HUMAN RELATIONS IN THE REALITY OF SOCIETY
Kimball Young and Raymond W. Mack argue that social interaction is the key to all social
life, because without social interaction there can be no coexistence (Soekanto, 2001: 67.)
Furthermore, John J. Macionis (Macionis. 2008:144) states that social interaction is a process in
which individuals behave and react in relationships with other individuals. Based on this
definition, it can be concluded that social interaction is a reciprocal relationship between two or
more human individuals, in which the ideas, views and behaviors of one individual influence each
other,74 change or improve the other, or vice versa. This formulation aptly describes the
continuity of reciprocal social interaction between two or more human beings. These reciprocal
relationships can take place between individuals and individuals, between individuals and
groups, and between groups to achieve a goal. Social interaction is the basis of social processes,
this meaning refers to dynamic social relationships. In other words, social processes are ways of
relating in people's lives that can be seen when individuals and groups of people meet each other
and determine the system and form of these relationships (Soekanto, 2001: 67). So when two
people meet, social interaction begins when they greet each other, shake hands, talk to each
other, or there may be an argument with each other. Such acivities are examples of forms of
social interaction. Soleman B. Taneko added that the characteristics of social interaction
include: (1) the existence of two perpetrators of 75 or more, (2) the existence of reciprocal
relationships between perpetrators, (3) the process begins with the existence of social contact,
either directly (primary social contact), or indir
ectly (secondary social contact), (4) the existence of a time dimension (past, present, and
future) that determines the nature of the ongoing reciprocal relationship, and (5) the purpose of
each actor (Taneko. 1984: 10). The Model of Handling Life in Society Thought, as a result of the
activity of the intellect, occupies a very important and decisive position for human life and even
for the survival of life on earth in general. The results of thought, which contain values, can be
used by humans to determine the direction and pattern of their lives, besides that the results of
thinking can also help humans to survive in adjusting to nature and overcoming their natural
limitations so that humans get ease in meeting their needs. The results of this human thinking
activity can basically be grouped into two models (Widdah, 2012). 76 First model; is the thought
related to the problem of the value system, or the norms of the human system of life, and the
second model; is a thought related to technical knowledge and is mechanistic. The first model
gives birth to a knowledge of human outlook on life (the unwritten laws of society such as
customs and so on) and formal laws or written laws that, directly or indirectly, govern human
beings in living their lives, both their individual and social lives. The second model of the results
of human thinking activities gives birth to technological knowledge which has more clearly
manifested itself in the form of inventions of technological equipment in all fields of life, ranging
from household appliances, medical devices including medicines, office equipment, building
construction, and so on to equipment
for the purpose of scientific and technological development, and even equipment that
can result in destruction human life itself. 77 Furthermore, the result of the first model of human
thought in its historical development, consciously or not, has also bound man to the point of
being shackled in a certain life style, and a certain outlook on life which in turn then affects the
"actions" he performs both individually and collectively in his society. In other words, it can be
said that the actions taken by a person or group are basically a picture and manifestation of their
thought style. Thought Style Reason, as the potential to think, possessed by humans has made
it different from other creatures. Man is not only part of nature, and lives among other creatures
on earth, but, with his ability to think, man is able to realize his life, so that he is able to direct his
life process and not drift in the process of his natural life alone. With his intellect, human beings
try to understand nature, understand the meaning of their life and the meaning of their existence
among natural objects and living beings other than themselves. 78 With his thoughts and
understanding of nature, life and the meaning of his existence, man has concepts of values and
worldview. With his mind, humans have a thought style. Idealism and Realism, first, is a
philosophical view that says that the essence of existence does not lie in the visible and palpable
realm (the empirical realm), because this empirical realm is a manifestation or expression of an
eternal and absolute "being", which is spiritual in nature (Nelson B. Henry, Ed. 1962; 139-140).
So the essential reality for this school is the reality that is "outside" the empirical reality, which
Plato called the term idea (the realm of ideas) that is eternal and does not undergo change. In
contrast to idealism, realism (Aristotle) views that the essence of existence is this visible nature,
which is plural and varied. In other words, that the empirical realm is real (Titus, 1984; 328-331),
it is not a shadow or just a manifestation as Plato said. Aristotle rejected Plato's "transcendental
idea" on the grounds that: 1. The concept of "idea" is so abstract,79 that it is difficult to relate to
empirical reality. 2. The concept of "ideas" is static and permanent, therefore cannot be used to
describe the motion and changes that occ
ur in concrete, indifidual objects. 3. That an "idea" is an imitation or copy of an object and
not a cause of its object. 4. "Ideas" are nothing more than reduplications, useless imitations, and
do not explain anything to the object. 5. It doesn't become clear by saying what you mean by
something is a clone or a copy of an "idea". 6. If we look for the relationship between "ideas" and
objects, then we are plunged into a regression that will never end or be infinite. 7. The theory of
"idea" completely separates the essence or form of an object from the object itself (Ali Saifullah,
tt; 81-82). 80 C. Closing Man views and responds to what is contained in the universe from several
dominant factors in his life. These factors may come from culture, philosophy, religion, beliefs,
community values or others. The breadth of human view depends on the dominant factor that
influences it. The perspective that comes from the culture that has it will be limited to certain
areas in that culture, as well as the perspective that comes from religion and belief will include
the fields that are part of the concept of religious belief. Some are only limited to the present, the
physical world, and those that reach the w
orld of metaphysics or nature outside of world life. 81 Exercise 1. Give an explanation of
the relationship between people? 2. Explain human relations in the reality of society? 3. Explain
about the way of life in society? 4. Explain the concept of Indonesian people? 5. Explain Kimball
Young and Raymond W. Mack's thinking that social interaction is the key to all social life? 82
LEARNING MATERIALS V Dynamics of Global Civilization A. Introduction Civilization is closely
related to culture. Culture is essentially the creation, taste, and karsa of human beings in meeting
the needs of their lives. The ability of human creation (intellect) produces science. The ability of
human taste through the tools of the senses produces a variety of art objects and art forms.
Meanwhile, human karsa wants perfection in life, glory, and happiness so that it produces
various human life activities to meet their needs. Opinions about human nature vary widely,
depending on each point of view. There are several concepts about the meaning of humans,
including homo sapiens, which is a creature that has an intellect, animal rational, which is a
creature that has the ability to think, homo laquen which is a creature that has the ability to
speak, homo faber or homor toolmaking animal, which is a creature that is able to make
equipment (Jalaluddin 2011:77). 83 The discussion of human beings is very varied and unceasing,
due to the different viewpoints used by each person. Some of them have viewed humans as
beings who are able to think, creatures who have reason, creatures who are able to speak, and
beings who are able to make equipment to meet their needs and maintain their lives. Socrates
(470-399 BC) revealed that the nature of man is that he wants to know and for that there must be
someone to help him. It is the obligation of everyone to know themselves first if they want to know
things outside themselves (Tafsir 2010:8-9). Man according to Socrates is a creature who is
always curious about everything, both about man himself and about things that exist outside of
him. There are requirements that must be met to fulfill these human curiosity, namely there must
be help from others and must know oneself
first. According to Plato (died 347 BC) that human nature consists of three elements,
namely spirit, lust, and ratio (Tafsir 2010:10-11). In contrast to Socrates, 84 Plato views that there
are three elements in human beings, namely spirit, lust, and ratio. Humans live their lives using
spirit and lust. Spirit as a symbol of goodness and lust as a symbol of evil, the use of both is
controlled by ratio as a controller. Rene Descartes (1596-1650) revealed the central position of
reason (ratio) as the essence (essence) of man (Tafsir 2010:12). The intellect plays an important
role in human nature, so he said that the intellect has a central position. According to Thomas
Hobbes (1588-1629) that one of the essences of human beings is the existence of a social
contract, namely everyone must respect and protect the rights of others (Tafsir 2010:12-13). The
essence of human beings is that humans are social beings who are characterized by the
existence of social contracts in them. Humans cannot live their lives alone, therefore there must
be mutual respect for each other and mutual protection of the rights of others. These two things
are necessary to maintain the harmony of human life. Jhon Locke (1623-1704) said that man is
born like clean paper, then filled with 85 with experiences gained in his life (Tafsir 2010:13).
Human beings are born in a state that has
no power whatsoever, which is likened to clean paper. This helplessness requires the
help of others to provide experience in their lives. According to Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) that
man is a rational being who is free to act on moral grounds, man acts not only for his own benefit
(Tafsir 2010:13-14). Almost the same as Descartes, Kant defined humans as rational beings who
rely on ratio. However, Kant added a moral role in the use of the ratio, so that human beings are
required to act not only for their own interests, but also to pay attention to the interests of others
in it. 86 B. Description of Human Learning Materials as Civilized Creatures and Civilized Societies
Civilization does not only refer to the results of human culture that are physical, such as goods,
buildings, and objects. Culture is the whole of human cultivation, both creation, karsa, and taste.
Adab means polite. Human beings as aberdab creatures mean that human beings have the
potential to behave politely, morally and have noble ethics towards human behavior. A civilized
human being is a human being who can harmonize between, cipata, taste, and karsa. Kaelan
(2002) states that a civilized human being is a human being who is able to carry out his essence
as a human being (monopluraris optimally) Human beings are civilized creatures because they
are endowed with dignity, dignity, and high human potential. The concept of civilized society
comes from the concept of civil society, from the origin of the word cociety civilis. The term adab
society is known in other words civil society, citizen society, or civil society. Initially, civil society
originated from the western world. It was D
ato Anwar Ibrahim (former deputy prime minister of 87 Malaysian ministers) who first
introduced the term civil society as another term for civil society. Nurcholish madjid Indonesians
civil society (English) with civil society. By many circles, the term civil society can be translated
into Indonesian with various meanings, including: 1. Civil society is translated with the term civil
society, civil means civil while society means society. 2. Civil society is translated as civilized
society or civilization, this is a translation of civilizet and society as opposed to uncivilzet society
3. Civil society is translated as civil society. The word madani refers to the word madinah, the city
where the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) was born. Medina comes from the word
madaniyah which means civilization 4. Regarding number 3, Civil society is defined as urban
society. This Dal is because Medina is a city-state that reminds us of the polis in the 88th era of
ancient Greece. urban society as a model of civilized society. 5. Civil society is translated as a
society of citizens or citizens. The community here is a grouping of autonomous societies from
the state Nurcholis Majid called civil society as a civilized society with characteristics, including
egalitarianism, respect for achievements, openness, law enforcement and justice. Tolerance
and pluralism, as well as openness and law enforcement and justice, tolerance and pluralism,
and deliberation. Muhamad A.S. Hikam (1990) in his book democracy and civil society provides
a definition of civil society as an area of social life that is organized and characterized, including
voluntari, self-generating, self-sporting, high independence in dealing with the state, and
attachment to legal norms or values followed by its citizens. 89 Cultural Evolution and the Form
of Civilization in Socio-Cultural Life Culture has undergone a gradual and balanced development
process that we conceptualize as cultural evolution
n. The evolution of this culture takes place in accordance with the development of
cultivation or intellect in facing the challenges of life from time to time. We can divide the period
in human life into two, namely the prehistoric period (the period before humans knew writing until
humans knew writing) and the distance period (the time when humans knew writing). There are
two revolutionary products resulting from human reason in prehistoric times, namely 1. The
invention of the wheel for transportation Initially, the wheel was only used to lift heavy goods on
the trunk of the tree. 2. Language Language is a sound that is received as a way to convey one's
thoughts to others. Regarding this prehistoric period, there are two approaches to dividing the
prehistoric period, namely 90 a. The approach based on technological results consists of the old
stone age (palaeolithic), the mesolithic/intermediate stone age (mesolithic), and the new stone
age. b. The approach is based on the socio-economic or livelihood model which consists of: 1.
The hunting and gathering period, including the
simple hunting period (Paleolitic tradition) and the advanced hunting period
(Epipaleolitic tradition). 2. The cultivation period, including Neolithic and megalithic traditions.
3. The period of technical proficiency or negotiation, including the tradition of bronze smituang
and the tradition of iron smituang. Another opinion divides the precivilizational period of human
beings into four parts, namely the prepalaeolithic, palaeolithic, neolithic and bronze ages.
Humans are no longer just homosexuals who only want food. Humans evolved from homo to
human because of the culture and civilization that was created. 91 As for the history of culture in
Indonesia, R. Soekmono (1973), divided it into four periods, namely: 1. Prehistoric period, namely
from the beginning of human beings and culture until about the 5th century AD. 2. Ancient times,
namely from the arrival of Indian influence in the first century AD until the collapse of Majapahit
around 1500 AD. 3. Middle age, namely from the arrival of Islamic influence towards the end of
the Majapahit kingdom until the end of the 19th century. 4. New Age / Modern, namely since the
entry of Western (European) factors and Moder techniques around 1900 until now. Civilization is
a stage of cultural evolution that has been running gradually and continuously, showing the
distinctive character of the tahab, which is characterized by certain qualities of prominent
cultural elements, including a high level of knowledge, art, technology, and spirituality. The birth
of western civilization in Europe began with a revolution in thinking. The adab people want to get
out of the dark age (dark age) starting the renaissance. It was through the 92 revolution of thought
that science and technology were born. The discovery of the maknetic leap led to ocean ships
being able to cross the Atlantic Ocean and eventually discover America. Ancient civilizations in
the Nile valley not only produced advances in the field of technology, but also maintained the
social sphere, for example in livelihoods. Egyptian agricultural products are wheat, sekoi or
jamaut, and jam is grains whose seeds or fruits are hard like corn. The role of the Nile River is as
a means of transportation for trade. Many trade boats crossed the Nile. The Egyptians first
established a lunar calendar based on a lunar cycle of 29 1/2 days. They calculate 1 year 12
months, 1 month is 30 days and the length of a year is 365 days, i.e. 12 x 30 and then 5 days are
added. This calculation is the same as the kelander that we use now which is called the year of
syamsiah (solar system). Meanwhile, in terms of writing culture, Egyptian society is familiar with
a form of writing called hieroglyphics. Hieroglyphic writing was found on the walls of pyramids,
obelisk monuments and papyrus leaves. The
hieroglyphic 93 script developed to be simpler which later became known as hieratic and
demotic writing. Demotik is a folk writing that is used for political affairs, such as buying and
selling. Coincidentally, when the napaleon invaded Egypt in 1799, one of his troops found a large
black rock in the Rosetta area. The stone was later known as the Rosetta stone which contained
an inscription and three languages. In 1822, J.F. champollion discovered the meaning of the
contents of the Rosetta stone writing by comparing the three forms of writing used, namely
hieroglyphic, demotic and yunaini. People who are experts in making metal tools are called
undagi. The letters used in the inscriptions found since 400 AD are the Pallawan letters in
Sanskrit.
