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Government and Politics in the Lone Star State

Tenth Edition

Chapter 10

Political Socialization, Political Behavior, and Public Opinion

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Learning Objectives

10.1 Explain what political parties are and why Texas has a two-party system.

10.2 Explain the primary functions of political parties in Texas.

10.3 Summarize the partisan history of Texas.

10.4 Explain the structure of the party organization in Texas.

10.5 Summarize the challenges of producing cohesive policy-oriented coalitions in Texas government.

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Political Parties and a Democratic Society (1 of 4)

What Are Political Parties?

Help maintain and develop democracy

Provide a process for choosing leaders

Provide representation

Ensure responsive government

Clarify policy alternatives

Three heads (parts) of a political party

Party in the electorate

Party in government

Party as an organization

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Figure 10-1 The Three-Part Political Party

SOURCE: Based on V. O. Key, Politics, Parties, and Pressure Groups (New York: Cromwell, 1958); and Paul Allen Beck, Party and Politics in America (New York: Longman, 1997).

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V. O. Key put forward the view that parties are social structures best understood from three perspectives: the party in the electorate, the party as an organization, and the party in government. These three functions can be found at the federal, state, and local levels.

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Political Parties and a Democratic Society (2 of 4)

Parties versus Interest Groups

Interest groups

Shape public policy by influencing public officials

Focus on a narrow range of policy issues

Engage in electoral activities

Do not nominate candidates

Political parties

Recruit and nominate candidates

Take responsibility for management of government

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Political Parties and a Democratic Society (3 of 4)

Two-Party System

Two-party politics in the United States

Natural two-way division of political views and interests

State election laws, such as plurality voting and ballot requirements

Hard for third parties to build a support base

Few folks hold strong, cohesive ideological beliefs.

Many issues cut across race and class lines.

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Political Parties and a Democratic Society (4 of 4)

Third Parties in Texas

Historical tradition of third parties

None able to achieve statewide success

Populists (1890s) and La Raza Unida (1970s) threatened the established party structure.

Libertarians qualify for placement on the statewide ballot.

Democratic Party response to third parties

Co-opted movements through policy concessions

Used restrictive legislation to reduce political participation

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The Functions of Political Parties (1 of 7)

Recruit and Nominate Candidates

An individual wins the party’s nomination if he or she gets the majority vote in the primary.

Terrell Election Laws of 1903 and 1905

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The Functions of Political Parties (2 of 7)

Contest Elections and Mobilize Voters

Parties mobilize voters for specific candidates

Approximately 70% of Texas voters identify with either the Republican or the Democratic party

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The Functions of Political Parties (3 of 7)

Organize and Manage the Government

Governors appoint people from their political parties who have the same policy objectives.

Political parties also are important in the organization of the Texas legislature.

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The Functions of Political Parties (4 of 7)

Mediate the Effects of Separation of Powers

Governors need support for programs, and legislators need support to enact their bills.

Greater support if the governor and a majority of the legislature are of the same party

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Political Parties and Institutional Cooperation

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Policy differences and conflict are inherent in a constitutional system of separation of powers, but political parties serve, in part, to provide the bases for policy cooperation and coordination.

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The Functions of Political Parties (5 of 7)

Provide Accountability

Political parties criticize each other when it comes to the performance of government.

Political parties provide electoral competition for political offices.

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The Functions of Political Parties (6 of 7)

Manage Conflict and Aggregate Interests

Political parties aggregate interests by finding common interests among groups of voters.

Political parties manage conflict by supporting a variety of programs and common principles.

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The Functions of Political Parties (7 of 7)

Set the Policy Agenda

Candidates running for public office announce their support or opposition to specific policies.

Officeholders try to carry out policies that will solidify their support among the voters.

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The Party in the Electorate (1 of 8)

One-Party Democratic Politics

Strong anti-Republican sentiments following Reconstruction

Use of modified class politics

Formation of the conservative establishment

Race issues used to divide lower social groups

Constitutional and legislative restrictions on political participation

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The Party in the Electorate (2 of 8)

Factionalism in the Democratic Party

Split between liberals and conservatives in the 1930s

National party realignment to the Democratic Party

New liberal Democratic Party agenda centered on New Deal policies.

Conservatives maintain control of the state party from the 1940s to the 1970s.

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The Party in the Electorate (3 of 8)

Modified One-Party Democratic Politics

Bifactionalism caused conservative voters to leave the Democratic Party.

Rise of the Republican Party

President Truman angers Texas oil interests.

Republicans build a stronger party organization.

Election victories of John Tower and Bill Clements

Rise of liberal wing of the Democratic Party

Ralph Yarborough elected to U.S. Senate in 1957

Mobilization of minority groups

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The Party in the Electorate (4 of 8)

Two-Party Politics in Texas

Realignments

Issues cut across existing party allegiances.

A critical election occurs

It produces a long-term shift in party support and identification.

No single critical election in Texas

Realignment over welfare and civil rights policies

Two-party system in place by the 1990s

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Landmark Legislation that Changed the Political Landscape

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President Lyndon Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act on August 6, 1965. The law’s purpose was to protect the voting rights of minorities, which had been denied by many states. The long-term results of this law were to increase political participation by Texas minorities and to produce a significant increase in the number of elected minority officials.

20

The Party in the Electorate (5 of 8)

Republican Dominance

Took and held control of the Texas House and Senate and all statewide offices by 2002

Accounted for a majority of Texas’s congressional delegation in 2004

Democrats unable to field experienced and well-financed candidates in statewide races

Still competitive at the county level

Able to regain six seats in the Texas House in 2006

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Table 10-1 Growth of Republican Officeholders in Texas, 1974–2015 (1 of 2)

Year U.S. Senate Other Statewide U.S. Congress Texas Senate Texas House County Offices* District Offices* Total
1974 1 0 2 3 16 53 Blank cell 75
1976 1 0 2 3 19 67 Blank cell 92
1978 1 1 4 4 22 87 Blank cell 119
1980 1 1 5 7 35 166 Blank cell 215
1982 1 0 5 5 36 191 79 317
1984 1 0 10 6 52 287 90 446
1986 1 1 10 6 56 410 94 578
1988 1 5 8 8 57 485 123 687
1990 1 6 8 8 57 547 170 797
1992 1 8 9 13 58 634 183 906
1994 2 13 11 14 61 734 216 1,051
1996 2 18 13 17 68 938 287 1,343

SOURCE: Courtesy of Cassie Daniel, Senior Director of Party Organization & Training, Republican Party of Texas.

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*County offices include: county judge, commissioners, constables, county attorneys, county clerks, district clerks, county judicial positions, treasurers, surveyors, justices of the peace, sheriffs, tax assessor/collectors, and other local offices.

**District offices include: State Board of Education, court of appeals, district judges, and district attorneys.

***The 2015 data were compiled to the end of the calendar year.

22

Meg (M) - where do asterisks lead?

Table 10-1 Growth of Republican Officeholders in Texas, 1974–2015 (2 of 2)

Year U.S. Senate Other Statewide U.S. Congress Texas Senate Texas House County Offices* District Offices* Total
1998 2 27 13 16 72 1,108 289 1,527
2000 2 27 13 16 72 1,233 346 1,709
2002 2 27 15 19 88 1,443 372 1,966
2004 2 27 21 19 87 1,608 402 2,166
2006 2 27 19 20 82 1,814 389 2,353
2008 2 27 20 19 76 1,862 389 2,395
2010 2 27 23 19 102 2,365 432 2,970
2012 2 27 24 19 95 2,583 460 3,210
2013 2 26 24 19 95 2,668 463 3,297
2015*** 2 28 26 20 98 2,992 497 3,660

SOURCE: Courtesy of Cassie Daniel, Senior Director of Party Organization & Training, Republican Party of Texas.

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*County offices include: county judge, commissioners, constables, county attorneys, county clerks, district clerks, county judicial positions, treasurers, surveyors, justices of the peace, sheriffs, tax assessor/collectors, and other local offices.

**District offices include: State Board of Education, court of appeals, district judges, and district attorneys.

***The 2015 data were compiled to the end of the calendar year.

23

The Party in the Electorate (6 of 8)

Changing Party Identification

In 1952, 66 percent of Texans were Democrats, and only 6 percent claimed to be Republicans.

This pattern changed little from 1952 to 1964.

Dramatic decrease in Democratic Party identification between 1974 and 1984

By 2014, 38 percent of Texans were Republicans, and 31 percent claimed to be Democrats.

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Figure 10-2 Changing Party Affiliation in Texas, 1964–2014

SOURCE: The Texas Polls, 1993–2004; Pew Research Center, “Fewer Voters Identify as Republicans,” March 20, 2008; and University of Texas/The Texas Tribune Polls, February 2012 and February 2014.

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Although Republicans hold all statewide offices and control the legislature, this figure shows a near parity or equality between Republicans and Democrats in Texas for two decades until an uptick in 2014 with a marked increase of voters identifying with the Republican Party. Many independent voters, who are believed to account for about one-third of the state electorate, split their ballots on Election Day, often voting for Republicans

in statewide races and for Democrats for many county offices.

25

The Party in the Electorate (7 of 8)

Differences between Traditional Republicans, Tea Party Republicans, and Democrats

Texas Republican Party

College educated, higher income, migrant and suburban residents, more men than women, older people, frequent church attendance, and Anglos

Tea Party Republicans

More intense in concerns about border security

Some differences from traditional Republicans in evaluations of elected officials

Texas Democratic Party

Less educated, lower incomes, urban residents, more women than men, younger people, attend church less regularly, and ethnic and racial minorities

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The Party in the Electorate (8 of 8)

Party Realignment, Dealignment, or Revitalization?

Alignment

The parties appear, in part, to be aligning around economic issues that are manifested in liberal and conservative philosophies, but issues involving race and ethnicity continue to shape attitudes.

Dealignment

Voter indifference toward partisan labels is shown in ticket splitting and numbers of independents.

Revitalization

Parties reclaim basic party functions, especially in the areas of elections and campaigns.

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Journal 10.3

As you reflect on the politics of your community, do you see any indications that race or class play a prominent role in political campaigns or public policy decisions?

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The Party Organization (1 of 6)

The Permanent Organizations

Precinct chair

Helps organize the precinct convention

County Executive Committee and county chair

Organize the primary and recruit candidates

Organize the county convention

State Executive Committee, chair, and vice chair

Accept filings of candidates for offices

Organize the state convention

Engage in fund-raising

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The Party Organization (2 of 6)

The Temporary Organizations: The Party Conventions

The precinct, county, and senatorial conventions

Hold precinct, county, or senatorial district, and state conventions every two years

Select delegates to county or senatorial, state, and national conventions

Elect members of the permanent party organization

Certify candidates nominated in the primaries

Build the party platform

Choose presidential electors

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The Party Organization (3 of 6)

The Temporary Organizations

Key functions

Hold precinct, county or senatorial district, and state conventions every two years

Select delegates to county or senatorial, state, and national conventions

Elect members of the permanent party organization

Certify candidates nominated in the primaries

Build the party platform

Choose presidential electors

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The Party Organization (4 of 6)

The County or Senatorial District Conventions

County or senatorial district conventions are held two weeks after the precinct conventions.

Select resolutions and delegates to the state conventions every two years

Nominate candidates for countywide offices

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The Party Organization (5 of 6)

State Conventions

The state convention is held in June of even-numbered years.

Nominate candidates for statewide office and adopt the party platform

Pick the chair and vice chair and members of the executive committee

Pick delegates to the national nominating conventions in presidential election years

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The Party Organization (6 of 6)

The Party Activists

People who participate in the organizational activities of the political party

Predominantly white, Protestant, well educated, and higher income

Most raised in Texas or residents for over twenty years

Republican Party has fewer minority activists.

Republican leadership is more conservative.

Democratic leadership is mostly moderates and liberals.

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The Party in Government

Little Evidence of the Responsible Party Model in Texas

Decentralized parties, with diffused leadership

Develop coalitions among groups pursuing different interests

Supporters hold different ideological and programmatic views.

Antiparty tradition in Texas

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Shared Writing 10.5

Consider the discussion in “Texas’s Shift from Blue to Red Informs 2014 Races.” The “red-blue”" debate in Texas is essentially an issue of party realignment. The transformation of Texas from a one-party Democratic state to that of essentially a one-party Republican state occurred over several years in which many different factors converged, including economics, demographics, trends in national politics, and the role of key political actors. For those predicting the possibility of Texas becoming a “blue” state with the resurgence of the Democratic Party, what lessons might be drawn from the Republican realignment that produced the party’s current domination of the state government and many local governments throughout Texas?

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Photo Credits

Page 289: Gary Coronado/Pool/EPA/Alamy Stock Photo; 294: Ferd Kaufman/AP Images; 296: Marjorie Kamys Cotera Polaris Images/Newscom; 298: Austin American-Statesman Jay Janner/AP Images; 300: AP Images; 302: AP Images; 303: Lyndon Baines Johnson LBJ Library and Museum; 304: Lyndon Baines Johnson Library /National Archives; 317: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division [LC-USZ62-128459]

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Federal

State

Local

The Party in

Government

(party candidates for

public office and state,

local, and national

officeholders) The Party in

the Electorate

(voters with loyalty to

and identification with

party)

The Party as

an Organization

(party committees,

officials, and

workers)