7-10 pages research essay English 101 freshman's level

ENGLISH 1A

SAMPLE ANNOTATED WORKS CITED PAGES

Kaythi Nyein

Prof. Kottaras

English 1 A

4/6/2016

Essay #4: Annotated Works Cited

Part 1: Working Thesis Statement

While there are those who worry that student loans overwhelm graduates and that a college degree does not guarantee a job, higher education is worth it because college graduates are guaranteed better employment opportunities with better pay, and consequently, they are more active the economy.

Part 2: Work Cited Page

Work Cited

Baum, Sandy, Jennifer Ma, and Katheleen Payea. "Education Pays 2013." Collegeboard.org. College Board, 2013. Web.

"Is College Education Worth It? ProConOrg. 13 Jan. 2015. Web.

Ostrowski, Greg. "The High Cost of Higher Education." U.S. News & World Report. N.p., 2 July 2015. Web.

Playdon, Jane. "Benefits of Higher Education." Top Univeristies. N.p., Oct. 2013. Web.

Quinton, Sophie. "The High Cost of Higher Education." Pew Trust. N.p., 25 Jan. 2016. Web.

Schoen, John W. "Why Does a College Degree Costs so Much”?" Consumer News and Business Channel. Consumer News and Business Channel, 16 June 2015. Web.

Trombley, William. "The Raising Price of Higher Education." Higher Education. N.p., 2003.

Web.

Wadsworth, Gordon H. The College Trap. Financial Aid Informational Services, 2007. Web. 04 Dec. 2015.

Part 3: Annotations

In the article “Is College Education Worth It?” the author discusses the two different opinions people have about higher education. Some believe that more jobs are requiring a college degree; therefore, college graduates earn better, are offered with better job opportunities, and become investors in the country’s economy. However, those who believe that higher education is not worth it claim that people don’t need a college degree to be successful, graduates are overwhelmed with loans, and they are either jobless or working in different fields that they did not study in college. The author also discusses higher education in the 1600s when Harvard was funded in United States. In the late 18th century, the college buildings were built and the numbers of colleges across the country increased. In the early 1900s, the institutions were created based on race, gender, and citizenship. After World War II colleges and universities became more advanced and the tuition fees started to rise until today. This article provides historical overview of colleges in the U.S.

In his article “Is Higher Education Worth It?” Greg Ostrowski discusses the different research that shows that the where students go to college does not really matter when it comes to their income or how fast they can pay back their loans. Despite the rising tuition fees, parents want to send their children to the “best” institutes such as Harvard, Yale, and etc., believing that it would be better for their children. The Brooking Metropolitan Policy Program studied the graduates’ income and capability to pay back the loans based on the institution they went. The study found that Harvard graduates and the graduates from the “average” students earn similar salaries and loans payment rates. Ostrowski further discusses that good networks are not necessarily at Harvard University or any other top institutions. According to the college research website Campus Explorer, “schools such as Penn State and Indiana University have some of the largest networks” as well where graduates get their first job. This article provides clear evidence that supports my claim.

William Trombley is senior editor at the National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education, a Boston writer. In his article “The Rising Price of Higher Education”, he states that according to the report from the National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education, the state funding for public colleges and universities dropped as the tuition fee rose consistently. When the nation’s economy hit recession, the states cut their funding in public education and raise the tuition fee even more. Around 2003-2004, sixteen states increased the tuition fee by about 10 percent in average. In Massachusetts, the tuition was increased about 24 percent, and in Iowa, Missouri and Texas, it was about 20 percent. The community college tuition and the mandatory fees also rose in each states around 10 percent. Even though tuition fees keep on increasing, the number of enrollment is also growing and the Cal State Chancellor Charles B. Reed states that she does not “think the nation has faced this before-heavy budget cuts combined with enrollment growth.” This article provides clear statistics that support my research.

In the article “High Cost of Higher Education,” Sophie Quinton states that paying for college has become a challenge for middle class families and students rely on the financial aid or the loans. In the recent election campaign, Hillary Clinton declares that “no student should have to borrow to pay tuition at a public college or university.” Even though the presidential candidates have proposed new investment in public higher education, the states only have limited funds and money to work with. The 2016 data released by State Higher Education Executive Officers Association shows that, “most states spent less per student in 2014 than they did five years earlier.” The College Board states that the cost for in-state tuition fee average to be about $9139 in 2014. Therefore, fewer students can afford college without getting help from grants and loans. According to the data from National Center for Education states, “eighty three percent of full time student at the public university received financial aid in 2012.” Washington State invested a lot of money in public education in 2014 and proved that tuition can go down if the state spends enough money. The state increased enough funding on higher education that tuition fee dropped by 5 percent. This article provides clear statistics, along with specific examples, to support my research.

In the article “Benefits of Higher Education”, an education writer Jane Playdon discusses a report from the College Board called “Education Pays 2013: The Benefits of Higher Education for Individuals and Society.” The writer questions whether higher education is suitable for everyone and aims to show that “disappointing outcome for some students are not inconsistent with the reality of significant benefits for most students”. The report emphasizes that the salary of college graduates are higher and it cites a research done by Greenstone and Looney (2011) of the Brookings Institution’s Hamilton Project that claims “on average, the benefits of a four year college degree are equivalent to an investment that returns 15.2% per year”. The lifetime difference for a higher education is about 65% higher compared to a high school education. In 2011, a graduate with bachelor’s degree would earn about $21,000 higher than a high school graduate. The report also states that “the benefits of higher education incorporate significant contributors to society.” More educated workers pay more taxes and are more likely to have health insurance or other investments. People who have a bachelor’s degree are less likely to rely on public assistance programs because only 2% of the household of bachelor degree holder rely on Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program, while 12% of the high school graduate families rely on SNAP. This article provides clear statistics, along with specific examples, to support my research.

Sandy Baum is a research professor who is a George Washington University graduate, Jennifer Ma is an independent consultant for the College Board, and Kathleen Payea is a Policy Analyst of the College Board. Together they conducted a study on the benefits of higher education for individuals and society based on differences in earnings, employment based on different level of education, reliance on the public assistance programs, well being of the next generation and the participation in the society. The report states that in 2012, although 16% of the male high school graduates earned as much or more than the average earning of a four year college graduate, 84% earned less. Adults with higher levels of education are more active citizen than others. 42% of four year college graduate volunteered for organizations compared to the 17% high school graduates. The report also states that only 59% of high school graduates voted while 80% of bachelor’s degree voted in 2012 election. College education also increases the chances that adults will pursue a degree higher than a bachelor’s degree. 31% of the four year college degree recipients continue to pursue master’s degrees. This article provides clear statistics, along with specific examples, to support my research.

In the book College Trap, Wadsworth states that even though student loans become a burden in graduates’ lives, there are ways graduates can minimize student loans and pay them off more efficiently. In many graduates’ lives, student loans makes it difficult to “save for a down payment on a house, make early steps toward retirement, get married, or even have children.” Therefore, the debt becomes their burden, and it takes a very long time to pay them off. However, there are ways graduates can learn to minimize their debt. During the college years, students are qualify to borrow much more money than they need. Therefore, most students borrow more money than they need to instead of wisely calculating the cost of attendance. The smaller amount of loan payments after graduation is going to take longer to pay off the debt. Even though the small amount that graduates have to pay each month seems to be affordable, the interests add up. Therefore, financial aid expert Kantrowitz says that students “should pick the repayment plan that has the highest monthly payment [they] can afford, because that will save [them] the most money in the long run.” This article informs my refutation since Wadsworth echoes my opposition, but he also provides support for my claim and additional information on how students can pay off their debt.

Lizbeth Sentoso

Mrs. Kottaras

English 1A

April 6, 2016

Essay #4: Annotated Works Cited

Part 1: Working Thesis Statement

Although the Internet has opened doors to many business opportunities and innovations, users must be aware that their private information is exposed to unauthorized organizations for profit.

Part 2: Work Cited Page

Work Cited

Aiden, Erez, and Jean-Baptiste Michel. Uncharted: Big Data as a Lens on Human Cultures.

New York: Riverhead Books. 2013. Print.

Cain Miller, Claire. “Technology Has Made Life Different, but Not Necessarily More Stressful.”

Nytimes.com. The New York Times, 15 Jan. 2015. Web. 5 Apr. 2016.

Carr, Nicholas. “Tracking Is an Assault on Liberty, with Real Danger.” Opposing Viewpoints

Series: Privacy. Ed. Noel Merino. Greenhaven Press, Feb. 2015. 21-27. Print.

Davenport, Thomas H. Big Data at Work: Dispelling the Myths, Uncovering the Opportunities.

Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2014. Print.

Frohardt, Mark, and Jonathan Temin. "Use and Abuse of Media in Vulnerable Societies." United

States Institute of Peace Special Report. Oct. 2003: 1-16. SIRS Government Reporter. Web. 06 Apr. 2016.

Kelleher, Kevin. "Facebook Immorally Exploits Its Users." Netiquette and Online Ethics. Ed.

Noah Berlatsky. Detroit: Greenhaven, 2013. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 4 Apr. 2016.

Stern, Joanna. "How to make Twitter Actually Useful; with New Features, the Social Network is

Fixing its Biggest Problems to Win Back Twitter Quitters--but it Still Needs to do More."

Wsj.com. Wall Street Journal. 15 Mar. 2016. ProQuest. Web. 4 Apr. 2016 .

Part 3: Annotations

In the New York Times article, “Technology has Made Life Different, but Not Necessarily More Stressful,” Claire Cain Miller argues that technology makes people less stressed. She raises the questions of why do people consider technology as harmful, bad, and unproductive. According to a new study conducted by Pew Research Center and Rutgers University, “frequent Internet and social media users do not have higher stress levels than those who use technology less often. And for women, using certain digital tools decreases stress.” Miller also states that although technology cannot replace face-to-face interaction, “digital technology can become a tool to augment the relationships humans already have.” I trust this information since it was published in the New York Times.

In the book Big Data at Work: Dispelling the Myths, Uncovering the Opportunities, Thomas H. Davenport talks about the importance of data for organization. He says that it will help to “improving decisions, products, and services to strengthening customer relationships”, which will creates a win-win atmosphere between corporations and consumers (115). By allowing organization access to consumers’ information, it gives organizations the ability to innovate, which benefits its consumers. Davenport teaches analytics and big data in executive programs at Babson, Harvard Business School, MIT Sloan School, and Boston University, and so he is an expert in his field.

The Wall Street Journal journalist, Joanna Stern, addresses the issues of social network in her article called “How to Make Twitter Actually Useful; With new features, the social network is fixing its biggest problems to win back Twitter quitters--but it still needs to do more.” Stern talks about how people misuse Twitter as a form of social networking instead of its intended uses as a news network. Twitter is a 140-characters form of communication in an instant format that can only capture highlights of snippets, which limits the sort of connection one might look for in developing relationship, for instance. Stern argues that people should recognize and understand the uses for Twitter, which shows that technology is a form of media communication. Therefore, people should learn to look at technology as a set of tools, not as a tool to measures their lives. Stern has written for the WSJ.com for almost a decade, and previously, she was the technology editor at ABC News and a reviewer and editor at The Verge and Engadget.

According to Mark Frohardt and Jonathan Temin in "Use and Abuse of Media in Vulnerable Societies," published as part of the United States Institute of Peace Special Report, the media is corrupted and biased in most foreign countries such as Rwanda, the Former Republic of Yugoslavia, and the former Soviet republic of Georgia. Frohardt and Temin write, “There are many documented cases of media being manipulated by actors intent on instigating violent conflict,” which convinces their people to believe that the information is real. Although “conventional media--radio, television, and newspapers--usually play a positive and informative role in society”, the people must be the ones to decipher between what is real and what is make believe. According to their site, “the United States Institute of Peace is an independent, nonpartisan institution established and funded by Congress to increase the nation's capacity to manage international conflict without violence.” One of their core values is that they will be guided by facts, so I am trusting that the evidence they provide is trustworthy and unbiased.

In the article “ Facebook Immorally Exploits Its Users” published in Netiquette and Online Ethics in 2013, Kevin Kelleher claims that Facebook takes advantages of its user by selling their information to big corporation while not allowing its users gain any profit from Facebook. Facebook has been selling its users’ information by manipulating people’s “sharing” policies to allow the company to own their users’ data. This allows Facebook to own the data even though essentially the basic information should belong to its user. However, Facebook’s users do not receive any of Facebook’s profit when, in fact, they should have the right to earn some of its profit. I was unable to find further information about Kevin Kelleher, but since this was vetted by the publishers of the Opposing Viewpoints series, I trust it.

In the excerpt “Tracking Is an Assault on Liberty, with Real Dangers,” published in a book called Opposing Viewpoints Series: Privacy, Nicholas Carr argues that people’s rights are being violated and exposed to “criminal harm and marketing manipulation.” He encourages people to protect their rights of privacy online, because the internet has become a center of online marketing that does not consider the protections of consumers’ information. Simply put, companies uses consumers’ information to create profits for their cooperation. Carr’s book The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains was a finalist for the 2011 Pulitzer Prize. He is well-known in his field, but he has a clear bias against the effects of the Internet, so I will keep this in mind as I write my essay.

In the book Uncharted: Big Data as a Lens on Human Culture, Erez Aiden and Jean-Baptiste Michel believe that big data can help trace history and redefine the future to improve society and its economy. They give access to a whole new field of research about cultural trends that allows people to understand information as a form of power. They explain how “our current era [is] the information age, a period marked by the sensational speed with which information can be passed from one person or place to another,” which gives people access to information in ways they can devise themselves. However, people have taken things for granted and forget the values of information. As Aiden and Michel argue, “we lose sight of how quickly raw information could travel in centuries past, using mechanisms whose potential we no longer fully appreciate.” People have also failed to see the media as a form of communication and tools to access information, which leads to one of the main issues: ignorance. Erez Aiden and Jean-Baptiste Michel are two young scientists at Harvard, according to their biographies.