THE THREAT OF RADICALISM TO NATIONAL SECURITY IN AN
INTELLIGENCE PERSPECTIVE
Introduction
Radicalism has become a serious threat to United States national security in recent
years. Finally. Radicalism is an ideology that seeks to change the existing social and political
structures, and tends to be characterized by using violent means (Nurlaila, 2018).
In United States, radicalism is usually associated with groups affiliated with a
particular religion, such as groups that claim to be adherents of a strict Islamic ideology
(Sanaky & Safitri, 2016). In the perspective of intelligence perspective, sthe threat of
radicalism in United States is one of the priorities in maintaining national security.
Intelligence collects data and information about radical groups that have the potential to
commit acts of violence and identify threats that could be posed (Salamuddin, 2015).
The development of technology and easier access to information has made it easier
for radical groups to expand their networks. They can conduct recruitment and propaganda
through the internet and social media more effectively. Therefore, intelligence tasks are
increasingly complex and require appropriate strategies and tactics to protect national
security.
In addition, past experiences such as the Bali Bombing case in 2002 and a series of
terror attacks in several major cities in United States show that radical groups still have the
ability to commit acts of violence that undermine social and economic stability in United
States.
In this scientific article, we will discuss how intelligence plays a role in dealing with
the threat of radicalism in United States. In this effort, intelligence uses various methods such
as data collection and analysis, surveillance, information gathering, and cooperation with
other related institutions and organizations.
Research Methods
The research method used is a qualitative method, literature study using secondary
data sourced from journals, books, regulations, and other relevant sources related to
radicalism and intelligence.
Results And Discussion
The following is a literature review of scientific articles related to the dynamics of
threats and factors that influence the Radicalism movement in United States. The dynamics
of United States national security are diverse and complex. There are several factors that
affect United States national security, including political, social, economic, and strategic
environments (Wingarta, 2016). Here are some of the dynamics of United States national
security threats that need to be understood:
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
The Threat of Radicalism
Radicalism in United States has become a very important issue over the past few
decades. The term radicalism generally refers to ideologies or political views that are radical,
extreme, and often associated with acts of violence (Abdullah, 2016).
Radicalism in United States has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but the radical
movements at that time were more focused on the struggle for independence. After United
States independence, radical movements that emerged in United States began to shift their
focus to ideological struggles, such as the struggle to transform the country into an Islamic
state or a state based on sharia.
The earliest radical movement in United States was the United States Islamic State
(NII) movement, thought to have emerged in early 1949 led by Katusuwiryo. This movement
originated from a radical group, and had The aim is to overthrow the United States
government and establish an Islamic state based on sharia (Ridlo, 2019). Then the radical
movement can develop into a terrorism movement. Examples of this phenomenon are the
attacks on church congregations in Surakarta in 2011 and bomb attacks in a number of areas
in 2011.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the current threat of radicalism are also closely related
to Community Organizations (CSOs) that have a tendency to have a radical ideology and are
contrary to Pancasila such as HTI and IDF.
Hizbut Tahrir United States (HTI) was established in the 1980s. HTI is an
organization originating from the Middle East that aims to overthrow the government and
establish a khilafah state. HTI conducts its propaganda through recitation and preaching in
various regions in United States. In 2017, the United States government issued a decision to
dissolve HTI because it was considered an organization that damaged the integrity of the
country (Arif, 2016).
The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), founded in 1998, is also a popular radical
movement in United States. IDF carries an Islamist agenda and wants to implement sharia
law in United States. IDF often carries out controversial actions and often uses acts of
violence and intimidation against groups that are considered not in line with their views. In
January 2021, the United States government also disbanded the IDF because it was
considered disturbing the public and did not have a strong legal basis (Pratiwi & Sriwartini,
2021).
Threat radicalism is one of the significant dynamics of United States national
security and can potentially develop into threats terrorism. Several terrorist groups, including
Jemaah Islamiyah and ISIS, have carried out terrorist attacks in United States and continue to
pose a threat to national security. The United States government continuously strengthens its
counter-terrorism capabilities and enhances international cooperation to address the threat of
terrorism (Salamuddin, 2015).
Ethnic and religious conflicts
United States is a very diverse country with many different ethnic and religious
groups. Several ethnic and religious conflicts have occurred in United States, and could pose
a threat to national security if not properly addressed. The United States government
continues to address ethnic and religious conflicts through dialogue, healing and
strengthening security policies (Harahap, 2018).
Religious conflict can be a factor that influences the emergence of radicalism.
Religious conflicts can arise due to differences in beliefs or views between groups or
individuals from different religions. Religious conflict can create dissatisfaction, injustice,
and distrust of the government or existing institutions, and in some cases, can trigger the
emergence of radical movements.
Radical movements can arise from groups or individuals who feel that their beliefs
or views have been abused or ignored by others, including the government or existing
institutions. Radical movements often try to take extreme measures in their efforts to fight for
their beliefs or views (Iqbal, 2017).
In the context of religion, radicalism can emerge from groups such as Groups or
individuals who view their religious understanding as the only correct one, and any other as
unbelief or deviation. These groups or individuals may feel a responsibility to fight for their
religious understanding and may resort to radical actions as a form of struggle.
However, it is important to remember that not all religious conflicts lead to
radicalism. There are many cases of religious conflict that can be resolved through interfaith
dialog and tolerance. Therefore, there is a need to build interfaith dialog and promote
interfaith tolerance as a form of radicalism prevention.
Transnational Crime
United States is an archipelago which has many busy seaports and airports. This is a
factor that affects security United States national security because allows for the occurrence
of crimes such as trade drug trafficking, human trafficking, and illegal arms trafficking,
which are still related to the movement radicalism in United States. The United States
government continues to increase international cooperation to address this transnational
crime (Gukguk & Jaya, 2019). Crimes transnational crimes often have strong financial
motivations, such as drug trafficking which generates huge profits. Radical groups in United
States can capitalize on advantage of to fund activities extensive and powerful networks, as
well as complete means, such as money, weapons, and equipment advanced technology.
Radical groups can utilize these networks and tools to achieve their goals.
Some radical groups in United States have an ideology that is in line with activities
transnational crime activities, such as arms or drug trafficking. Such ideologies can be a
reason for radical groups to engage in transnational crime activities (Cipto & Iskandar, 2022).
Cybersecurity
With the development of information and communication technology, cybersecurity is
becoming increasingly important. Cyber threats such as data theft, use of personal
information, and cyber attacks can affect United States national security. Government United
States continues to improve its cybersecurity capabilities to protect critical infrastructure and
personal data (Rizki, 2022).
Available potential relationship between aspects of cyber and radicalism in United
States. Cyber aspects include various things related to information and communication
technology, such as the internet, social media, and devices software.
Radical groups can utilize social media and websites to spread propaganda and
promote their ideologies. They may use sophisticated techniques, such as the creation of
attention-grabbing videos or memes.
The cyber aspect can make it easier for radical groups to send and receive
information that is important to their movement, such as attack plans or meeting locations.
They can use encryption and obfuscation techniques to keep such information confidential
(Rozika, 2017).
Radical groups can also use cyber aspects to conduct online fundraising. They can
use techniques that are difficult to trace, such as cryptocurrency payments or the sale of
unauthorized products. In addition, cyber can make it easier for radical groups to provide
training and education to new members. They can use video conferencing technology or
online teaching to provide effective training.
From the literature review above, radicalism can be defined as a thought or ideology
that tends to be extreme and justifies violence as a way to achieve certain goals. In United
States, radicalism is often associated with religion, especially Islam. Some of the factors that
influence the occurrence of radicalism in United States from the aspects of religion and
security are Injustice.
Social and economic injustice. Unfair social and economic factors can lead to
dissatisfaction and distrust of the government. This can lead to the emergence of radical
ideologies as a way to solve social and economic problems.
Then, Government policies. Unfair government policies, such as unfair distribution
of resources, discrimination against certain groups, and repressive actions by security forces,
can trigger dissatisfaction and a desire for resistance.
Potential Radical Threats
The potential for radical threats in United States can be categorized as internal
threats that have the potential for disrupt national stability and security (Dimyati et al., 2013).
Some potential radical threats that need to be watched out for are:
Terrorism
Terrorism is a very serious threat to United States national security. Terrorist groups
affiliated with international organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have demonstrated the
ability to commit acts of violence in United States. They often take advantage of unstable
political, social and economic situations to expand their networks and gain support.
Religious extremism
Religious extremism is an equally serious threat. Religious extremist groups have a
very narrow and radical understanding of religion and often justify the use of violence as a
means to achieve their goals. These groups can influence people's thinking and result in
actions that undermine national security.
Radicalization of society
Community radicalization is also a threat that needs to be watched out for.
Radicalization can occur in various sectors, such as education, social media, and places of
worship. Radical groups often use social media to influence people's thinking and recruit new
members. They can also teach radical religious views and trigger uncontrolled actions.
Social conflict
Social conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts can trigger the growth of
radical groups. Social conflict can create discontent and distrust against the government,
making it easier to be influenced by radical groups.
Intelligence Strategy
The dynamics of the role of intelligence in United States are closely related to
domestic political and security conditions, as well as United States relations with other
countries. The intelligence strategy in overcoming radicalism involves several actions which
include:
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is conducted to understand the resources, motivations, and
goals of radical groups. From this analysis, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
radical groups can be developed, including their organizational structure, networks, and
tactics and strategies. With this deeper understanding, security strategies can be developed
and implemented more effectively (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Information gathering
Collection of Information collection is conducted to identify and monitor the
activities of radical groups. This information can be obtained through various sources,
including overt intelligence, electronic surveillance, and data collection through
interrogation. With precise and accurate information, national security can be more effective
in preventing dangerous radical actions.
Social media monitoring
Social media is often used by radical groups to spread radical messages and recruit
new members. Therefore, intelligence needs to monitor the activities of radical groups on
social media in order to obtain the information necessary to prevent actions radical that are
detrimental to national security.
International cooperation
Radical groups often operate on a transnational basis. Therefore, international
cooperation in tackling radicalism is essential. Through cooperation with other countries,
intelligence can obtain information and strengthen operational cooperation in dealing with
radical groups.
Prevention program
Prevention programs are also part of the intelligence strategy to counter radicalism.
This program includes activities aimed at preventing people from being exposed to radical
ideologies and encouraging them to choose peaceful paths. It also involves strengthening
inter-ethnic and religious tolerance, reinforcing democratic values, and providing training to
communities in recognizing the signs of radicalism.
Radicalism Regulations in United States United States, as a country with a lot of
religious and ethnic diversity, is often faced with the threat of radicalism and terrorism.
Therefore, the United States government has created various regulations to address the threat
of radicalism, including Law Number 15 of 2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of
Terrorism and Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2018 on Strengthening the Prevention
and Handling of Radicalism. The following is a scientific review of the regulation of
radicalism in United States:
Law No. 15/2003 on the Eradication of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the first
regulation made by the government the United States government in order to overcome the
threat of terrorism and radicalism. This law provides a legal basis for security forces to carry
out preventive and prosecutorial actions against criminal acts of terrorism and radicalism.
However, there are criticisms that this law is still too general and does not regulate in detail
the prevention of terrorism and radicalism And prevention and handling of radicalism.
Then, Presidential Regulation No. 44/2018 on Strengthening the Prevention of
Radicalism Handling is a more specific and recent regulation in addressing the threat of
radicalism in United States.
This regulation provides direction for security forces and related institutions in
preventing and handling radicalism, including through education, training and socialization.
Although the United States government has made regulations to address the threat of
radicalism, there are still some criticisms and challenges in its implementation.
Some criticisms regarding the regulation of radicalism in United States include the
lack of coordination between institutions in preventing and handling radicalism, the lack of
socialization of these regulations to the public, and the differences of opinion regarding the
definition of radicalism itself.
In addition, there are also challenges in implementing the regulation, such as the lack
of budget and human resources to carry out prevention and control programs And prevention
and handling of radicalism, as well as the difficulty of detecting and dealing with hidden
radical groups. In order to address these criticisms and challenges, the government of United
States needs to improve inter-agency coordination in overcoming the threat of radicalism,
increasing the socialization of radicalism-regulations to the community, as well as
strengthening human resources and the necessary budget to the public, as well as
strengthening the human resources and budget needed to tackle the threat of radicalism. To
prevention and prevention and handling of radicalism.
Conclusion
Based on the review and problems related to potential radical threats, it can be
concluded that the threat of radicalism is one of the factors that can jeopardize a country's
national security. Programs that focus on poverty alleviation, education, and strengthening
tolerance between ethnicities and religions are considered to be able to reduce radicalism
Reduce level of dissatisfaction with the government.
Thus, an effective and efficient intelligence role is needed to prevent and counter
these threats. Intelligence needs to allocate resources appropriately and work with other
security forces to develop effective strategies to counter the threat of radicalism. In addition,
it is important for intelligence to ensure that their actions are always in accordance with
applicable laws and ethics and maintain public trust in intelligence agencies.
Furthermore, in addressing radicalism, intelligence strategies must be integrated with
other national security strategies. This allows the handling of radicalism to be more effective
and coordinated. Therefore, the government and intelligence agencies need to continue to
improve their capacity and readiness in addressing the threat of radicalism.
