Racial Disparities

Shyenna Vega

Professor Artist

Writing for Criminal Justice

Racial Disparities in the Criminal Justice System

April 9, 2020

The primary duties of Police Officers (lower case) are to enforce the law, protect people, protect property, and patrol around to prevent incidents from happening (cite source) . The Criminal Justice (lower case) system is broken, and people of color are treated unequally. Police officers are influencing racial biases by their judgment of suspicion. In the courtroom, race plays a big role in decision making on how much time the individual serves. Racial Police biases are the leading cause of detention within for African Americans in America.

The Fourth Amendment protects their homes, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable search and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, upon probable cause. A search is a procedure led by approved operators of the law experiencing part or the entirety of a person's property, searching for explicit things that are identified with the wrongdoing that they are motivated to accept has been submitted. A seizure occurs if the officials claim things during the search. In Terry v. Ohio was an African American man that were unlawfully searched and seizers. Proofread

In Whren v. United States, the police officers violated the Fourth Amendment. Police officers used a traffic violation to stop these men. According to Keene (2017), The Police officer's racial bias may be influencing the officer's perceptions and judgments of the individual's behavior. The Fourth Amendment does require a balancing test between a search and seizures, and the harm it might cause the individual. There was nothing about the traffic violation that was harmful towards the officer for them to persuade the search and seizures, which is why the officers violated the Fourth Amendment.

A Traffic violation is an act or omission that’s prohibited by the law but is not a crime. Speeding, failing to stop or yield, falling to put your signal, seat belt violations, etc. are traffic violations. In Whren v. United States, without signaling, Whren made a turn, which leads the police officers to pull them over. However, police officers were not in danger so that they can proceed with a search and seizures. The violation of the Fourth Amendment proved that officers could be using their personal, racial biases while pulling African Americans over.

Both cases Terry v. Ohio and Whren v. United States are two cases that police officers violated the Fourth Amendment. Police Officers used their personal biases against these individuals to try and incarcerate them. Evidence of these cases, police officers are using implicit biases when making police stops. Minorities should be treated equally and not judged by their color skin or appearance. Minorities were treated as slaves, known as savages and subjugated, and debased every step of the way.

African American civilians (the word “citizens” would be more appropriate) are more likely to be stopped by the police than Caucasian civilians (source). African American and Caucasian civilians experience different interactions with the police(source).. African American people are especially bound to encounter potentially deadly power (force?) when police reveal the crime, and this disparity is most noteworthy for African American youth contrasted with Caucasian youth(source).. In New York City explicitly, (word choice error, do you mean specifically?) the number of stop and frisks expanded triple from 2003 to 2009 and were focused among racial and ethnic minorities (source). According to Kramer and Remster (2018), African American New York City occupants are roughly 2.5 times more to be stopped than Caucasian residents. The act of being stopped less is thought about whether a disparity exists as far as what happens once people are stopped.

Several African American men are being have been killed due to excessive force from police officers. Eric Garen (is this the victim’s name) was a black man who a New York City police officer put him in a chokehold and continued even after Eric Garner stated he couldn’t (Do not use contractions) breathe (Please rephrase this sentence. It is not grammatically correct). Botham Jean was killed by a Dallas police officer when she has mistaken his home for hers, and she thought someone was trying to rob her house. Christian Taylor was killed by an Arlington police officer etc. According to Kramer and Remster (2018), unarmed African American individuals are 3.5 times more likely to be shot by police than unarmed Caucasians. Officers are bound to see African American more dangerous than Caucasians. (Perhaps your last sentence should be first then follow with examples Do not use “etc.”

As stereotypes of African American people are frequently explicitly about physical threats to an individual's safety. Implicit bias may lead to police officers using unequal use of force towards African Americans. According to Kramer and Remster (2018), Police violence increased against African American civilians after African American suspects fatally shot police officers. Still, no such increase occurred after Caucasian or Hispanic suspects fatally shot police. When African Americans are breaking the law, they will be more likely to experience force by police officers than Caucasians when suspected of breaking the law.

(Introduce the explanation. Consider , One explanation for this is . . .The broken windows theory yielded unintended results and other guarantee impacts due to its negative effect on the racial minorities the broken windows theory created an enormous financial burden on the criminal justice system by diverting limited resources (source). Social programs to punishment and incarceration, thus undermining the traditional police community and affected policing (this is a fragment). According to Kamalu and Onyeozili (2018), The apparent unjustifiable treatment, harassment, and subjection of African Americans to stop, search, search and arrest has dissolved open trust, traded off residents' fair treatment rights, and delegitimized the law authorization according to helpless gatherings, in this way making a suffering negative view of the criminal justice system. Is this a quotation?

When the community is trying to grow, it creates a problem of crime within the community. Broken windows in a community are signs of instability, decay, high crime rate, and lack of order. Impact in the African American community with no felony is less likely to get a job than Caucasian with a criminal background. According to Kamalu and Onyeozili (2018), disproportionate arrest within African American and Hispanic people in comparison with Caucasians. The amounts of arrest lack proportionality and disparate impacts based on race. African Americans are not able to be successful if police officers let their biases come in between doing their job the proper way.

Monetary bonds and other prohibitive measures to condition or deny a defendant's discharge, making numerous defendants stay in a correctional facility for months and years waiting until the inmate has a trial. According to Assefa (2018), the detention disproportionately affects black defendants who are more likely to receive higher bond amounts and more restrictive conditions than white defendants facing similar charges. Bond reform must address the job of racial bias in adding to divergent confinement results for African American defendants. Judges need to decide fast with their decision but are very limited to the information given. According to Assefa (2018), bond reform should have judges to grow through training on implicit bias and the best possible utilization of risk assessment instruments to all the more fairly and study the risks a defendant poses if released to avoid relying on inaccurate racial stereotypes.

There is racial discrimination in welfare care towards African Americans. African American children continue to go into foster care on their level of needs. According to Simon (2018), While trying to see how state governing bodies can guarantee that chance, instead of race, advises childcare positions, this Note presents a unique examination looking at the racial dissimilarity rates in childcare passages among states. Welfare care interference may sometimes hurt the children there more than they help them. According to Simon (2018), In 2016, All over the country, nearly sixty thousand African American children were removed from their homes. they are forced to go to welfare care. African Americans' children were treated unfairly; they will receive more time there and will most likely to not return to their parents. (The highlighted words should not be capitalized unless they are quotes.)

Criminal justice decision-makers are using implicit bias when making decision-making points. According to Safiedine and Chung (2018), These economic barriers and racial disparities present themselves at various points throughout the criminal justice system when it comes to arresting, and pretrial or probation determination. African Americans are disadvantaged because they are punished harshly and are not treated equally as Caucasians. According to Safiedine and Chung (2018), The criminal justice system must promote rehabilitation and reducing recidivism. Encouraging individuals to have the desire and opportunity to be contributing members. That can only happen if the criminal justice system is fair and efficient.

Racial and ethnic disparities do does exist in the juvenile justice system. According to Leiber and Fix (2019), African Americans are six times likely to be incarcerated than Caucasians and two times likely to be incarcerated than Latinos. Change has not occurred within the juvenile justice system; more African Americans are being incarcerated than Caucasians will ever be. According to Leiber and Fix (2019), the gap between African Americans and Caucasians were 15 percent. African Americans are being racial profiled and getting a longer time in juvenile.

If some lives matter, then all lives should matter. African American people are always targeted and killed by a police officer who is involving his or her personal beliefs when working. It is not known that Caucasian people are killed more than African Americans. According to Agozino (2018), in the general population, it is true that African American individuals are killed more than Caucasians. African Americans always felt like a threat to everyone, but if All lives matter, then Black lives matter as well.

African American police officers have challenges on the job because of their race. According to Todak and Brown (2019), policewomen are treated differently by their peers, both gender and racial discrimination. On the police force, African American policewomen had to deal with the effects of sexism and racism. Non-minority police officers will refer to minority citizens in racist terms. According to Todak and Brown (2019), The non-minority officer did not recognize that the racist comment could cause a fellow officer to feel degraded even if she was not the target of the comment. Police officers should be mindful of the comments they are saying because it can affect their fellow officers; it can be hard to do their job.

When working on the police force, everyone should be treated equally, no matter what race their fellow partner is. Police officers are considered a thin blue line that sticks together. According to Todak and Brown (2019), African American policewoman stated that white men colleagues treated them differently than their white colleagues. A Caucasian police officer used different strategies when working with African American policewomen. Caucasian policemen did not want to work with women police officers in general because women were not an expert in the physical aspect. According to Todak and Brown (2019), Caucasian women gained protection when African American policewomen received a rejection for their protection.

African American police officers could not ask their fellow colleagues for support because they were fighting for the same limit resource. According to Todak and Brwon (2019), when an African American policewoman gets promoted or earns a coveted assignment in the police force, African American police officers may perceive she took their spot. African American policemen will always be looked at as strong, smart, and having qualities. According to Todak and Brown (2019), African American policemen have a higher chance of getting accepted by their Caucasian male colleagues if they rejected their African American women colleagues. African American policemen and women would want to be accepted by all colleagues in their workforce.

African American people are treated unequally, having to deal with being incarcerated for a longer time, African American men being shot and killed by police officers, and not treated the way they should be by their fellow police officers because of their race. A police officers' job is to enforce the law, but make sure people feel safe. Racial biases, implicit biases, and stereotypes against African Americans are the leading cause of detention in America. Black lives matter: in any case, all lives don't make a difference.

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References

Agozino, B. (2018). Black lives matter otherwise all lives do not matter. African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies: AJCJS, 11(1), I-XI. Retrieved from https://draweb.njcu.edu/login?url=https://draweb.njcu.edu:2058/docview/2046674973?accountid=12793