4 page refugee crisis essay and PPT version of the paper(need to be done in 8 hours)

Abstracts: Based on historical data and immigration statistics, this study examines the history of Canada's acceptance of the case. Further, this study gives analysis to the uniqueness of Canada's refugee system, and then the implication of Canada's policy to European countries' refugee management. Second Convention World of War, Canada acceded to the UN Convention and passed its Refugee Act. Through government assistance and private sponsorship programs, Canada received Convention refugees and refugees in about circumstances around the world. In addition, the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada is independent in deciding eligibility of the refugees. The uniqueness of Canada's refugee policies helps Canada to admit the refugees order 'European countries should integrate more the roles of social organizations and citizens in refugee management.

The growing and sustained fermentation of the refugee crisis has increasingly affected the political structure, economic development and social stability of European countries. According to the International Organization for Migration ( International's Organization for Migration, the IOM statistics) in 2015 and 2016 have two years 143 million refugees into Europe, refugees, mainly from Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq and other countries, first of all to reach Greece, Italy, Bulgaria and other EU border countries , And later concentrated in Germany and France and other European landlocked countries.[1] From the sources and flows of refugees, the refugee crisis stems from conflicts and wars in neighboring countries such as West Asia and North Africa, but because of the imbalance in global economic development, refugees seek political asylum and economic opportunities. From the point of view of refugee policy, although there are standards and procedures for refugee screening, refugee protection and refugee placement at the EU level, in practice, Member States, including Italy, Greece, Germany, France, Scandinavia and Eastern European countries, (Wu Wenyang, 2016 ; Song Quancheng , 2016 ) , the United States , the United States , the United States , the United States , the United States , the United States , the United States and the United States ,[2]

In contrast, Canada, which is on the other side of the Atlantic, has shown a different attitude and practice than the European countries in this refugee crisis. In accordance with the Government's commitment, by the end of 2016 , Canada has accepted 35,000 refugees from Syria, far higher than its neighboring United States has accepted a record of less than 10,000 refugees . [3] In 2017 , the Government of Canada plans to accept 23500 international refugees, with the United States in 2017 Nian 1 announced the suspension of all refugees entry is in stark contrast to May. For the European refugee crisis, Canada has taken a proactive and orderly approach to refugee. This paper examines the Canadian refugee policy by examining the history of Canadian refugees and analyzing the uniqueness of the Canadian refugee policy and discusses the implications of the Canadian refugee policy for refugee management in European countries.

First, Canada accepts the history of refugees

Canada became an independent state within the Commonwealth in 1867 , with independent legislative and immigration authority. Before 1867 , Canada had recorded records of refugees, especially during the American War of Independence, loyal to the Queen's Loyalists and pacifiers who were reluctant to join the war, including the Mennonites and Quaker ( Quakers ) Christians, fleeing the United States into Canada to settle down; In addition, during the American Civil War, there are many slaves and blacks fled from the United States to Canada. In 1869 , Canada, after independence, promulgated the first immigration laws in which there was no special provision on refugee immigration; refugees and other immigrants could submit their applications through Canadian immigration offices in Canada or at customs offices in Canada, Meet the conditions (including economic conditions and health conditions) was allowed to live permanently in Canada. In the 19 century and 20 turn of the century, mainly refugees into Canada's Jews to leave Russia by the influence of the Russian revolution, the Mennonite Christians and Duke Boer sent ( Doukhobors ) Christians. [4]

During the two world wars and the end of World War II, the war caused a large number of people to be homeless or persecuted, and the number of refugees seeking asylum in Canada surged. At this stage, the Canadian government has adopted a policy of tightening and controlling refugee access as the Government of Canada is concerned that the influx of refugees will bring about social relief and increase unemployment.In 1922 , the League of Nations convened an intergovernmental meeting and pursued a "Nansen passport" to provide travel protection for asylum seekers, but Canada refused to pass the passport of refugees into Canada. 1923 years, the Canadian Governor signed an executive order to exclude Asian immigrants into Canadian communities, including Armenians (Turkey to escape the Holocaust while seeking refuge Armenians ). In the 1930s , due to the recession and fears of the communist revolution, the Canadian government repatriated laborers and communists who held refugee immigrant visas, and in Canada, repatriated some of the monks who pursued collective ownership of property and against military service Send Christians. For the Jews who had been persecuted by the Nazis , Canada had admitted less than 5,000 Jewish asylums between 1933 and 1945 , far below the United States and other receiving countries.

After World War II, Canada's refugee policy gradually liberalized, with the participation of government and civil society and individuals, Canada began to increasingly assume the responsibility of accepting refugees. In 1946 , the Canadian National Commission for Refugees was established, which called on Congress to legislate separate legislation for refugees so that the acceptance of refugees was based on humanitarian principles, without being subject to other factors such as assets and capabilities. Between 1946 and 1962 , Canada accepted some 250,000 refugees from Europe and other regions, who were granted refugee immigration status through means such as family guarantees, labor agreements and private church organizations. In 1951 , the Government of Canada sent representatives to the drafting of the United Nations Refugee Convention but withdrew at the last minute on the ground that the Convention would hamper the operation of the Canadian government's repatriation of refugee rights and, in particular, the inability to deal with refugees' complaints of repatriation orders. 1956-1957 , forced by the pressure of the people, the Government of Canada to provide tolls, accepted about 37,500 Hungarian refugees to avoid the Hungarian refugees.1968 - In 1969 , the Government of Canada accepted 10975 war-affected refugees from the Czech Republic, and the Canadian population and social groups were actively involved in the reception and settlement of refugees. [5]

1969 years 6 months, the Government of Canada officially Contracting joined the United Nations' Convention relating to the Status of Refugees "( Convention Relating to at The Status of Refugees ), and in 1970 issued a" guidance screening refugee status "in authorizing the Canadian Immigration and Refugee Board Screening and reviewing refugee applications. From 1972 to 1973 , Canada received more than 7,000 Asian exporters from Uganda. In 1975 , Canada received 1188 Chilean refugees from Chile affected by the domestic coup. In 1976 , Canada introduced a new immigration law, the first time the refugee was defined as an independent type of immigrants. Since 1979 , Canada has embarked on a civil security refugee project, with a total increase in the number of refugees (see figure 1 ). In particular, in 1979-1981 , Canada received more than 50,000 Vietnamese war-affected refugees from Southeast Asia. In 1986 , the UNHCR High Commissioner awarded all Canadians "Nansen Medal", affirming the important and sustained contribution made by Canada in addressing the global refugee problem.

Figure 1 : Number of refugee permanent migrants in Canada ( 1980-2016 ) (Source: http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/menu-research-stats.asp )

Second, the Canadian refugee policy is unique

According to the United Nations' Convention relating to the Status of Refugees "( 1951 definition), the refugees that due 1951 Nian 1 Yue 1 thing occurring before the date and for justified reasons, fear of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or some The cause of political opinion is left outside of his own country and is unable or unwilling to be protected by the State because of such fear; or does not have a nationality and is unable to or Fear of reluctance to return to the country ( UNHCR , 1951, Article 1 ). The Convention requires States parties to discriminate against refugees against discrimination in racial and religious and country of origin and to request the State party to grant refugee friendly treatment and corresponding rights, including food supply, residence, public education, medical assistance, employment and social welfare. Canada formally acceded to the Convention in 1969 and developed and revised immigration and refugee protection laws in 1976 and 2001 to implement refugee policies. From the Immigration Act of 1976 , the goal of Canadian refugee protection was "to fulfill Canada's national legal obligations and to preserve its humanitarian tradition" (Liu Yuzhen, 2015 ). Compared to other countries, Canadian refugee policy has many unique features in refugee applications, qualification screening and refugee social integration.

In accordance with the Canadian Immigration and Refugee Protection Act 2001 , refugee applicants may apply in or outside Canada, and the applicant is involved in the Refugee and Humanitarian Resettlement Program , People participate in the In-Canada Asylum Program . Filipino immigration applicants must be eligible for government grants or civil security advice, whether in Canada or abroad. Government subsidy is often a refugee of the Convention. Applicants are refugees who have resided in refugee camps. The first round of review by the United Nations Refugee Agency ( UNHCR ); civil guarantees can be refugees of the Convention and can be self-recommended to face similar distress Under domestic or overseas refugees.

There are three categories of sponsors who apply for civil security in Canada, the first is the Sponsorship Agreement Holders (SAH ) with the Federal Government Immigration Department , the majority of Canadian faith groups, and ethnic groups - cultural groups and other Social organization. SAH may recommend the applicant independently or in association with individuals or social organizations in the community. The second category is the Group of 5 ( G5 ), 5 (Quebec province for 2-5 ) Canadian permanent residents or citizens can be a joint sponsor, of which at least three people need to make a financial contribution. The third category is the Community Sponsor (CS ), social organizations, associations and companies that can be used as sponsors when they are certified to finance refugee settlement costs.

The refugee status of Canada is screened by the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada ( IRB ). The Immigration and Refugee Council is a quasi-judicial nature of the Tribunal , which is appointed by the Prime Minister, and may, in accordance with the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, develop refugee status screening rules after obtaining the approval of the Prime Minister (Zhao Xianghua, 2013 ). As Canada's largest federal special court, IRB has as many as 1,000 employees, belonging to the Ministry of Refugee Protection, Immigration and Immigration Appeals, to handle applications from refugees in and outside Canada, including refugee protection applications, entry detention hearings and refusal The owner of the complaint and so on.

Due to the complexity of the refugee qualification screening process, the backlog of cases, waiting for a long time, refugee applications in Canada are often complained about the slow efficiency, and in the screening of false applications on the waste of taxpayer funds. 2012 Nian 12 months, the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act amendments to Canada, add a "Ping Heng refugee reform bill" ( Balanced Refugee Reform Act ) and "Protecting Canada's Immigration System Act" ( Protecting Canada's Immigration System Act ), by means of two bills introduced "specify the country of origin regime" ( designated the countries of origin, DCOS ), that is, "national security list" for refugee claimants from a list of countries to take a shorter waiting time. [6] In addition, after 2012 , Canadian civil guarantees G5 and CS can only recommend refugees outside the United Nations UNHCR review or security national list after 2012 revision. Although SAH can still recommend applicants, the Immigration and Refugee Council will allocate the maximum amount that can be recommended to SAH each year after 2012 .

Candidates will receive a notice from the Canadian Department of Immigration, who will be required to undergo a health check and a record without a criminal record after obtaining a Canadian government subsidy or a private guarantee recommendation and screening through the Immigration and Refugee Board. The international organization (mainly the International Organization for Migration) has arranged for the journey to send the applicant to Canada. The Canadian government provides loans for health checks and international journeys through screening, and the applicant repays the loan in installments after arriving in Canada. After entering Canada, the government or private guarantor needs to provide refugee immigrants with personal and household expenses, including accommodation, food, education, and medical care, within the year following their arrival in Canada. In addition, the government arrangements for immigration services or by the civil guarantor is responsible for providing social integration services to refugees, to protect language learning, translation services, bank accounts and arrangements for family doctors. Refugee immigrants have access to work rights, medical services, social welfare and children's right to education after they enter Canada. [7]

Figure 2 : Percentage of refugees funded by the Canadian government, mixed and privately secured ( 2006-2015 )

(Image transition from: Canadian Council for Refugees http://ccrweb.ca/en/2017-immigration-levels-comments )

Third, the Canadian refugee policy enlightenment

In the contemporary era, refugee migration is the most controversial topic in international migration. Fundamentally, the emergence of refugees is due to unfair economic and political power in the world, and in this situation, the irresponsible and strict control of the rich and powerful countries is exacerbating the plight of refugees Sri Lanka,2010 ). The current crisis in Europe is fast and involves a wide range of challenges and challenges in the framework and capacity of refugee management in Europe, and challenges the internal coordination and solidarity of the EU as a whole (Song Quancheng, 2016 ). The refugee crisis occurred in the context of slow economic growth and social welfare reduction in Europe, which has led to widespread conflict and opposition from refugees from the political party to the civilian and the media.

In contrast, the Canadian government and the people in the refugee crisis to take a positive attitude and practice. In 2015 Nian 10 months, the newly elected Canadian Prime Minister Trudeau promised to 2016 Nian 2 Yue admission of 25,000 Syrian refugees; after the end of the year promises to increase 10000 Ge quota, has commitments.In 2016 Nian 3 months of the budget, the Trudeau Liberal government committed in2016-2021 provided over five years 2.45 million Canadian dollars to refugee determination, overseas processing, transportation and resettlement; In addition, in 2016-2019 three-year period Invested $ 1.6 billion for Canada's Security, Stability, Humanitarian and Developmental Assistance to Iraq, Syria, Jordan and Lebanon ( Department of Finance Canada, 2016 ). In addition, in 2016 , the number of Canadian refugees granted through civil guarantees was 17,800 , and the expected target for 2017 was 16,000 , and civil guaranteed refugees played an important recommendation and accepted the role of refugees. [8]

Despite the many limitations of the Canadian refugee management system, such as the difficulty of refugee recommendation by source country restrictions, the availability of restrictions on refugees and the slowness of refugee screening, the Canadian refugee policy is unique in recommending and screening to make Canada more difficult to receive refugees The Canada has worked closely with international organizations (including the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and the International Organization for Migration) to receive refugees based on Convention refugees. In addition, through the civil guarantee project, Canada can receive individuals and families in similar distress situations. Through the combination of the two approaches, Canadian refugees receive more personal and family needs for refugees; plus the relative independence of the Canadian Immigration and Refugee Council in refugee qualification screening, Canada's refugee policy is better able to embody humanity Not the national economic situation and other "national interests" constraints.

For the European countries, the current refugee crisis is a crisis of discrimination, protection and resettlement of refugees. In the future, the social integration of refugees will further challenge the refugee policy and management of all countries. From Germany's experience, in 2015 and 2016 , Germany received a total of about 111 million refugees, of which 61.5% (about 680,000 ) of the refugees passed the refugee qualification screening, access to legal residence in Germany the right. As a result of the differences in language and culture in July , Germany passed the first "integration law" of the federal government level in July 2016 , hoping to encourage refugees to receive language training, vocational training and restrictions on places of residence through incentives and penalties To promote the social integration of refugees (Zheng Chunrong, Ni Xiaoshan, 2016 ). The implementation of this policy requires the federal government to make great investment in financial, human and material resources, and to the present, due to lack of teachers and limited employment and other reasons, the effect of refugee society is still far from being demonstrated.

Compared with government subsidies and civil guarantees, civil guarantees can not replace the government's leading role in receiving and placing refugees, but it has played a very good and crucial role. Civil society organizations and individuals can provide financial guarantees for refugee applicants to reduce the financial burden on government services in refugee services; more importantly, social organizations and individuals can help refugees integrate better and better into local communities and reduce refugees' The possibility of generating social security and social welfare burdens. From the experience of Canada, because of its refugee policy has greatly mobilized the resources and strength of the people, the refugees have achieved remarkable results in the speed and extent of integration. In the past few years, the number of refugees entering Canada through civil guarantees has grown rapidly, even more than the number of government-subsidized refugees. Most of the refugees have been associated with patrons through kinship or friends before entering the country. The Canadian government also encourages refugees to reside with their patrons after arriving, so that they can quickly integrate into Canadian society after entering. Most of the contemporary European countries have become racial and ethnic diversity, and their nationals and social organizations have many connections with other countries, so that they can learn from the Canadian practice and play more of the role of civil society and residents in immigration management.

references:

[1]  According to statistics of the International Organization for Migration, in 2015 there years 1046599 refugees into Europe via the Mediterranean and land, since World War II into the largest number of refugees in Europe a year; 2016 years into the European refugees annual statistics for the 387,739 names.

http://migration.iom.int/europe/

[2] In  contrast, the refugee policy of the EU member states is broadly divided into two camps: the recipient side is the Western European, Nordic and Southern European countries represented by Germany; the recipient is opposed to the Eastern European countries represented by Hungary. In the same camp, there are differences in the ways and means of receiving refugees, and the policies of the countries are constantly adjusted as the refugee crisis develops. Germany, for example in 2015 Nian 8 announced July unilaterally withdraw "the Dublin agreement," some provisions, take an open policy on receiving refugees; but with the influx of refugees, particularly in 2015 Nian 12 after months of Cologne, sexual harassment, and the open Policy is getting tightened. France in 2015 Nian 9 take months before the policy is to refuse entry to refugees, in 9 after months of Refugees adopted restrictive admission policy, but at 11 after months of terrorist attacks in Paris strengthened the refugees into the control. Similarly, the British refugee policy has undergone changes ranging from restrictions to openness to tightening.