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Burkley_ppt_chapter_091.pptxBurkley
First edition
Chapter 9
Goal Planning
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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Learning Objectives (1 of 2)
9.1 Analyze the effect goal planning has on the process of motivation
9.2 Describe the processes involved in the reduction of the intention-behavior gap
9.2.1 Contrast the types of mental simulations and their benefits
9.3 Analyze the factors that influence implementation intentions
9.3.1 Describe the benefits of implementation intentions
9.3.2 Describe the costs of implementation intentions
9.3.3 Describe the factors that strengthen implementation intentions
9.4 Describe the factors that increase the attainability of goal plans
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 2 is list of textbook LO numbers and statements
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Learning Objectives (2 of 2)
9.4.1 Explain the concept of flexibility with regard to goal plans
9.4.2 Explain the concept of accountability with regard to goal plans
9.5 Describe common mistakes made in planning for a goal
9.5.1 Explain the planning fallacy
9.5.2 Explain the concept of perceived expertise
9.5.3 Explain the concept of loss aversion
9.6 Analyze how people respond when their goal plans fail
9.6.1 Explain how simulation heuristics are used
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 2 is list of textbook LO numbers and statements
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Introduction: Goal Planning
Key questions to be answered
The goal-planning state in motivation
From intention to action
Implementation intentions
Factors that improve goal plans
Common mistakes in goal planning
When plans fail
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During the goal-planning state, people must determine how to pursue the planned goal.
There is only a weak relationship between intentions and actual behaviors.
Implementation intentions are if-then plans that specify the exact behavior one will perform in a particular situation.
Plans that are flexible tend to be more effective.
The planning fallacy refers to the tendency for people to be overly optimistic with their plans.
The simulation heuristic is people’s tendency to judge the likelihood of an event by how easily it can be imagined.
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9.1: The Goal Planning Stage in Motivation
9.1: Analyze the effect goal planning has on the process of motivation
What effect does goal planning have on motivation?
Preparedness
Second stage of motivation process
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9.1: Analyze the effect goal planning has on the process of motivation
Point 1 – What effect does goal planning have on motivation?
Without the planning element, goals are very likely to fail.
People need to plan and prepare to achieve a goal.
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9.2: From Intention to Action (1 of 2)
9.2: Describe the processes involved in the reduction of the intention-behavior gap
The theory of planned behavior
Intentions as a primary determinant of behavior
Modest correlation
Intention-behavior gap
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9.2: Describe the processes involved in the reduction of the intention-behavior gap
Point 1 – The theory of planned behavior
Those who set strong intentions are more likely to pursue and achieve a goal.
Past behavior appears to be a better predictor than intentions of future behavior.
The type of goal set also strongly impacts achievement.
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9.2: From Intention to Action (2 of 2)
9.2.1: Mental Simulations
9.2.1: Contrast the types of mental simulations and their benefits
Mental simulations
Outcome simulation
Process simulation
Are outcome simulations beneficial?
Process simulations vs. outcome simulations
Process as a reduction of the intention-behavior gap
Physical reminders
Why are process simulations better?
Preparedness
Anticipation
Goal plan
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9.2.1: Mental Simulations
9.2.1: Contrast the types of mental simulations and their benefits
Point 1 – Mental simulations
How can each of these simulations be used differently for your own personal goals?
Point 2 – Are outcome simulations beneficial?
Refer to Figure 9.2: Outcome Versus Process Mental Simulations
Discuss Taylor et al. (1998).
Process simulations much more effective than outcome simulations.
Physical reminders also reduce the intention-behavior gap.
Point 3 – Why are process simulations better?
Visualizing the process focuses attention on how to achieve a goal, specific guidelines for how we can pursue a goal, and how to anticipate potential obstacles.
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Figure 9.1: Two Types of Mental Simulation
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Figure 9.2: Outcome Versus Process Mental Simulations
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9.3: Implementation Intentions (1 of 4)
9.3: Analyze the factors that influence implementation intentions
What factors influence implementation intentions?
If-then statements
Links goal-directed behavior with a specific situational cue
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9.3: Analyze the factors that influence implementation intentions
Point 1 – What factors influence implementation intentions?
Implementation intentions specify exactly when, where, and how the individual will achieve their goal.
Refer to Table 9.1: Implementation intentions specify exactly when, where, and how the individual will achieve the goal.
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Table 9.1: Implementation intentions specify exactly when, where, and how the individual will achieve the goal.
| Plan Specifics | Goal: To write a novel |
| When | I will write at 8 a.m. each Saturday and Sunday. |
| Where | To avoid distractions at home, I will write at the local coffee shop. |
| How | I will spend the first hour writing new material and the second hour editing what I have just written. |
| How long | I will write for 2 hours each session. |
| Back-up plan If-Then | If I can’t fit both writing days in during the weekend, then I will set aside time on Sunday night to do my writing. |
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9.3: Implementation Intentions (2 of 4)
9.3.1: Benefits of Implementation Intentions
9.3.1: Describe the benefits of implementation intentions
Benefits of implementation intentions
Goal initiation
Persistence
Overcome disruption
Override old habits
Implementation intentions help with goal initiation.
Starting the goal
Difficult goals to initiate
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9.3.1: Benefits of Implementation Intentions
9.3.1: Describe the benefits of implementation intentions
Point 1 – Benefits of implementation intentions
Refer to Figure 9.3: Consequences of Implementation Intentions.
Point 2 – Implementation intentions help with goal initiation.
Refer to Figure 9.4: Implementation Initiation and Goal Completion.
Point 3 – Implementation intentions help with goal initiation.
It is easy to be derailed from a goal, but implementation intentions can help.
Point 4 – Implementation intentions help with overriding old habits.
Refer to Figure 9.5: Implementation Intentions and Fear of Spiders.
Stereotypes are often activated automatically. Discuss Mendoza et al. (2010), Moskowitz et al. (2012).
Arguments that people must wait for inspiration are excuses.
Point 5 – Implementation intentions help with controlling inner states.
Athletes who form implementation intentions to overcome negative thoughts were more successful than those who do not.
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9.3: Implementation Intentions (3 of 4)
9.3.1: Benefits of Implementation Intentions
9.3.1: Describe the benefits of implementation intentions
Implementation intentions help with goal persistence.
Distractions
Staying on task
Implementation intentions help with overriding old habits.
Changing old behaviors
Stereotypes
Excuses
Implementation intentions help with controlling inner states.
Cravings, negative emotions, anxiety
Effective strategy
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
9.3.1: Benefits of Implementation Intentions
9.3.1: Describe the benefits of implementation intentions
Point 1 – Benefits of implementation intentions
Refer to Figure 9.3: Consequences of Implementation Intentions.
Point 2 – Implementation intentions help with goal initiation.
Refer to Figure 9.4: Implementation Initiation and Goal Completion.
Point 3 – Implementation intentions help with goal initiation.
It is easy to be derailed from a goal, but implementation intentions can help.
Point 4 – Implementation intentions help with overriding old habits.
Refer to Figure 9.5: Implementation Intentions and Fear of Spiders.
Stereotypes are often activated automatically. Discuss Mendoza et al. (2010), Moskowitz et al. (2012).
Arguments that people must wait for inspiration are excuses.
Point 5 – Implementation intentions help with controlling inner states.
Athletes who form implementation intentions to overcome negative thoughts were more successful than those who do not.
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Figure 9.3: Consequences of mplementation Intentions
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Figure 9.4: Implementation Initiation and Goal Completion
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Figure 9.5: Implementation Intentions and Fear of Spiders
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9.3: Implementation Intentions (4 of 4)
9.3.2: Costs of Implementation Intentions
9.3.2: Describe the costs of implementation intentions
What are the costs of implementation intentions?
Attention focus
Quality of the goal plan
9.3.3: Factors That Strengthen Implementation Intentions
9.3.3: Describe the factors that strengthen implementation intentions
Factors that strengthen implementation intentions
Moderators
Mediators
Individual differences that moderate implementation intentions
Goal commitment
Self-efficacy
Self-control
Situational differences that moderate implementation intention effects
Features of the selected goal
Intrinsic motivation
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9.3.2: Costs of Implementation Intentions
9.3.2: Describe the costs of implementation intentions
Point 1 – What are the costs of implementation intentions?
Many times, we use multiple strategies to achieve a goal. We also may be too directed to a particular goal.
Every goal has good ways and bad ways to approach it.
9.3.3: Factors That Strengthen Implementation Intentions
9.3.3: Describe the factors that strengthen implementation intentions
Point 1 – Factors that strengthen implementation intentions
Refer to Figure 9.6: Mediation Versus Moderation.
Point 2 – Individual differences that moderate implementation intentions
How does each difference impact implementation intentions? Why?
Point 3 – Situational differences that moderate implementation intention effects
What features of the selected goal would impact implementation intentions?
How would intrinsic motivation impact implementation intentions?
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Figure 9.6: Mediation Versus Moderation
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9.4: Factors That Improve Goal Plans (1 of 2)
9.4: Describe the factors that increase the attainability of goal plans
What factors increase the attainability of goal plans?
Flexibility
Accountability
9.4.1: Flexibility
9.4.1: Explain the concept of flexibility with regard to goal plans
Why is flexibility important?
Detailed plans involve great effort
Autonomy
All-or-nothing
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9.4: Describe the factors that increase the attainability of goal plans
Point 1 – What factors increase the attainability of goal plans?
Flexibility and accountability help ensure that goal plan is a good one.
9.4.1: Flexibility
9.4.1: Explain the concept of flexibility with regard to goal plans
Point 1 – Why is flexibility important?
Specific plans may be impossible to sustain.
Flexibility increases one’s autonomy and control.
People without flexibility may experience the what-the-hell effect, when they see one slip up as an opportunity to give up on the goal.
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9.4: Factors That Improve Goal Plans (2 of 2)
9.4.2: Accountability
9.4.2: Explain the concept of accountability with regard to goal plans
Why is accountability important?
Recognize failures
Increase effort
How can you be accountable?
Write down the goal plan
Telling someone about the goal
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9.4.2: Accountability
9.4.2: Explain the concept of accountability with regard to goal plans
Point 1 – Why is accountability important?
Accountability helps keep people on track with their goals.
Point2 – How can you be accountable?
Why are these strategies effective? How can you relate? Whom should you tell about your goal?
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9.5: Common Mistakes in Goal Planning (1 of 3)
9.5: Describe common mistakes made in planning for a goal
The common mistakes in goal planning
Planning fallacy
Perceived expertise
Loss aversion
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9.5: Describe common mistakes made in planning for a goal
Point 1 – Common mistakes in goal planning
There are a number of common mistakes that should be avoided when forming the goal plan.
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9.5: Common Mistakes in Goal Planning (2 of 3)
9.5.1: Planning Fallacy
9.5.1: Explain the planning fallacy
What is the planning fallacy?
The tendency for people to make overly optimistic plans by underestimating resources needed.
What causes the planning fallacy?
Personal failures
Others’ failures
Failure to take responsibility
Ways to avoid the planning fallacy
Rely on other people’s estimates.
Imagine the problem belongs to someone else.
Reflect on past experiences.
Use implementation intentions.
Take it one step at a time.
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
9.5: Describe common mistakes made in planning for a goal
Point 1 – Common mistakes in goal planning
There are a number of common mistakes that should be avoided when forming the goal plan.
9.5.1: Planning Fallacy
9.5.1: Explain the planning fallacy
Point 1 – What is the planning fallacy?
Everyone is prone to the planning fallacy. Discuss Buehler, Griffin, and Ross (1994)—30% of sample completed project in estimated time.
Refer to Figure 9.7: Planning Fallacy in Students’ Thesis-Completion Estimates.
Point 2 – What causes the planning fallacy?
We tend to attribute our failures to external forces, but others’ failures to internal forces.
Point 3 – Ways to avoid the planning fallacy
How can we avoid the planning fallacy? Which of the tips would be most effective for you, and why?
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Figure 9.7: Planning Fallacy in Students’ Thesis-Completion Estimates
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9.5: Common Mistakes in Goal Planning (3 of 3)
9.5.2: Perceived Expertise
9.5.2: Explain the concept of perceived expertise
What is perceived expertise?
Perceived knowledge not related to actual knowledge
Incorrect beliefs are harmful.
9.5.3: Loss Aversion
9.5.3: Explain the concept of loss aversion
What is loss aversion?
Bad is stronger than good.
More interested in possible loss than possible gain
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9.5.2: Perceived Expertise
9.5.2: Explain the concept of perceived expertise
Point 1 – What is perceived expertise?
It is best to recognize that there is always room for improvement.
9.5.3: Loss Aversion
9.5.3: Explain the concept of loss aversion
Point 1 – What is loss aversion?
Refer to Figure of Demonstration of Loss Aversion featuring the $20 and movie ticket.
What are choices we are faced that are impacted by loss aversion?
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Figure: Two $20 Bills
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Figure: $20 Bill and Movie Ticket
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9.6: When Plans Fail
9.6: Analyze how people respond when their goal plans fail
How do people respond when goal plans fail?
Regret
9.6.1: Simulation Heuristic
9.6.1: Explain how simulation heuristics are used
Simulation heuristics
The tendency for people to judge the likelihood of an event by how easily it can be imagined or simulated in the mind.
Counterfactual thinking
Upward
Downward
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9.6: Analyze how people respond when their goal plans fail
Point 1 – How do people respond when goal plans fail?
People tend to think of what they could have done differently.
How do people respond differently in situations?
9.6.1: Simulation Heuristic
9.6.1: Explain how simulation heuristics are used
Point 1 – Simulation heuristics
People tend to rely on incomplete, biased information.
Counterfactual statements involve imagining alternative ways something could have turned out.
Upward counterfactuals are more likely to occur with unexpected failures.
Downward counterfactuals are more likely to occur with unexpected successes.
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Summary: Goal Planning
The effect goal planning has on the process of motivation
The processes involved in the reduction of the intention-behavior gap
The factors that influence implementation intentions
The factors that increase the attainability of goal plans
The common mistakes made in planning for a goal
How people respond when their goal plans fail
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Defining how to pursue a planned goal tends to be the most overlooked stage in goal planning.
Outcome stimulations are not as effective as process stimulations in goal achievement.
Forming implementation intentions is beneficial in that it increases goal initiation, goal persistence, overriding old habits, and controlling negative thoughts.
Plans that are flexible are more successful than ones that are not. Holding oneself accountable is also critical.
People only show the planning fallacy when they are estimating their own behavior but not when they estimate the behavior of others. You can protect yourself from the planning fallacy by relying on others’ estimates, imagining the goal belongs to someone else, by reflecting on similar experiences, by using implementation intentions, and by estimating the time for each segment.
Counterfactual thinking refers to people’s tendency to imagine alternative ways something could have turned out.
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