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MULTI-CONNECTIVITY
SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM (SES) OF LOBSTER FISHERIES
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY
ABS 370 – ECOLOGY
SPRING 2024
Introduction:
Indonesia as a tropical country is one of the countries with the largest marine wealth in
the world, the area of its waters reaches 6.4 million km2 and a coastline of 108,000 km (KKP
2020). Indonesian waters have the potential for quite diverse biological resources. The
potential consists of large pelagic fish (1.16 million tons per year), small pelagic (3.6 million
tons per year), demersal fish (1.36 million tons per year), penaeid shrimp (0.094 million tons
per year), squid (0.028 million tons per year), consumed reef fish (0.14 million tons per year),
and lobsters (0.004 million tons per year) (Lasabuda 2013).
Lobster resources are one of the leading export commodities in Indonesia which can be
found in almost all Indonesian waters, especially the southern waters of the Indian Ocean
which are included in the State Fisheries Management Area of the Republic of Indonesia
(WPPNRI) 573 (Rombe et al. 2018). Lobster fisheries in the southern waters of Java are
interconnected and spatially distributed, ranging from the Sunda Strait, Binuangeun,
Palabuhanratu, Pangandaran, Cilacap, Gunungkidul, Kebumen, to Pacitan in East Java
(Setyanto et al. 2019). There are three coastal districts with high lobster yields in Yogyakarta
Special Region Province, namely Kulon Progo, Bantul, and Gunungkidul (Putri et al. 2022).
The coast of Gunungkidul Regency, with the longest coastline in Yogyakarta Special
Region (±70 km) (Maisyaroh et al. 2014), has nine lobster landing areas ranging from west to
east, including Gesing Beach, Ngrenehan Beach, Baron Beach, Drini Beach, Ngandong
Beach, Siung Beach, Nampu Beach, Sadeng Beach and Purwosari Beach. In 2012, the total
production of lobster in Gunungkidul Regency was 88.27 tons per year. Ngrenehan Beach,
Baron Beach, and Drini Beach are beaches with lobster fishery production values that
dominate among other beaches and are spatially close to each other. The production value is
26.23 tons, 6.19 tons, and 9.50 tons, respectively. This production value is almost 48% of the
total catch in Gunungkidul Regency (Saptanto 2013) (Figure 1).
There are six species of lobster distributed along the South Coast of Java. These species
include rock lobster (Panulirus panicillatus) with a catch composition in 2020 of 51%, pearl
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lobster (Panulirus ornatus) of 17%, bamboo lobster (Panulirus versicolor) of 16%, sand
lobster (Panulirus homarus) of 10%, the rest for the type of batik lobster or thousand-spotted
(Panulirus longipes) and pakistan lobster (Panulirus polyphagus) (Suadi et al. 2020). The
high potential diversity of lobster species makes lobster one of the leading export
commodities, especially in coastal Gunungkidul Regency. Globally, the demand for lobster
increases up to 15% per year (Frisch and Hobbs 2012). The increase in demand is due to the
push from the international market (export). In addition, the high selling value of lobster
triggers fishermen to carry out active fishing activities. In the long run, this can have an
unfavorable impact on the sustainability of the ecosystem and lobster stocks in the waters
(Witomo and Nurlaili 2015).
Lobster (Panulirus spp.), which is a clan of the Palinuridae family, is one of the
crustacean class fish resources with the highest exploitation status besides penaeid shrimp
(Penaeus spp.), crab (Scylla spp.), and crab (Portunus spp.), which has reached 63% of its
total utilization (Suman et al. 2017). Nationally, the status of lobster stocks in WPPNRI 573
is known to be over-exploited (Wardiatno et al. 2020). This is supported by studies in the
waters of Palabuhanratu (Nurcholis et al. 2019), Cilacap (Bakhtiar et al. 2013), Kebumen
(Widianti et al. 2021), Yogyakarta (Irwani et al. 2019), and the waters of Gunungkidul
Regency and surrounding areas (Tirtadanu et al. 2021a).
Lobster fisheries are included in the category of artisanal fisheries (small scale
fisheries) which are operated on a part-time basis and carried out on a one-day fishing basis
(Nurfiarini and Wijaya 2019), but are still not well recorded (unreported data). On the other
hand, lobster as a common pool resource and open access, often causes conflicts in its
utilization (Ziegler et al. 2017). The management of lobster resources (Panulirus spp.) which
includes economic aspects, ecological aspects, and also social aspects of the community has
never been mapped before so there is no adequate information related to the social-ecological
system connectivity model of lobster fisheries in Ngrenehan, Baron, and Drini Beach.
Therefore, a holistic view is needed to see the linkages between each of these aspects, in order
to encourage sustainable fisheries development through a social-ecological system (SES)
approach.
Social-ecological system (SES) is a holistic approach between natural (ecological)
systems that are closely related to and influenced by one or more human (social) systems that
form a pattern of relationships (Biggs et al. 2022). In the context of coastal and marine area
management, this concept is very important considering that the dynamics of aquatic ecosystems
and their characteristics, fishery resources, and fishery actors are connected (Adrianto et al.
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2023). This is based on the characteristics and dynamics of coastal areas that are interrelated
between human (social) systems and natural (ecological) systems so that they are able to move
dynamically in the same magnitude (Biggs et al. 2022).
Conceptually, the multi SES connectivity of lobster fisheries in coastal Gunungkidul
will connect and assess between two or more SES connectivity in different research locations
including Ngrenehan Beach, Baron Beach, and Drini Beach. This study refers to Ostrom's
(2009) framework which consists of four SES sub-systems including the resource system
(RS), resource unit (RU), resource actor (RA), and resource governance (RG) system. Many
studies on SES have been conducted such as seagrass SES (Sjafrie 2016), squid SES in
Salura Island (Susiloningtyas 2015), estuary SES (Taylor and Suthers 2021), and coastal city
SES (Amri 2017). However, among these studies, there is no study on the multi SES of
lobster fisheries, especially in coastal Gunungkidul Regency.
The integration of SES connectivity for lobster fisheries is important to study so that
the interaction and influence between one coastal location and other locations that are
spatially connected to the ecological system can be known. As for knowing the cause-and-
effect relationship from the results of the connectivity mapping, the DPSIR framework
scheme is used (Driver / driving factor- Pressure / Pressure-States / condition-Impact /
impact-Response / answer). This study is important to evaluate the stock assessment and
socioeconomic performance of fishers based on fisheries reference point (FRP) indicators
(O'Higgins et al. 2020). FRP includes biological and economic reference points. The
determination of fisheries reference points is carried out on the dominant lobster species
caught at that time in the research location, where the results of the analysis will be used to
formulate tactical decisions for management (Gavaris 2009).
Problem Formulation
Gunungkidul Regency is the largest lobster producing district in Yogyakarta Special
Region (Suman et al. 2019). The demand for lobster in Gunungkidul Regency has increased
from year to year (Djasmani et al. 2012). The increase in demand is thought to be due to the
increasingly massive tourism activities in Gunungkidul Regency, which has increased the
economic value of lobster. This is in accordance with the fact that most of the Fish Landing
Sites (TPIs) on the coast of Gunungkidul Regency are located in and or adjacent to tourist
areas (Maisyaroh et al. 2014). In addition, the abundant benefits from the existence of lobster
resources as well as its high price, can lead to a tendency of overexploitation due to fishing
activities by fishermen (Milton et al. 2014).
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Increased lobster fishing activity begins to appear when entering the peak fishing season,
where the number of lobster fishers and their fishing fleets will increase. This can potentially
reduce lobster populations in the wild, especially those that are spawning (Damora et al.
2018). The existence of fishing pressure is one of the consequences of the smaller and smaller
size of lobsters caught from year to year (Cruz et al. 2013). The uncontrolled capture of
lobster resources and the tendency to increase production, can threaten the sustainability of
the resource. This eventually led to the status of the lobster fishery in WPPNRI 573 being
over-exploited (Boesono et al. 2011).
Lobster fisheries are spatially interconnected and temporally seasonal, shared and
unreported, potentially resulting in data poor fisheries, including SES connectivity data
(Careras et al. 2016). Further information needs to be collected on effort, catch, species, and
fishing grounds in order to effectively manage the fishery for optimal resource utilization.
Therefore, there is a need for a management strategy for lobster fisheries on the coast of
Gunungkidul Regency that can fully and comprehensively answer the challenges of process
interactions, aquatic ecosystem dynamics, community socio-economics and governance
(government) simultaneously to ensure its sustainability (Adrianto et al. 2021).
Framework of Thought
The management strategy of lobster fisheries in coastal Gunungkidul Regency was
mapped using Ostrom's SES framework (2009) which consists of four sub-systems, namely
resource system (RS), resource unit (RU), resource actor (RA), and resource governance
(RG). Ostrom's SES mapping according to Adrianto et al. (2021) has complex interactions
(complexity) with one another, namely: 1) RU with RA (stock abundance and fisher needs).
2) RA with RG (participatory and inclusive approaches such as the involvement of small
fishers in decision-making). 3) RG with RS (maintenance of fishing infrastructure such as
boats and fishing gear) 4) RU with RS (stock and ecosystem integrity). 5) RS with RA
(participatory ecosystem management involving community management groups).
This study was designed to produce a management strategy for lobster fisheries using a
social-ecological system perspective (mapping SES connectivity) and estimating its status.
The SES interaction framework can be described more accurately through the measurement
of qualitative, quantitative and qualitative-quantitative relationships. In this study, the DPSIR
(Driver-Pressures-States- Impacts-Responses) approach was used qualitatively through the
visualization of the butterfly model (Maxim et al. 2009). The DPSIR model is described as a
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causal framework used to identify cause-and-effect relationships between social and
ecological systems (Baldwin et al. 2016). This schematic approach is widely used to
understand the interrelationships between factors in a system that put pressure on ecosystems.
According to Kyamsdal et al. (2016), it is necessary to have rules in the utilization of a
fishery resource, such as data collection activities (monitoring), status estimation through
fisheries indicators (fisheries reference points) (Caddy and Mahon 1995), utilization control
rules (feedback harvest control rules), and management measures designed to meet
established fisheries objectives (Tirtadanu et al. 2021b). In the formulation of management
strategies, the establishment of reference point indicators consisting of limit and target
reference points can be estimated through biological and economic reference points (Zhang et
al. 2011). The results of the management performance are then used to formulate
management strategies through a tactical decision scheme (Trophia Ltd 2011). Tactical
decision is based on the selection among several alternative options (recommendations) with
limited review, but in the long term can be achieved for further implementation (Gavaris
2009).
1.1 Fisheries Integration in Coastal and Marine Resource Management
According to Law No. 45/2009 on fisheries, fisheries is defined as all activities related
to the utilization and management of fisheries resources and their environment, from pre-
production, production, processing to marketing, which are carried out in a business scheme.
Fisheries is one of the important processes that occur in coastal areas. According to Law No.
27/2007, the coastal area is a transitional area between marine and terrestrial ecosystems that
has been limited by 12 miles of territorial boundaries towards the waters and district or city
boundaries towards the interior. Coastal areas have a high diversity of potential natural
resources that provide ecological and economic benefits. The characteristics of coastal areas
are very different from land areas, but socially-ecologically they are interrelated with each
other (Hafsaridewi et al. 2019).
Fisheries management is a function of biological, social, economic, and ecological
resources as interrelated components in order to realize sustainable management (King 1995).
The integration of fisheries in coastal and marine resource management aims to achieve
sustainable management, protect fisheries resources, promote the welfare of coastal
communities, and minimize conflicts between various interests. This includes coordination
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between various stakeholders, including fishers, businesses, governments, local communities,
sustainable fishing regulations, ecosystem-based coastal mapping and management, and
participatory approaches to decision-making (McGinnis and Ostrom 2014).
The existence of fisheries resources is very important because it involves many
interaction processes that occur in it. Fisheries resources contribute significantly to food
security (subsistence) and livelihoods (by selling to the market) for the population inhabiting
the area (Hafsaridewi et al. 2019). Integrating fisheries aspects into the overall coastal
management plan is expected to create a better balance between social, ecological and
economic sustainability. Therefore, it is important to manage fisheries in coastal areas from
various perspectives.
1.2 Morphology and Classification of Lobsters (Panulirus spp.)
Lobsters (Panulirus spp.) belong to the Palinuridae family, which is characterized by
very hard and thick skin and a brushy body structure. The lobster body structure is divided
into two main parts (Figure 3). The first part is the head which is directly connected to the
chest (chepalotorax). The lobster head (chepalotorax) in more detail consists of antennae,
flagella, antennae stalks, antennae plates, periopods, spines, and carapace. Lobsters have two
pairs of lutes at the end of their head that are shaped like a whip. The second part is the body
(abdomen) which is protected by hard skin (containing lime), the body is branched and
perfected with five pairs of legs and a tail fin that is shaped like a fan. Lobsters have a tail that
consists of five fan-shaped and bendable pieces. This part is called the tail (europod) and the
tip is known as the telson which is used to swim (forward and backward) and move quickly
(Phillips and Melville 2006).
Sea lobsters are divided into three groups, namely native lobsters (True lobster,
Homaridae family), sand lobster or fan shrimp (Slipper lobster, Scyllaridae family), and spiny
lobster or crayfish (Spiny lobster, Palinuridae family) (Phillips and Melville 2006). The type
of lobster that is usually dominant in Indonesian waters is the type of crayfish (spiny lobster)
which is spread along the western waters of Sumatra to the southern waters of Java and Nusa
Tenggara. The classification and scientific name of lobster in taxonomy according to Phillips
and Melville (2006), presented as follows.
According to Sukamto et al. (2017), there are several ways to be able to distinguish the
sex of lobsters externally, including:
1) Male lobsters have protrusions at both bases of the third leg that are used for walking, as for
the color, it is translucent white.
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2) There are two paired sheets on the inner side of the swimming legs of male lobsters
while there is only one sheet in female lobsters.
3) Male lobsters have a bulge on the fifth street leg, the bulge is directly connected to the
male lobster's testicles.
4) Female lobsters that are laying eggs can be seen by the characteristics of the eggs
attached to the abdomen.
5) Female lobsters have their fifth walking leg forked into three.
According to Thangaraja et al. (2018), to distinguish the type and species of lobster can
be seen through its special characteristics. These characteristics include color pattern and
body size, head shape, and thorn pattern on the head. Table 1 presents lobster species
commonly caught in the waters of the South Coast of Java, including in Gunungkidul
Regency along with a description of their characteristics.
2.3 Lobster Life Cycle and Reproduction
Lobsters (Panulirus spp.) have two life phases in their life cycle, namely the coastal
phase and the ocean phase. Entering the ocean phase, lobsters will spawn on the bottom of
sandy and rocky waters (Kembaren et al. 2015). Lobster has five life cycles, starting with the
fertilization process of egg sperm and then becoming larvae, post larvae, juveniles, and adults
(Figure 4). Lobster eggs will turn into larvae after hatching, which have different
characteristics from their parents and are planktonic (floating in water). Lobster larvae are
divided into three stadia (levels), namely philosoma, puerulus and juvenile.
Triharyuni and Wiadnyana et al. (2017) stated that the high seas are the preferred place
to spend larval life development in the philosoma stadia. In the early growth stage, philosoma
have limited swimming capabilities. This triggers the larvae to spread freely to offshore
waters due to the influence of waves, so that at the end of the philosoma phase, most
palinurid species are found in oceanic waters or outside the continental border (up to
approximately 1500 Km from the coast). The next philosoma will turn into a puerulus due to
metamorphosis in its body.
The metamorphosis process that occurs makes the larvae experience skin changes but
has not yet hardened and does not yet contain lime substances. The body shape of the larvae
in this stadia almost resembles the shape of a whole lobster. Puerulus will then move to
coastal waters where the process is assisted by water currents (Triharyuni and Wiadnyana et
al. 2017). Puerulus will molt again and turn into juveniles (benthic and sedentary). Juveniles
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are the last stadia of lobster larvae. Juveniles will then sink to the bottom of the water and
attach themselves to the substrate (the shape and characteristics are almost like the original
parent). The lobster will continue to grow until it becomes an adult lobster (Kintani et al.
2020).
2.4 Habitat Characteristics and Distribution of Lobsters (Panulirus spp.)
Generally, adult lobsters can be found on substrates with a coastal bottom dominated by
coral reefs (both living and dead corals) (Frisch and Hobbs 2012) with depths ranging from 5
to 100 meters (Andriyani et al. 2014). Lobsters can live optimally in tropical waters with a
temperature range of 27°C to 30°C and usually prefer relatively cold water (Milton et al.
2014). In addition, lobsters usually experience good growth in waters with dissolved oxygen
(DO) levels ranging from 5-6 mg/L, water salinity in the range of 25 to 40 PSU, and pH
between 7.8 to 8.5 (Amin et al. 2022).
Lobsters are globally distributed from the tropical waters of the Western Pacific Ocean,
Indian Ocean, Africa to Japanese waters (Wardiatno et al. 2020). In Indonesian waters,
lobsters are spread from the West coast of Sumatra to Arafura waters. Indonesian waters are
known to have the largest wealth of coral species in the world. Eastern Indonesia is one of the
areas that is very good for coral growth, which is one of the main habitats for lobsters to grow
(Triharyuni and Wiadnyana et al. 2017). The distribution of lobster is strongly influenced by
the movement of currents (Waluyo and Arifin 2021). Lobsters, as nocturnal animals, will
take refuge between rocks or corals during the day while at night they will come out of hiding
to look for food (Zaenuddin and Putri 2017).
2.5 Lobster Fishing Gear
Krendet (Lobster Hoop Net)
Krendet is a fishing tool in the form of a net framed by a round iron at the top (50 cm in
diameter). Krendet is predominantly used by fishermen in the coastal areas of Gunungkidul
Regency to catch lobster because it is an environmentally friendly passive fishing gear.
Krendet operational areas are rocky coastal areas or craggy waters. Krendet operated in cliff
areas (Craggy waters), generally have the same construction as those in coastal areas, except
that the buoy rope is longer (Putri et al. 2022). Krendet operations are usually carried out
with the help of attractants in the form of bait (small fish and shellfish) and some do not use
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bait. The bait used must have a strong fishy aroma to attract the attention of the target
(Andriyani et al. 2014).
The physical design of the krendet affects the effectiveness and selectivity of the gear
(Efraldo et al. 2014). Krendet has a special construction to catch lobster as the main target
catch. The construction is fairly simple, namely a round iron frame with a diameter of 60-70
cm, a buoy as a sign, rope, sinker, a net body made of nylon with a customized level of slack,
and bait (Figure 5). The net body (webbing) is made of two-layer monofilament PA mesh.
The rope used to string the webbing on the krendet frame and attach the bait to the float line
is PE rope. The bait is placed in the center of the krendet net body. Lobster species are
usually caught by being entangled when walking through the krendet (Widianti et al. 2021).
Therefore, a degree of s l a c k n e s s i s required for the krendet to allow the lobster to
entangle. Entanglement
Renjos is a term used by South Java fishermen in the form of modification of leftover
or used nets that are no longer used. Renjos is categorized as a bottom gillnet set at the
bottom of the water, composed of PA monofilament with a mesh size of 4 inches. One unit of
this net usually consists of several pis depending on the fishermen's preference, usually
between 17 and 22 pis. Generally, one pis net has a length of 25 to 30 meters and a net height
of about 1.5 to 2 meters. Other components are PVC (Poly Vinyl Chloride) buoys with a
distance from one buoy to another of about 90 to 100 cm, lead weights with a distance of
about 45 to 50 cm, anchors in the form of large stones, selambar rope, lower ris rope and
upper ris rope made of PE (Polyethylene), and buoys made of sterofoam (Widianti et al.
2021) (Figure 6).
According to Setyanto et al. (2023), renjos are generally operated by lobster fishers at
depths of less than 40 meters. This passive fishing gear is operated using a 2-3 GT congkreng
boat that consumes one liter of fuel (fuel oil) with a distance of around 2-3 miles. Fishing
operations are usually conducted in the morning around four to nine o'clock. In one departure,
fishermen usually set and haul one to three nets at a time with a soaking time of
approximately 20 hours at a depth of between 3-5 meters.
Ngobor (handpicking) is a traditional fishing method practiced by the southern coastal
communities of Java including in Gunungkidul Regency. Some fishermen still use this
method to catch lobster with scoop net and flashlight. Flashlights are useful to help
fishermen's vision along the sea reef. The scoop net, on the other hand, has a construction
consisting of a mouth, stick, and body (Figure 7). The mouth is made of stainless steel in the
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shape of a circle with a diameter of 50 cm. The stick is made of iron or wood with a length of
100 to 150 cm. The body of the net is conical, made of PE and has a length of 80 cm. The
capture of lobsters is due to the skill of fishermen in dragging or catching lobsters directly
(Widianti et al. 2021).
2.6 Potential and Utilization of Lobster Resources in Gunungkidul
The marine waters of Yogyakarta Special Region (DIY) have a large and diverse
capacity of fisheries resources. Starting from small pelagic fish, large pelagic fish, demersal
fish, shrimp, crabs, lobsters, crabs, seaweed, and others (Irwani et al. 2019). Gunungkidul
Regency is one of the largest lobster producing districts in Yogyakarta Special Region with
an economic value of Rp 300,000 to Rp 1,000,000 per kilogram, depending on the type and
size. There are several bays that are central to lobster landing along the coast of Gunungkidul,
including Gesing, Ngrenehan, Baron, Drini, Nampu, Siung, Sadeng, and Wediombo Beaches,
so most fishermen pursue lobster fishing as their main or part-time livelihood due to its
seasonal nature (Saptanto 2013).
The rocky and cliff-dominated coastal conditions of Gunungkidul Regency are also
characteristic of the karst hills of the Sewu Mountains that stretch from Gunungkidul
Regency in Yogyakarta Special Region to Pacitan Regency in East Java Province (Febriani et
al. 2014). The area of coral reefs on the South Coast of Yogyakarta is quite potential with an
area of 142.5 km2 and an estimated lobster stock of 296.4 tons (Djasmani et al. 2012).
Lobster resources can be found in almost all coastal areas on the coast of Gunungkidul
Regency, including Ngrenehan Beach located in Saptosari District, Baron Beach and Drini
Beach located in Tanjungsari District with dominant catches compared to other landings and
still not much studied.
Seen through its production value, lobster contributes the best contribution of all fishery
commodities in coastal Gunungkidul Regency, reaching Rp 14,237,862,604 per year
(Tirtadanu and Yusuf 2018). According to the Gunungkidul Marine and Fisheries Service
(DKP), lobster production data in 2012 showed that the production had reached 89.5 tons
with a production value of IDR 250,000 per kilogram. About 60% of the total annual
production of lobster in the coastal areas of Gunungkidul Regency is marketed abroad such as
to Canada, Japan, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Thailand (Lathifah et al. 2022).
2.7 Social-Ecological System (SES) of Lobster Fishery
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According to Biggs et al. (2022), SES is the relationship between natural (ecological)
systems that are closely related and influenced by one or more human (social) systems, which
involve various interdependent and interacting sub-systems. According to Adrianto et al.
(2021), social-ecological connectivity can be interpreted as a relationship formed between
humans and nature, being part of an integrated and inseparable system. The SES approach
was developed as an interdisciplinary framework for social-ecological research that is able to
answer challenges and become a knowledge base, to systematically address coastal and
marine resource management issues (Glaeser et al. 2007).
Andaries et al. (2004) defined SES as an integrated model of various interactions
between ecological, social and economic components in a system. These components consist
of (A) the resource component; (B) the resource user component, (C) the resource
infrastructure provider component, and (D) the resource infrastructure component.
Diagrammatically, the relationship between the four components is shown in Figure 8.
Ostrom (2009) proposed the SES framework in order to produce a useful system
classification of small-scale fisheries governance processes and outcomes. The framework
shows how a community can manage its natural resources sustainably without topdown
government intervention. The SES sub-systems in Ostrom's (2009) SES framework consist of
resources system (RS), resources unit ( RU), resources governance (RG), resources actor
( RA), interaction (I), and outcome (O) (Figure 9). Resources system is an ecosystem area in
which there are various kinds of living resources (biotic and abiotic) that form a system that
needs each other. Resources unit is a biotic resource unit located in an ecosystem, whose
existence can be utilized by resource users. Resources actor is a party that becomes an actor
in utilizing existing resources to benefit from the economic side. Resources governance is a
system of governance in the form of a series of processes, rules, policies, and institutions that
influence the management and control of an activity related to the existence and sustainability
of resources (Cox et al. 2016). All of these sub-systems lead to an interaction
and produces outputs, thus creating feedback.
Adrianto (2023); Ostrom (2009); and Anderies et al. (2004), further illustrates through
a modified picture according to the three of them the complexity of SES as shown in Figure
10. The picture shows that there are four sub-systems of SES, namely: (A) Resources system,
(B) Resources unit, (C) Resources actor, and (D) Resources governance, as well as Interaction
that produces an outcome. The four sub-systems influence each other from the interaction
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process that occurs.
SES multi-connectivity basically has the same conceptual framework as Ostrom's
(2009) SES framework. The differences can be seen in Through data collection, presentation
and processing techniques that integrate SES concepts in two or more different research
locations, the process of interaction and connection that occurs at the same time can be seen.
This is in order to assess how far the findings on one connectivity can be drawn towards other
connectivities. Multiple connectivities are often necessary, due to assessment processes that
operate on different characteristics. The prevalence and importance of interactions between
study sites is done to control for observed patterns and behaviors and try to understand the
effects of these interactions. It is important to ensure that the findings in each study are
comparable from study to study (Scholes et al. 2013).
2.8 DPSIR Framework Model
The DPSIR (Driver-Pressure-States-Impact-Response) framework model was first
introduced by the European Environment Agency (EEA), aiming to identify cause-and-effect
relationships (influential aspects) of the interaction processes that occur in a system (Baldwin
et al. 2016). DPSIR is a widely used model to identify indicators of development pressure
due to changes in social, economic and ecological factors over a period of time. The DPSIR
model can also be utilized in the context of complex fisheries management issues due to
habitat destruction or species decline associated with socioeconomic activities at spatial and
temporal scales (Gregory et al. 2013).
This DPSIR approach describes the relationship of drivers that will cause pressure,
resulting in a state and impact on the ecosystem, which in turn requires a response for policy
making (Virapongse and Alessa 2016). Quantitatively, the DPSIR framework needs to be
developed with other analyses such as social-ecological network analysis (SENA) and
evaluation of fisheries management reference points, which are integrated into a dynamic
optimization model for sustainable fisheries action. The components in DPSIR are laid out
according to their roles in Figure 11, where the visualization of the results is presented in the
form of a butterfly model as shown in Figure 12:
1. Drivers are social, economic factors and their activities that put pressure on the environment
to perform actions or activities. Activities to fulfill these needs produce pressure on the
environment.
2. Pressures are activities that are carried out to fulfill needs.
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3. States or conditions are changes in circumstances as a result of the pressure. The result of
pressure is a change in state such as the exploitation of natural resources.
4. Impact is what is caused by these environmental changes, such as environmental degradation.
5. Response is a reaction or action taken, this can be in the form of implications of natural
resource management policies.
2.9 Fisheries References Point
Determining the fisheries reference point is an important step before moving to the
harvest strategy stage. Harvest strategy (HS) is a framework that defines management
actions for fisheries at the stock or management unit level to achieve ecological objectives
(Dowling et al. 2015). These fishery reference points are benchmarked by scientists and used
by fishery managers to compare the current status of a fishery stock to a desired or undesired
state (Brooks et al. 2010).
The many technical reference points that have been proposed for rational exploitation
of fisheries resources can be placed in two categories, namely Target References Point (TRP)
and Limit References Point (LRP). The number that becomes the safe reference or goal in
fisheries management in the context of fisheries resource utilization is called the target
references point. The reference point that must be avoided (danger number) which if
exceeded will cause overfishing conditions is called the limit reference point (Caddy and
Mahon 1995). The limit reference point (LRP) can be said to be the point at which fishing
activities are no longer sustainable, if exceeded it will lead to an undesirable state of the
fishery. The development of the fishery must be stopped before reaching the limit, or if it is
accidentally reached, there needs to be corrective action that can be taken (Ernawati et al.
2019).
Caddy and Mahon (1995) mentioned that determining TRPs and LRPs requires active
monitoring and continuous readjustment of management actions at appropriate time scales
(usually annual). TRPs and LRPs should be based on the biological condition of the stock as
well as ecological, social, and economic considerations. Between the TRP and LRP, there is a
buffer zone to account for uncertainty (Carreras et al. 2016). The buffer between targets and
limits should be larger for more biologically vulnerable fish stocks.
Biological reference point (BPR)
BRP is a term used to describe stock status through biological parameters as the basis
14
for fisheries management (Ernawati et al. 2019). Biological benchmarks are used to estimate
stock abundance or fishing mortality rates of fish resources in determining their utilization
status (Ernawati et al. 2014). Biological benchmarks include the capture index value per unit
effort and or the spawning potential ratio that considers the best catch to ensure the
management of fisheries resources. The data used to estimate LB-SPR (length based-
spawning potential ratio) is the frequency of carapace length as a necessary input in small-
scale fisheries management, especially from the crustacean class.
According to Hordyk (2014), there are several advantages of the LB- SPR approach
including: (1) length data is an easy and inexpensive data analysis in the collection process
compared to age data of a fishery species, (2) there is not much variation in mortality risk and
species growth, (3) the determination of biological management reference values should be
They are easy, fast, inexpensive, and can be widely implemented as the basis for expected
management or in other words, can provide positive input for resource management
(Dowling et al. 2014). It should be noted, however, that these biological reference values
cannot provide any management action even though they are included in a systematic
approach to identify the status of fisheries (Hordyk et al. 2014). Therefore, it needs to be
further developed through practical application of harvest control rule (HCR) feedback that
can respond to fishery dynamics by translating the current status of the fishery into more
specific fishery management actions (Harlyan et al. 2019).
A. Spawning potential ratio (SPR)
SPR is an index of the relative rate of production in an exploited stock. The estimated
SPR is used as a biological reference number to ascertain the state of the fishery resource
stock in its fishing grounds (Hordyk et al. 2015). SPR can also be defined as the ratio
between the reproductive potential of a resource stock before and after interacting with
fishing activities at various scales (Prince et al. 2015). This method is recommended to be
applied to limited fisheries data (Brooks et al. 2010). The length-based stock assessment
method, which is supported by spawning potential ratio (SPR) assessment, can be used as an
alternative to estimating the stock condition of fish resources (Jardim et al. 2015).
B. Trends in catch per-unit of effort (CPUE)
CPUE is the ratio between catch and fishing effort. The trend of CPUE is one
illustration of the condition of a fishery (Gulland 1983). CPUE plays an important role so that
15
the availability of good information is the key to accuracy in determining the value of the
target reference number (Ikhwanuddin et al. 2014). The increasing trend of CPUE indicates
the level of utilization of fishery resources that are still at the developing stage, while the flat
condition illustrates the level of utilization that has approached the point of saturation of
effort. Finally, when the CPUE trend value decreases, this indicates that the level of resource
exploitation if left unchecked will lead to a situation called overfishing (Frisch and Hobbs
2012).
Economic reference point
Economic reference points are values used as reference points based on economic
parameters or aspects (Witomo et al. 2022). The estimation of economic parameters utilizes
time series data on catch, fishing effort, price per kilogram of lobster, and cost per unit effort.
The economic reference number is estimated based on the value of RPUE (revenue per unit
effort) or total net revenue in one fishing trip. RPUE is one of the bioeconomic indicators
based on an empirical approach, a variation of the limit reference point (LRP) (Caddy and
Mahon 1995). Via With this RPUE calculation, fishers' income can be estimated based on the
amount of catch per effort and the current commodity price (Lestari et al. 2023).
It takes a capital or cost in estimating the calculation of lobster catching business
analysis before finally obtaining gross income and profit (profit). Capital or investment costs
are an important factor that is the main means for the smooth production process in order to
obtain maximum profit with minimum expenditure costs (Maisyaroh et al. 2014). This is
reinforced by Febriani et al. (2014), that a business definitely needs initial capital to start the
business. Capital can be said to be successful if it is able to provide economic benefits for the
perpetrator. Costs are expenses of a business that are generally calculated for one year. Costs
are divided into two, namely fixed costs and non-fixed (variable) costs. The sum of fixed
costs and non-fixed costs will obtain the total cost. The profit from the lobster catching
business is obtained by reducing the revenue from the sale of lobster production with the total
costs incurred. Profits can be maximized by reducing operational costs (Cruz et al. 2013).
Harvest control rule (HCR)
The application of HCR feedback is a successful fishing strategy practiced in Japanese
fisheries management and is relatively simple in practice, with no need to estimate fish stock
biomass (Ichinokawa et al. 2017). HCR is used after stock assessment to determine the
desired amount of catch. Basically, it considers the trend of stock abundance indicators in
16
determining the allowable biological catch (ABC) and allowable biological effort (ABE),
which can then serve as the basis for setting fishing quotas (Harlyan et al. 2019). Feedback
HCR was first introduced in 1997 as a fisheries management instrument (tool) that can
provide scientific recommendations for annual catch quotas or allowable catch amounts
(ATCs) by taking into account previous stock abundance to obtain catches in the coming year
(Ichinokawa et al. 2017).
Harvest control rules provide an automatic management response when a reference
point value is reached (Zhang et al. 2011). In a feedback strategy, the fish resource is
assumed to be a control system with stock abundance as input and catch quota as output, so
that the amount of catch quota is set close to stock abundance (Jardim et al. 2015). The results
of all HCRs provide biologically safe annual TAC (total allowable catch) values because
they apply a precautionary approach to avoid overfishing. Therefore, the application of
feedback HCRs in multi-species fisheries needs to be documented. This aims to validate its
use as a sustainable initial management in data-poor cases.
2.10 Management Efforts and Tactical Decision Strategies
Management plans generally include a mix of policy principles, forms of management
measures, and monitoring and compliance that will be used to regulate fisheries, such as the
nature of access rights, allocation of resources to stakeholders, control over inputs (e.g.
fishing capacity and gear regulations), outputs (e.g. quotas and minimum size at landing), and
restrictions on fishing operations (e.g. season and fishing area closures) (Cadrin and Dickey-
Collas 2015). This fisheries management aims to ensure the sustainability of resource
utilization in order to meet the needs of animal protein from fishery products and
economically improve the welfare of the community.
In principle, fisheries resource management measures can be categorized as control of
fishing and control of fishing effort (Walters and Martell 2004). Fisheries management should
introduce the maintenance of the quality, diversity, and availability of fisheries resources in
an acceptable manner for current and future generations in the context of food security,
poverty alleviation, and sustainable development. These management measures are actions
taken through management plans such as a combination of policies, regulations, and
management approaches adopted by the managing authority to achieve the established Joint
objectives.
According to Gavaris (2009), there are two types of decisions for management, namely,
17
tactical decisions (identifying an acceptable level of management of the reference) and
strategic decisions (building a reference suitable for pressure). Strategic decisions must be
able to fulfill the comparison of the attributes obtained with the selected alternative
recommendations (Figure 13). The overall objective of strategic decision making is to sort
out among several strategic alternatives, so that long-term fisheries management objectives
can be achieved (Gavaris 2009).
The tactical decision approach is an action chosen in determining an arrangement in
order to tactically achieve a strategic plan (Trophia Ltd 2011). Tactical decision-making is
based on choosing among several alternatives with short time considerations and limited
review (considerations tend to be short-term) for implementation planning. The reference or
preferred alternative may be updated periodically as changes are detected or alternative
models are discovered that better describe the relationship between attributes and pressure
references (Gavaris 2009) (Figure 14).
3.1 Time and Place of Research
The research was conducted from November 2022 to February 2023 on the coast of
Gunungkidul Regency, Yogyakarta Special Region Province. The research was conducted at
three lobster landing sites including Ngrenehan Beach, Baron Beach, and Drini Beach which
are administratively located in three villages and two sub-districts. Ngrenehan Fish Landing
Site (PPI) is located at Ngrenehan Beach, Kanigoro Village, Saptosari District, Gunungkidul
Regency. Baron Fish Landing Base (PPI) is located at Baron Beach, Kemadang Village,
Tanjungsari District, Gunungkidul Regency. Drini Fish Landing Site is located at Drini
Beach, Banjarejo Village, Tanjungsari District, Gunungkidul Regency (Figure 16).
3.2 Tools and Materials
This research requires tools and materials from data collection to processing (Table 2).
The application software used in this research is Microsoft excel 2016 for processing lobster
biological parameter data and interview results. ArcGis software version 10.7 to present the
results of lobster fishing area mapping, FiSAT II to estimate lobster biological parameters,
DIA diagram editor, R studio software and RAWGraphs.io for analysis and visualization of
the SENA (Social-Ecological Network Analysis) model.
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3.3 Data Collection
The types of data required in this study are primary and secondary data. Primary data
were obtained through direct observation, indepth interviews, and focus group discussions
(FGDs) in the field using questionnaires with fishermen and lobster collectors (Appendix 1
and 2) in each research location as well as with elements of the Marine and Fisheries Service
(DKP) of Gunungkidul Regency and Yogyakarta Special Region Province. Secondary data
collected can come from national and international scientific journals, regional statistical
books of DKP Gunungkidul District, maps, photos, and documents or laws and regulations
related to lobster fisheries.
Aquatic ecological parameter data
Measurement of water quality data was conducted in November 2022 at each research
location, the waters of Gunungkidul Regency, Yogyakarta. Data collection on habitat
characteristics of lobster fishing areas was carried out by taking water and substrate samples
at the three research locations, namely Ngrenehan, Baron and Drini Beach. Location
determination was carried out in the lobster fishing area based on information from fishermen
who were considered safe, not too close to the coast and cliffs and not too far into the middle
of the water, while the sampling time was carried out in the morning because at that time, the
waters had not been exposed to interference from activities around the coast (human
activities). Water quality parameter data needed in this study can be seen in Table 4.
Lobster biological parameter data
Data collection of biological parameters was obtained by measuring lobster caught by
fishermen landed at each of the three beach locations (Ngrenehan Beach, Baron Beach, and
Drini Beach) along the coast of Gungkidul Regency in a census of rock lobster species. The
selection of rock lobster species was carried out because it was the dominant species caught
during the study. Another consideration is that as the key to determining the fishing reference
number, the selected species must have important economic value, wide habitat distribution,
and diverse types and sizes. Lobster has one of the demersal characteristics, namely relatively
low movement activity, especially when entering the adult phase. This trait results in low
resistance to fishing pressure.
Lobster population collection was conducted over a period of three months (from
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November 2022 to January 2023) at lobster collecting locations (warehouses) or lobster
collecting houses, namely one large collector at Baron Beach and two collectors at each of
Ngrenehan and Drini Beach. Lobster data collection was obtained from all lobsters landed on
each beach with different trips, while the lobsters were available or not yet sold (export).
Lobster biometric measurements include measurements of carapace length (cm), lobster
weight (grams), sex, and observations of morphological egg development. Carapace length
(cm) measurements (Figure 18) were taken using a 300 mm iron ruler with an accuracy of
0.05 mm. Carapace length was measured from the posterior border of the eye socket (orbit) to
the posterior border of the carapace (Hernaez and Wehrtmann 2011). Lobster weights were
weighed using a digital balance with an accuracy of 0.1 gram. In the female lobsters
obtained, the level of sexual maturity was reviewed functionally by looking at the presence of
incubated eggs on the abdomen (berried female).
The total number of Panulirus penicillatus lobsters studied in the three research
locations totaled 327. The details include 40 lobsters on each beach during November, six
lobsters on Ngrenehan Beach, 20 lobsters on Baron Beach, and 40 lobsters on Drini Beach in
December while in the January period 124 lobsters were obtained on Baron Beach and 15 on
Drini Beach. The lobster biological parameter data are needed to estimate the value of the
growth coefficient (K), asymptotic length (L∞), natural mortality (M), mortality due to
capture (F), total mortality (Z), the average length of the first time caught (Lc), the estimated
value of the average length of the first time mature gonads (Lm) and the exploitation rate by
utilizing FiSAT II software to estimate the SPR value (Gayanilo et al. 2005).
Socio-economic data on lobster fisheries
Socio-economic data on fisheries includes data on catches and fishing effort within six
years (2017-2022) obtained from DKP Gunungkidul Regency as well as income obtained
through direct interviews with fishers and lobster collectors in the field (Frisch 2007). The
determination of lobster fishermen respondents was carried out using a purposive sampling
technique based on 10% of the lobster fishermen population from each beach (based on data
obtained from DKP Gunungkidul Regency in 2020). The purposive sampling technique is a
sampling framework to be able to find potential key informants to be interviewed so that it
can facilitate in obtaining other respondents (Sitoyo and Sodik 2015). This technique takes
into account the criteria of certain respondents, namely fishermen who have the main purpose of
catching lobster and most of the catch is lobster, there is a connection with the research topic,
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interest, attention to lobster resource management, has experience (expertise) in problems related
to lobster fisheries, and is still in the labor force (productive) age in pursuing lobster fishing
activities on the coast of Gunungkidul Regency.
The number of fishermen and collectors who were respondents in the study consisted of
boat fishermen and cliff fishermen (fishermen who catch lobsters on land or cliffs), namely
22 fishermen respondents and two collectors respondents at Ngrenehan Beach, 25 fishermen
and one large collector at Baron Beach, and 10 fishermen, two large collectors and one small
collector at Drini Beach. Interviews were also conducted with government or local agencies,
namely the Marine and Fisheries Agency (DKP) of Gunungkidul Regency and Yogyakarta
Special Region Province. The number of respondents (10%) was considered representative
enough to represent the population (Sitoyo and Sodik 2015).
3.4 Data Analysis
Social-ecological system (SES) interaction and connectivity model analysis The SES analysis
of the lobster fishery was conducted using the Social-ecological system (SES) method.
Ecological Network Analysis (SENA). This basic network analysis was conducted to
identifying and analyzing patterns of interaction and the number of relationships between one
sub-system and another (Munawar 2021). The SENA method focuses its analysis on the
interactions between actors, studying the structure of relationships that link to other social
units, and their dependencies in an array of social relationships.
The tool used in SENA is DIA (diagram editor app) which is then run using R Software
in R studio in the igraph and statnet packages (Csardi and Nepusz 2006). This analysis
usually uses an adjacency matrix, consisting only of 1 and 0 values, where 1 indicates the
existence of a relationship (edge) between variables (nodes) and 0 if there is no relationship
(edge) between nodes (Wasserman and Faust 1994). The type of network used is the directed
network type (network with direction of influence) (Kluger et al. 2015). Visualization of the
basic conceptual model of the lobster fishery system is presented in a Sankey network
diagram through the rawgraphs.io tool. Sankey diagram is a flow chart to show the flow or
process of data in the form of arrows that have branches. Each end of the arrow has a
description that illustrates the connectivity value between one node and another (Otto et al.
2022). Network metrics are measured at two network levels (the whole network), namely
node level (elements) and edge level (connectivity or relationships).
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4.1 Mapping Multi-connectivity Components of Socio-Ecological Systems
Resources system (RS)
In general, the coastal area of Gunungkidul Regency, especially Ngrenehan Beach,
Baron Beach, and Drini Beach, is dominated by the karst hills of the Sewu Mountains with
steep cliffs directly facing the open sea (Indian Ocean). Ngrenehan, Baron, and Drini beaches
have characteristics of sloping, relatively protected beaches with strong waves and currents.
In addition, the three beaches have coral reef ecosystems with fringing reef type. The
existence of fringing reef is characterized by the presence of corals that grow from the edge
of the beach to form a reef flat. This reef exposure is one of the habitats favored by lobsters
for nursery, feeding, and spawning ground. An overview of the condition of Ngrenehan,
Baron, and Drini Beach on the coast of Gunungkidul Regency in general is presented in
Figure.
The lobster fishing ground area stretches from the west to the east coast of
Gunungkidul which includes Girisubo District (Wediombo and Sadeng), Tanjungsari District
(Baron and Drini), Saptosari District (Ngrenehan), Panggang District (Gesing and Kesirat),
Purwosari sub-district (Parangendog, Parangracuk, Purwosari), to the waters of Parangtritis
Beach located in Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta Special Region which in general is often the
target of Ngrenehan, Baron, and Drini fishermen to catch lobsters (Figure 23). In terms of
fishing ground, the lobster catch by Gunungkidul fishermen is influenced by the fishing
season which coincides with the rainy season. During the rainy season, water salinity will
decrease and water turbidity will increase, triggering lobsters to come out of hiding. The
increase in rainfall has quite an impact on the chances of catching lobsters, especially the
sand and rock lobster species.
Resources unit (RU)
The resource unit in the coastal area of Gunungkidul Regency in this case is the lobster
stock (Panulirus spp.). In general, there are five types of lobsters caught and landed by
fishermen in the three locations during the research in the coastal waters of Gunungkidul
Regency, namely rock, batik (thousand-spotted), sand, pearl, and bamboo lobsters (Appendix
3). All five species can be found at Baron Beach and Drini Beach, but batik and bamboo
lobsters are rarely found at Ngrenehan Beach. The proportion of lobster catches landed on the
22
coast of Gunungkidul Regency is presented in Figure 24, where the type of lobster that is
often caught is Panulirus penicillatus.
Lobster fishing activities by fishermen in Ngrenehan, Baron, and Drini Beach are
carried out using krendet and renjos (modified lobster nets) fishing gear (Figure 25). The
operation of these fishing gears is carried out on sloping beaches or on steep coastal cliffs.
Typically, operating the krendet on a cliff beach requires a long rope and a three- to five-
meter-long forked stick as a tool to place the krendet in the water. There are four stages in the
operation of krendet, the first being the operational preparation stage, setting the krendet,
soaking for 10 to 12 hours and hauling the krendet. The krendet is set in the afternoon and the
catch is collected in the morning. In addition, this fishing gear produces by-catch including
layur, pomfret, grouper, crab, king crab, yellowtail, kuniran, and snapper.
The fleet operated for lobster fishing activities is jukung boats, which are classified as
outboard motor boats made of fiber with dimensions of 9 meters long and 1.1 meters wide
with a tonnage of less than 5 gross tonnage (GT) (Figure 25). Generally, jukung boats used
by fishermen in Baron Beach, Drini Beach, and Ngrenehan Beach.
Lobster as an export commodity has a high economic value. Based on information
obtained from fishermen and collectors, lobsters caught in the coastal areas of Gunungkidul
Regency are usually not only exported, but also sold to tourists or restaurants in a frozen
(dead) condition, while live lobsters are sold to exporters. Deformed or dead lobsters in
Gunungkidul Regency are only valued at half the price of fresh lobsters. The price range of
lobster sold by fishermen on the coast of Gunungkidul Regency (Ngrenehan, Baron, and
Drini fishermen) varies depending on the type and size. The price range of lobster species
caught on the coast of Gunungkidul Regency is presented in Table 7.
Resources actor (RA)
Lobster resource users in coastal Gunungkidid Regency consist of fishermen (land and
boat), collectors (large and small), exporters, tourists or resource consumers, local restaurant
industries, fish auction sites (TPI), and KUB (joint business groups). Each beach that is the
location of lobster landing, generally there are TPI facilities as a means of auctioning fish
(lobster), as well as Fishermen's KUB, in the three beach locations there are KUBs, but active
KUBs are only found in Drini Beach, namely KUB mandiri lestari and minomartani. There
are two types of lobster fishermen in the coastal waters of Gunungkidul Regency, namely
boat and land (non-boat) fishermen. Land-based fishermen usually catch lobster from the top
23
of cliffs along the coast of Gunungkidul Regency. Land-based fishermen can generally be
found at Ngrenehan Beach and some at Baron and Drini Beach.
The analysis shows that the proportion of Gunungkidul Regency fishermen's education
level is dominated by elementary school graduates with a contribution of 42% (Figure 26),
while those with higher education are the minority. This indicates that most of the lobster
fishermen in the coastal areas of Gunungkidul Regency still have a low level of education.
This can be caused by the lack of awareness of the importance of education and economic
limitations. The level of education usually has a big influence on a person's way of thinking,
which in turn affects the decision-making process to improve the fulfillment of household
economic needs. The higher the level of education, the more rational the decision-making will
be.
Resources governance (RG) system
The resource governance system is generally the party that has the authority as a
decision or policy maker, either from the government or from the private sector that plays a
role in management. There are quite a number of resource governance components and their
respective roles in Gunungkidul Regency. These include government agencies such as the
Fisheries and Maritime Affairs Office (DKP) of Gunungkidul Regency, DKP of Yogyakarta
Special Region Province, academics or researchers, NGOs or fisheries extension
communities such as KIARA (people's coalition for fisheries justice), and relevant
regulations both in the form of national regulations, namely PERMEN-KP Number 16 of
2022 and also local (MoU October 12, 2022).
(Table 9).
There is a national regulation related to lobsters contained in the Minister of Marine
Affairs and Fisheries Regulation Number 16 of 2022, concerning the management of lobsters,
crabs, and crabs. The release or capture of lobsters may only be carried out with the
provisions that they are not in egg-laying condition, visible on the outer abdomen, carapace
length size above eight cm, and weight above 150 grams for sand lobster, rock lobster, batik
lobster, bamboo lobster, and pakistan lobster or weight above 200 grams for other lobster
species. The regulation also regulates the capture of clear lobster seed (BBL). The capture of
BBL is allowed, but only for cultivation purposes, provided that the cultivation is carried out
in the same location as the BBL capture location. The sanctions imposed on fishermen who
violate this agreement are by prioritizing persuasive methods and involving authorized
24
officials. Violation of these provisions can be punished with a maximum fine of Rp
100,000,000 (one hundred million rupiah) as stipulated in Law Number 45 of 2009
concerning Fisheries.
Recently, the Gunungkidul government has also made a local regulation in the form of
a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with fishermen, agreeing that it is not allowed to
catch clear lobster seeds (BBL) in all coastal waters of Gunungkidul Regency (Appendix 4).
If this is violated, criminal sanctions or fines will be imposed. This MoU came into effect on
October 12, 2022, and applies not only to fishermen in Gunungkidul Regency but also to
fishermen in Bantul and Kulonprogo Regencies. The implementation of the MoU in the
coastal area of Gunungkidul Regency is quite effective in maintaining the availability of
fisheries resources due to the high level of local knowledge (awareness) and the role of
traditional leaders, hamlet officials and the presence of fisheries management working groups
in increasing compliance with these local regulations. The role of stakeholders in a fisheries
management is very important. The level of activeness of the parties involved can affect the
level of success of fisheries management. The more active the participation of stakeholders,
the higher the success of fisheries management.
Social-ecological system connectivity based on degree value
The SES connectivity network based on degree values can determine how many nodes
one has links with other nodes in a network level. The size of a node is based on how much it
is connected to other nodes. This concept shows that the greater the degree value of a variable
or node, indicating that the variable is increasingly important in a network system that
connects other variables. In a system, there are at least one or two important variables (the
core of the network) that are the key to controlling other variables.
There are two forms of relationships in the SES network, namely out degree (the
number of arrows pointing out) and in degree (the number of arrows pointing in). The size of
the nodes is scaled based on the total degree value (the sum of the in and out arrows), the size
of the letters is scaled based on the out degree value while the darker color indicates the larger
in degree value. The main variables (nodes) at the core of the network in the lobster fishery
on each coast are the lobster as a resource unit and the lobster fishing activity (AkPen) is a
form of interaction of the ecological system and social system. The AkPen node has the
highest degree value in the network, which is 11 on Drini Beach and 10 on Baron and
Ngrenehan Beach. The next largest degree value is found in the lobster node of 10 on each
25
beach.
The results of the multi-coactivity network of lobster fisheries SES in coastal
Gunungkidul Regency (Figure 31) show that the lobster node has the largest total degree
value with the out degree value found in the fishing season (MusPeng) and the revenue node
has the largest in degree value in the lobster fisheries system. Seasonal linkages can directly
affect the presence of lobster, AkPen, HasTang, and other nodes in the SES model of lobster
fisheries in coastal Gunungkidul Regency. Changes in one of the existing nodes will have an
impact on the condition of lobster SES on the coast of Gunungkidul Regency. Therefore, the
existence of these nodes will create a balance of relationships between nodes in the network.
4.2 DPSIR modeling (Butterfly Modeling) of lobster fisheries
The social-ecological system relationship is also visible through the DPSIR framework,
where each function in this framework consists of ecological, social, economic, and
governance aspects. Before making recommendations for resource management policies,
problems arising in resource management are identified. It is necessary to clearly identify the
conditions of the problems that occur and the impact of the triggers of these problems. If the
drivers, pressures, and impacts can be identified properly, policy recommendations as a
response can be formulated so as to reduce the pressure generated by the drivers and their
impact on the socio-economy of the community.
Based on the DPSIR framework, the driving factor in lobster fishing activities is due to
the increasing population, low welfare of fishermen in terms of meeting their needs, high
demand for lobster in the market (domestic and international), fishing competition, lack of
supervision from RG to RA, RU, and RS. In addition, the limited resources available in
nature and very vulnerable to disturbances such as climate change, is one of the driving
factors also found in the ecological aspect. The vulnerability factor can be one of the causes
of resource depletion (collapse), and damage to the aquatic environment, due to high fishing
pressure.
An ecosystem is able to develop optimally if there is no pressure caused by fishing
activities or by environmental changes (sedimentation, liquid and solid waste, etc.). This
pressure affects the lobster stock in nature so that the catch becomes very fluctuating and
even decreases from year to year. The impact caused by these conditions is the threat of
coastal ecosystem degradation which is feared to directly affect the existence of lobster
resources.
26
On the other hand, the tourism sector is one of the growing sectors in the coastal areas
of Gunungkidul Regency, especially in Baron Beach and Drini Beach. The increase in
tourism will also linearly increase the number of tourists. The increase in tourists can be one
of the contributing causes of coastal environmental degradation, increased domestic waste,
damage to coral reefs due to snorkeling activities and tour boat anchors. As for the positive
impact of the existence of the tourism sector, it can be an alternative to increase income and
opportunities for fishermen to do business, such as providing services (tour guide services),
accommodating the needs of tourists (eg boat rental), restaurant business, and others. This
change in profession can increase welfare levels and reduce destructive lobster fishing
practices, because residents begin to feel the benefits.
Based on the identification of the cause-effect relationship, an appropriate response is
needed to reduce the pressure on the lobster resource and its environment. A dynamic threat
also requires a dynamic response. This response can be an alternative (management option) in
order to be able to return the unwanted situation to the expected condition to avoid greater
negative impacts. The DPSIR framework for lobster fisheries in Ngrenehan Beach, Baron
Beach, Drini Beach, and in general on the coast of Gunungkidul Regency is presented in the
butterfly modeling scheme in Figures 35, 36, 37, and 38, respectively.
4.3 Lobster fisheries reference point
Biological reference point
A. Estimated value of spawning potential ratio (SPR)
The value of von Bertalanffy's growth parameters based on lobster carapace length
(PK) data (Appendix 10) is needed to estimate the SPR value. The analysis showed that the
frequency distribution of rock lobster carapace length (male and female combined), ranged
from 31.5±121.5 mm. The carapace length of lobsters caught on the coast of Gunungkidul
Regency is dominant at 61.5 ± 76.5 mm. This illustrates that the lobsters caught have not
quite reached adulthood and are at the minimum number of lobsters allowed to be caught
based on PERMEN-KP Number 16 of 2022 concerning the management of lobsters
(Panulirus spp.), crabs (Scylla spp.), and crabs (Portunus spp.) which is PK of 8 cm. The
carapace length distribution of rock lobster (Panulirus penicillatus) caught off the coast of
Gunungkidul Regency from November 2022 to January 2023 (Figure 39).
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Figure 40 Carapace length distribution of rock lobster (Panulirus penicillatus) caught off the coast of
Gunungkidul Regency from November 2022 to January 2023.
Based on the results of the analysis of the growth coefficient of rock lobsters landed at
Ngrenehan, Baron, and Drini PPI, the asymptotic carapace length (L∞) value of 126.33 mm
was obtained with a K value of male and female rock lobsters of 0.40 per year. Thus the von
Bertalanffy growth equation Lt=126.33[1-e-0,40(t+0,5) ] is obtained (Figure 40). The results of
this study indicate that the von Bertalanffy growth function for rock lobsters has a slow
growth rate. The higher the growth coefficient (K), the higher the natural mortality value and
the lower the asymptotic length, while the smaller the K value, the slower the rock lobster
will reach its asymptotic length so that it has a relatively long life. Slow-growing and long-
lived lobsters are very sensitive to capture rates and require a long time to reach stock recovery
conditions.
Calculation of growth parameters using different or the same methods often yields
different results. Likewise, K values often show significant differences. The growth rate will
be different in different years, especially in young lobsters. Fast and slow growth rates and
age lobster, may indicate the condition of the lobster mortality rate. Therefore, it is important
to better understand the consequences of applying growth parameters to stock size estimation
models as the population predictions of each model are highly dependent on the input data.
Furthermore, the estimated values of natural mortality (M), fishing mortality (F), total
mortality (Z), and exploitation rate (E), are presented on the length-converted catch curve
(Figure 41). The analysis showed that the estimated value of total mortality (Z) obtained was
1.67 per year, the estimated value of natural mortality rate (M) was 0.36 per year, and the
estimated value of fishing mortality rate (F) was 1.31 per year. Based on the estimated F
value and Z value, the exploitation rate (E) of rock lobster in Ngrenehan, Baron, and Drini
Beach, Gunungkidul Regency coast is 0.78 per year. This value exceeds the value of the
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optimal utilization rate, namely (E = F / Z = 0.5), so it can be said that rock lobsters in the
three research locations have experienced over-exploitation or indicated that they have
experienced overfishing.
The results presented that the Lc50 value obtained was 62.04 mm and the Lm50 value was
71.80 mm so that the value of Lc < Lm. The comparison of selectivity (Lc) and maturity
(Lm) values shows that lobsters caught in the coastal areas of Gunungkidul Regency are in a
condition of growth overfishing, because lobsters that are not yet suitable for fishing have
been caught (not yet in the phase of mature gonads or spawning). The number of lobsters
caught with a carapace length size below the Lm value is 53.22% or as many as 174 rock
lobsters, if converted into kilograms to 39.73 Kg (lobster weight with PK value less than Lm
value). To avoid overfishing, the average length value of the first time caught (Lc) should
ideally be above the size of the first time mature gonads (Lm). This condition is intended to
allow the lobster to reproduce before being caught. The comparison between the Lc and Lm
values of rock lobsters landed at the three research sites (Ngrenehan, Baron, and Drini) is
presented in Figure 42a.
The length of the lobster carapace caught before spawning can affect the SPR value.
The SPR value was estimated by entering the ratio of historical parameters, namely M/K ratio
of 2.25/year; Linf of 126.33 mm; L50 of 71.8 mm; L95 of 78mm, resulting in an SPR value of
0.23 or 23% (Figure 42b). The SPR value, which is 3% above the LRP value, is one of the
positive implications of the implementation of the October 12, 2022 MoU, which contains
and emphasizes that fishermen are required to release lobsters caught below the catchable
size (referring to KP Regulation No. 16 of 2022 concerning lobster management). Thus, if
this regulation can be maintained, it will be able to restore the condition of lobster resources,
especially rock lobster (Panulirus.penicillatus). This reference cannot be used as a full
reference because the SPR value in the period November 2022 to January 2023 cannot
describe the actual SPR value within one year. This indicator is also influenced by the
parameters other growth such as L∞, M/K, size at first gonadal maturity (Lm), and Lc (size at
first caught).
B. Trends in catch per unit effort (CPUE)
The results of the annual CPUE trend obtained tend to fluctuate, which is relatively
decreasing in the last two years (2021 and 2022). The highest annual CPUE value at
Ngrenehan Beach is in the 2019 period, which is 2.0266 kg per trip, while at Baron Beach
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and Drini Beach it is in the 2020 period, which is 0.7870 Kg per trip and 1.6074 Kg per trip,
respectively. The lowest annual CPUE value in Ngrenehan, Baron, and Drini Beach occurred
in 2017, respectively 0.0337 kg per trip, 0.1572 kg per trip, and 0.1648 kg per trip. The
CPUE trend graph at the three research locations is presented in Figure 43a. The CPUE trend
value when viewed as a whole on the coast of Gunungkidul Regency tends to decrease over
the last two years (2021 and 2022) (Figure 43b).
Fluctuations in the annual catch and effort of lobster fisheries in coastal Gunungkidul
Regency can be triggered by environmental (ecological) and economic factors. These
ecological factors include weather conditions, currents, tides, and seasons that trigger
fisheries uncertainty. The influencing economic factors are the tendency of fishermen to
calculate the profits and losses in fishing activities, such as the amount of distance traveled
and the length of time at sea. The longer the distance, the more costs are incurred.
Economic reference point
The calculation of the average estimated value of lobster fisheries business on the coast
of Gunungkidul Regency assumes that the total effective trips undertaken by fishermen in a
month are 20 trips with an effective time at sea for three months (October-December). The
estimated number of trips during the peak season is 80 trips, 60 trips during the regular
season, and 45 trips during the lean season. The details of fishing costs (costs) incurred from
the lobster fishing business by fishermen on the coast of Gunungkidul Regency consist of
fixed costs and non-fixed (variable) costs (Table 10). The total range of non-fixed costs or
operational costs incurred by fishermen in one trip is IDR 277,000/trip. Fishermen with a
longer time at sea (trip) tend to incur more fishing costs such as fuel costs, supplies, bait, and
other operational costs in traveling to look for fishing spots or grounds. This condition shows
that the limited availability of resources causes the range of fishing grounds to be farther and
farther.
Generally, when the peak season of lobster fishing arrives, fishermen will earn more
income or profit than during the lean or regular season. The estimated gross income of
fishermen in one fishing trip during the peak season can reach IDR 3,360,000/trip while
during the lean season it can decrease up to three times (Table 11). This can be influenced by
the amount of catch and the current lobster price. In addition, the catch of lobster by
fishermen is also influenced by the dark and light moon phases. When entering the light
moon phase, lobsters tend to spread out in the waters so that the chances of catching lobsters
30
decrease (little) and vice versa. The increasing level of effort will increase the cost of fishing
operations (fishing) so that in time the profit obtained will be much reduced or fishermen will
lose money (decreasing return to scale).
Table 12 presents the total revenue per unit effort (RPUE). The RPUE value obtained
was IDR 268,800,000 per year with total costs incurred of IDR 10,427,000. Thus, the highest
profit obtained was IDR 236,213,000 per year. The high and low value of total revenue or
RPUE depends on the type of lobster, the total weight of the lobster, the condition of the
lobster (alive, dead, or disabled), the state of demand and supply of l o b s t e r , the fishing
season, the selling price of lobster (price), and also includes the costs incurred (total cost) in
one trip. The higher the selling price of lobster, the fishermen will continue to try to increase
their catch in order to get greater profits. The value of the selling price of lobster is usually
determined by collectors and can increase during the Chinese New Year. The profit value
obtained by lobster fishermen on the coast of Gunungkidul Regency in a year during the peak
season is Rp 236,213,000, which is very much different from the profit obtained during the
lean season which is Rp 40,108,000 (Table 13), which of course will differ from one
fisherman to another. If the business efficiency of lobster fishermen is not balanced,
competition will arise in open access conditions. Fishermen with high productivity will gain
profit, while fishermen with low productivity will gain profit low productivity will suffer
losses and leave the business.
Based on the estimation of lobster status, 39.73 kg of lobsters caught were below the
minimum carapace length or in immature condition. Fishermen should release the catch back
into nature so that the lobster has the opportunity to mature. Therefore, it is necessary to
intervene in the basic price of lobster sales (floor price policy) of rock lobster prices from Rp
200,000 per Kg to Rp 280,000 per Kg to cover the loss of income of these fishermen to
continue to make a profit (Figure 44).
4.4 Feedback harvest control rule (HCR)
Based on the calculation of the stock level (δ) obtained from the stock trend in the
period 2017-2022 shows that it is at a low level (0.8) (Figure 44). The lobster catch in the
previous year's estimate (ABC2022) amounted to 10205.5934 Kg and the allowable biological
effort (ABE2022) value of 20628 trips with a regression coefficient (b) for the CPUE2017-2022 trend
of 2.4466 (Appendix 11). These ABC and ABE values will then be used as the basis for
determining the catch quota.
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4.5 Lobster resource management strategies
Tactical steps are prepared based on the evaluation results of the assessment of
biological and economic reference point indicators that do not match the expected reference
point values. Tactical steps need to be taken so that the gap between actual conditions and
ideal conditions that become management targets can be achieved within the time frame
agreed upon by stakeholders. Tactical decision for the management of lobster (Panulirus
spp.) resources in the coastal areas of Gunungkidul Regency obtained from the research
recommendations are presented in Table 15.
Figure 47 presents an implementation plan with several alternative management
options that may be implemented or maintained. Before implementing the action plan for
lobster fisheries management in coastal Gunungkidul Regency, there needs to be a transition
period with consistent monitoring and law enforcement. The transition phase can be carried
out through socialization activities, counseling, preparation of law enforcement tools,
coordination with relevant agencies or stakeholders, and commitment and efforts to continue
the monitoring program (measurable data collection), which is then closed with an evaluation
of the management plan.
4.6 Discussion general
Ngrenehan, Baron and Drini beaches have complex interactions that are spatially and
temporally connected. In general, the three beach locations have SES sub-systems with
similar activity patterns, but with different characteristics. The large number of vessels
operating, the number of fishing gears utilized, the existence of active joint business groups
(KUB) around the fish landing site (TPI), the existence of the number of collectors, and
differences in the types of lobster fishers differentiate the fisheries activities that occur in the
three beaches. In terms of ecology, the characteristics of each beach greatly affect the
existence of resources, especially lobster. Water quality parameter factors such as
temperature, salinity, current, and pH are quite influential on the high and low production of
lobster in the coastal waters of Gunungkidul Regency (Amin et al. 2022).
Water temperature is one of the water quality parameters that also affects the life of
lobsters. Changes in temperature values also affect the reproduction, metabolism, and
distribution of lobsters in the sea (Setyanto et al. 2019). According to Nurfiarini et al. (2015),
salinity is a water quality parameter that has a significant effect on lobster growth. The low
salinity value in the waters of Baron Beach is strongly suspected due to the underground river
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flow that empties into the coast of Baron Beach and contains fresh water, thus reducing the
salinity level of the waters. Sea lobster is an aquatic biota that can tolerate salinity in a wide
range (euryhaline), but in too low salinity can inhibit its growth (Frisch 2007). The pH
parameter of the waters is one of the factors that contribute to variations in lobster catches. A
pH value that is too low, which is close to 5 or a pH that is too high, which is close to 9.5, can
interfere with physiological functions in the lobster body (Amin et al. 2022).
Based on the comparative analysis of the catch characteristics of the three lobster
landing sites, it is known that the lobster catch of Ngrenehan fishermen is generally more
when compared to Baron and Drini Beach. This can be triggered by geographical conditions
that are more dominated by cliffs or coral reefs as one of the preferred habitats for lobsters
(Milton et al. 2014). PPI Baron has a larger number of fishing fleets than PPI Ngrenehan and
Drini, because Baron Beach has a larger population of fishermen and is the center of tourism
activities in Gunungkidul Regency. The type of fishermen that are usually dominant in Baron
Beach are boat fishermen, while cliff fishermen are more commonly found in Ngrenehan and
Drini. Fishermen as RA have a strong connection with collectors. The collectors in this case
become the key (connection) that connects fisheries activities between Drini, Baron, and
Ngrenehan Beach so that indirectly between one collector or collectors in Drini, Baron, and
Ngrenehan Beach are connected to each other.
Based on information from the mapping results together with the RA of lobster
resources, it is known that there are dynamic interactions within the SES connectivity
framework (Appendix 12). This is clearly illustrated in the larger scale SES connectivity
network or multi-scale SES connectivity that connects SES connectivity on the three coasts.
The fishing season node (MusPeng) has the largest total degree value because it is a sink.
nodes of the network. The most central element (node) in the network is indicated by the
node that has the largest total degree value (in and out) relative to other nodes (Munawar
2021). A change in one of the variables that has the highest degree value in a network will
affect the system coevolutively. Therefore, the existence of these nodes is a key variable for
balancing relationships in the network (Robinson and Culhane 2020).
Season is an external factor that cannot be controlled by humans (Setyanto et al. 2023).
Generally, the lobster fishing season lasts throughout the year, with the peak occurring
between October and December (Suman et al. 2019). When entering the west monsoon cycle
(from April to September), many fishermen do not go to sea due to unfavorable waves and
weather, which affects the catch and income of fishermen. Factors affecting the fishing
season are weather (climate variability such as shifts in rainfall, wind speed, and wave height)
33
can have a direct impact on lobster fishing operations carried out by fishermen (Triharyuni
and Wiadnyana 2017).
Lobster fisheries on the coast of Gunungkidul Regency are very risky to overfishing
because they are included in demersal species that have slow growth and movement (Irwani
et al. 2019). Based on the results of the analysis, it is known that the K value of lobster
obtained at the research location is 0.4 (less than 0.5). According to Nurfiarini and Wijaya
(2019) that the maximum growth coefficient value is 0.5 per year, if less than this value then
the growth is slow, if more then the growth is fast. The value of lobster growth parameters
obtained at the research site is not much different from similar studies in other locations such
as in West Aceh waters with a K value of 0.39 per year and an asymptotic length of 119.5
mm (Kembaren and Nurdin 2015) and South Bali waters with a K value of 1.03 per year and
an asymptotic length of 110.5 mm (Kembaren et al. 2015). Differences in growth parameter
values can be caused by biological and ecological factors. Biological factors include sex,
differences in lobster carapace length, genetics, gonad maturity level, and age while
ecological factors are fishing areas and seasons, fishing gear used, aquatic environmental
conditions (weather, temperature, pH, salinity, pollution, etc.), competitors, and food
availability (Wardiatno et al. 2020).
The results showed that the value of Lc<Lm, where this comparison informs that the
utilization of Panulirus penicillatus in the coastal waters of Gunungkidul Regency is in a
quite alarming condition because the lobsters caught have not matured gonads, thus
indicating the occurrence of growth overfishing. Growth overfishing occurs when lobster
resources are caught before they have time to grow to a certain size (Gulland 1983). In
maintaining the sustainability of fishery resources, the captured lobster should have a size
greater than its Lm value (Lc>Lm), so that there is an opportunity for the lobster to spawn or
reproduce in the waters (Widianti et al. 2021).
Viewed through indicators of exploitation rate and mortality, lobsters have experienced
overutilization. It can be seen that the caught lobsters have a higher capture mortality rate
than the natural mortality rate. Natural mortality will increase if fishing pressure decreases
(Tirtadanu and Yusuf 2018). The high capture mortality rate will lead to a higher exploitation
rate, so that the sustainability of the resource can be threatened (Cruz et al. 2013). Mortality
rates in a population can be caused by several factors including fishing activity, predation,
disease, stress, spawning, starvation, and age (Sparre and Venema 1999).
The current utilization status of lobster resources in coastal Gunungkidul Regency
based on the SPR reference point indicator shows a fully exploited condition (23%). This
34
indicates that lobster has been utilized by the local community, but still within a safe range
(Prince et al. 2015). This condition can be achieved due to the good habits of local fishermen
in conducting lobster fishing operations that are still maintained to this day. These habits
include
1) fishermen still uphold local customary regulations regarding the prohibition of fishing on
Tuesday Kliwon and Friday Kliwon. 2) the use of fishing gear that is still simple and does not
involve destructive materials. 3) the routine habit of meeting fishermen (deliberation) to
evaluate fishing methods and catches obtained. The factors that can affect the size of the SPR
value are the size of the first time the lobster is caught and the number of samples observed
(Kyamsdal et al. 2016). The SPR value will be high if the lobster caught is large and in large
numbers. Conversely, the SPR value will be low if the lobster caught is small or the length is
less than the mature gonad size (Lm) (Tirtadanu et al. 2021b).
Lobster catches that have indicated a state of over-exploited, can result in reduced
revenues and profits obtained economically (Boesono et al. 2011). The increase in lobster
prices is directly proportional to the increase in fishermen's income and the number of vessels
operating (Febriani et al. 2014). However, this can reduce the value of catch per unit effort
(CPUE) and adversely affect the coral ecosystem which is the main habitat of lobster.
Temporally, the results of Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) of lobster fisheries on the coast of
Gunungkidul Regency have fluctuated over the past six years, namely 2017-2022. Recently,
more and more fishermen are catching lobster so that the fishing effort increases and causes
the catch to decrease. The less catch and the increase in effort can reduce the CPUE value
(Suman et al. 2019). A decreasing CPUE trend indicates a decrease in lobster stocks in the
fishing area (Damora et al. 2018). In addition, according to Febriani et al. (2014), that the
decline in CPUE value can be due to the distance of the lobster fishing ground and the
influence of changes in environmental conditions such as weather, wind, temperature,
salinity, and lobster population in the waters.
Based on the results of the RPUE analysis, the income of lobster fishers tends to be
uncertain for each month and even each trip. This can be caused by the disparity in prices and
the number of catches by each fisherman each fisherman in the research location (Febriani et
al. 2014). Lathifah et al. (2022), stated that the characteristics of the aquatic environment,
geography, and topography of a location can cause heterogeneity in costs and benefits
obtained with other locations. Therefore, it is necessary to regulate the fishing time, the
amount of fishing effort, and the size of the catchable lobster through the imposition of effort
restrictions or reductions.
35
The lobster fishery business can further develop in a positive or negative direction, one
of which is determined by the existence of resource stocks (Rombe et al. 2018). This is in
line with the principle of fisheries management that sustainable and productive utilization of
fisheries resources can run effectively if it involves the active participation of all related
parties as resource users (Cox et al. 2016). Adaptive responses and actions, when developed
with a widespread anticipatory and participatory approach, can achieve the best fisheries
management strategy (Gavaris 2009).
Need for cooperation, coordination, and commitment between stakeholders in resource
utilization which is one of the important factors in fisheries management, both the
government as a policy maker and the community, especially fishermen related to the
importance of maintaining lobster resources to remain sustainable through capacity building.
The government as RG needs to increase RA awareness through debriefing, supervision, and
law enforcement in accordance with regulations (Permen KP No. 16 of 2022) against lobster
fishing activities. In addition, there needs to be synergy between the resource system (RS),
resource unit (RU), resource user (RA), and governance system (RG) in order to create
optimal fisheries management.
CONCLUSIONS:
From the description of the facts and the results of the analysis in the previous chapters,
it can be concluded as follows:
1. There are 94 nodes (elements) and 216 edges (relationships) in the basic multi SES network
model of lobster fisheries in coastal Gunungkidul Regency. The key variables (nodes) that
most influence the SES of lobster in coastal Gunungkidul Regency are lobster stock, fishing
activity (AkPen) and fishing season (MusPeng) which are the core of the network of multi
SES lobster connectivity.
2. The fishery reference number obtained based on the value of biological and economic
parameters of lobster is the ABC2022 value of 10205.5934 Kg per year, the ABE2022 value of
20,628 trips per year and the value of the lobster selling price of IDR 280,000 per Kg to
increase the RPUE.
3. Tactical strategies for lobster fisheries management that can be chosen are, open- closed
season (October-December), affirmation of law enforcement of KP Regulation Number 16 of
2022, and maintaining the October 12, 2022 joint agreement (MoU) and the establishment of
a floor price policy for lobster fisheries.
