formal social institutions are formed on the basis of outside
intervention (government), there is a legal basis to form institutions legally, the management is
selected on the basis of consideration of needs and the management period is clear, the structure is
normal and easily influenced by outside parties (hegemony). Examples include Youth Organizations,
Dasa Guesthouses, Women Farmer Groups and so on.
Methods of Studying Social Institutions There are three methods of approach that can be used
to study/study in tracing the existence of social institutions that grow in the midst of society. The three
approaches are: a. Historical Approach Examining the existence of institutions is traced through the
history of the birth of social institutions and the development of a social institution, for example we
investigate/conduct research on the birth and development of marriage institutions, family
institutions (batih families) and government institutions (village democracy). b. Comprehensive
Approach This assessment is carried out by conducting a comparative analysis that aims to study a
certain institution in a society that is different in its temp and in various layers, for example conducting
research on forms of inheritance in the royal environment, conducting research on educational
practices in the Special Region of Yogyakarta and in the province of South Sulawesi. c. Relationship
Approach This approach emphasizes more on functional relationships, meaning that an institution
cannot live alone without having a relationship/linkage between one institution and another, so that
in this analysis it is possible to combine comparative analysis and historical analysis. For example,
someone will research marriage institutions, so inevitably
