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Burkley

First edition

Chapter 5

Autonomy

Learning Objectives (1 of 2)

5.1 Analyze the concept of autonomy as a core motive

5.1.1 Describe the panic button effect

5.1.2 Explain the relationship between control and money

5.1.3 Analyze how autonomy elicits behaviors

5.1.4 Explain how autonomy produces positive outcomes

5.1.5 Describe the universality of autonomy

5.2 Analyze the attribution theory

5.2.1 Describe the types of attributions

5.2.2 Analyze the factors that influence attributions

5.3 Evaluate the overjustification effect in relation to motivation

5.3.1 Describe examples of the overjustification effect

Slide 2 is list of textbook LO numbers and statements

Learning Objectives (2 of 2)

5.3.2 Analyze the causes of the overjustification effect

5.4 Analyze the positive effects of the illusion of control

5.4.1 Explain how choice influences the illusion of control

5.4.2 Explain how outcome sequence influences the illusion of control

5.5 Contrast the different types of magical thinking

5.5.1 Explain the concept of tempting fate

5.5.2 Explain the concept of mind control

5.6 Analyze how the loss of autonomy can affect motivation

5.6.1 Describe the concept of reactance

5.6.2 Explain the concept of learned helplessness

5.7 Contrast the potential reasons people may desire a lack of control

5.7.1 Explain how choice can affect motivation

Slide 2 is list of textbook LO numbers and statements

Introduction: Autonomy

Key questions to be answered

The need for autonomy

Attribution theory

Overjustification effect

Illusion of control

Magical thinking

Reaction to loss of autonomy

Desire for no control

The need for autonomy represents a basic desire for personal control.

Attributions refer to people’s beliefs about the cause of a particular outcome and can be in a variety of forms.

The overjustification effect tells us that motivation decreases when people are given an extrinsic reward for a task that is already intrinsically rewarding.

Most people overestimate the amount of control they have in their lives.

The illusion of control leads to magical thinking, such as tempting fate.

When people feel their freedom is being taken away, they can be reactive and then possibly show learned helplessness.

Having too many options decreases motivation to do well.

5.1: The Need for Autonomy (2 of 4)

5.1: Analyze the concept of autonomy as a core motive

Autonomy as a core motive

Control

Basic need for autonomy

5.1.1: Panic Button Effect

5.1.1: Describe the panic button effect

What is the panic button effect?

Perception of control

Provides comfort

5.1.2: Is Control More Desirable Than Money?

5.1.2: Explain the relationship between control and money

Is control more desirable than money?

Ex.: College professors

Well-being

5.1: Analyze the concept of autonomy as a core motive

Point 1 – Autonomy as a core motive

Given a choice, people will choose a more painful option just to retain control.

Autonomy is defined as a desire for freedom, personal control, and free choice.

5.1.1: Panic Button Effect

5.1.1: Describe the panic button effect

Point 1 – What is the panic button effect?

Describe the experiment with the buzzer by Glass, Singer, and Friedman (1969).

5.1.2: Is Control More Desirable Than Money?

5.1.2: Explain the relationship between control and money

Point 1 – Is control more desirable than money?

Psychology PhDs earn less than many other fields, but they have more autonomy.

A greater sense of autonomy is associated with greater well-being. Wealth was not directly associated with well-being.

Refer to Figure 5.1: Motivation: Money Versus Control.

Figure 5.1: Motivation: Money Versus Control

5.1: The Need for Autonomy (2 of 4)

5.1.3: Autonomy Elicits Behaviors

5.1.3: Analyze how autonomy elicits behaviors

How does autonomy elicit behavior?

Self-determination theory

Autonomy as a deficit-oriented need

5.1.4: Autonomy Produces Positive Outcomes

5.1.4: Explain how autonomy produces positive outcomes

How does autonomy produce positive outcomes?

Link with survival

Higher self-esteem

Less depression

Goal performance

Pursuing the “right” goals

Self-concordance

Careers

5.1.3: Autonomy Elicits Behaviors

5.1.3: Analyze how autonomy elicits behaviors

Point 1 – How does autonomy elicit behavior?

Autonomy is one of the three core human motives that drive behavior.

People who lack autonomy seek activities to restore it.

5.1.4: Autonomy Produces Positive Outcomes

5.1.4: Explain how autonomy produces positive outcomes

Point 1 – How does autonomy produce positive outcomes?

People who pursue goals that fulfill autonomy have higher levels of well-being.

Autonomous motivation has been linked to greater conceptual understanding and goal achievement.

Autonomy increases brain-based sensitivity to failure.

Given your understanding of autonomy, how is it used as a punishment? Why?

Point 2 – Pursuing the “right” goals

Self-concordance means that the goal fits with the individual’s sense of self.

How does self-concordance translate to your career goals?

5.1: The Need for Autonomy (2 of 4)

5.1.5: Autonomy Is Universal

5.1.5: Describe the universality of autonomy

How is autonomy universal?

Cross-cultural

Eastern/Western cultures

5.1.5: Autonomy Is Universal

5.1.5: Describe the universality of autonomy

Point 1 – How is autonomy universal?

Studies show that throughout the world, greater autonomy is associated with higher levels of well-being.

5.2: Attribution Theory (1 of 4)

5.2: Analyze the attribution theory

Attribution theory

Why do people do what they do?

Predict the future

Control a situation

When do we search for causal attributions?

Unexpected outcomes

Important outcomes

Negative outcomes

5.2: Analyze the attribution theory

Point 1 – Attribution theory

Determining the causes of behavior helps lead to autonomy.

Point 2 – When do we search for causal attributions?

We engage in attributional thinking as a way of regaining some control.

5.2: Attribution Theory (1 of 4)

5.2.1: Types of Attributions

5.2.1: Describe the types of attributions

Two dimensions of attributes

Locus

Stability

The four possibilities of attributions

Ability

Effort

Difficulty

Luck

5.2.1: Types of Attributions

5.2.1: Describe the types of attributions

Point 1 – Two dimensions of attributes

Refer to Figure 5.2: Two Dimensions of Attributions: Locus and Stability.

Internal attribution resides within the person, and external attribution resides within the situation.

Stable attribution happens regularly, and unstable attribution happens irregularly.

Point 2 – The four possibilities of attributions

Refer to Figure 5.3: The Four Possibilities of Attributions.

What are some additional dimensions that could also play a role?

Figure 5.2: Two Dimensions of Attributions: Locus and Stability

Figure 5.3: The Four Possibilities of Attributions

5.2: Attribution Theory (1 of 4)

5.2.2: Factors That Influence Attributions

5.2.2: Analyze the factors that influence attributions

Factors that influence attributions

Internal locus of control

External locus of control

Situational differences

5.2.1: Types of Attributions

5.2.1: Describe the types of attributions

Point 1 – Factors that influence attributions

People high in external locus of control are more likely to make external attributions and feel less in control.

How does teaching styles impact autonomy and success? How could this translate to a manager?

5.3: Overjustification Effect (1 of 4)

5.3: Evaluate the overjustification effect in relation to motivation

What is the overjustification effect?

Combining intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

Reduction in motivation when people are given an extrinsic reward for something they intrinsically enjoyed

5.3: Evaluate the overjustification effect in relation to motivation

Point 1 – What is the overjustification effect?

Discuss Deci (1971) and the incentives with puzzles.

Refer to Figure 5.4: Overjustification Effect.

Figure 5.4: Overjustification Effect

5.3: Overjustification Effect (2 of 4)

5.3.1: Examples of the Overjustification Effect

5.3.1: Describe examples of the overjustification effect

Examples of the overjustification effect

David Chappelle

Rewarding college students

5.3.2: Why the Overjustification Effect Occurs

5.3.2: Analyze the causes of the overjustification effect

Why does the overjustification effect occur?

Autonomy

Certain conditions—interesting, expected reward, and material reward

5.3.1: Examples of the Overjustification Effect

5.3.1: Describe examples of the overjustification effect

Point 1 – Examples of the overjustification effect

Why did Chappelle walk away from his Comedy Central show?

Why do college students whose parents pay for college have lower grades?

5.3.2: Why the Overjustification Effect Occurs

5.3.2: Analyze the causes of the overjustification effect

Point 1 – Why does the overjustification effect occur?

When we work on a project because it’s fun, we feel a sense of autonomy. Receiving a reward removes the control.

When the task is interesting, the reward is expected, and the reward is material, the overjustification effect is more likely.

5.4: Illusion of Control (1 of 4)

5.4: Analyze the positive effects of the illusion of control

The illusion of control

Positive illusions

Depressive realism

5.4.1: Choice Influences the Illusion of Control

5.4.1: Explain how choice influences the illusion of control

How choice influences the illusion of control

More choices

Overestimate control

5.4: Analyze the positive effects of the illusion of control

Point 1 – The illusion of control

Mentally healthy people are more likely to view themselves in unrealistically positive terms and think they have more control over their environment.

People who suffer from depression hold a more accurate perception of their abilities and their control.

5.4.1: Choice Influences the Illusion of Control

5.4.1: Explain how choice influences the illusion of control

Point 1 – How choice influences the illusion of control

Discuss Dunn and Wilson (1990) and die game.

5.4: Illusion of Control (2 of 4)

5.4.2: Outcome Sequence Influences the Illusion of Control

5.4.2: Explain how outcome sequence influences the illusion of control

How does outcome sequence influence the illusion of control?

Positive outcomes

Timing

5.4.2: Outcome Sequence Influences the Illusion of Control

5.4.2: Explain how outcome sequence influences the illusion of control

Point 1 – How does outcome sequence influence the illusion of control?

People who experience a winning streak are more likely to assume they have control over a task.

Discuss Figure 5.5: Timing of Winning Streaks on Perceptions of Control.

Figure 5.5: Timing of Winning Streaks on Perceptions of Control

5.5: Magical Thinking (1 of 4)

5.5: Contrast the different types of magical thinking

What is magical thinking?

Superstitions

Supernatural

5.5.1: Tempting Fate

5.5.1: Explain the concept of tempting fate

Tempting fate

Gut feeling not to tempt it

Inconsequential behaviors

5.5.2: Mind Control

5.5.2: Explain the concept of mind control

Mind control

Impact others’ behavior by thinking of it

5.5: Contrast the different types of magical thinking

Point 1 – What is magical thinking?

Magical thinking makes us feel as if we have more control over an event than we really do.

How do superstitions act as secondary control methods?

5.5.1: Tempting Fate

5.5.1: Explain the concept of tempting fate

Point 1 – Tempting fate

We irrationally assume that inconsequential behaviors control our future destiny.

5.5.2: Mind Control

5.5.2: Explain the concept of mind control

Point 1 – Mind control

Discuss Pronin et al. (2006) study on voodoo dolls.

5.6: Reactions to Loss of Autonomy (1 of 4)

5.6: Analyze how the loss of autonomy can affect motivation

How do people respond to a lack of control?

Psychological reactance

Learned helplessness

5.6.1: Reactance

5.6.1: Describe the concept of reactance

Reactance

Teenagers

College students

Forbidden fruit

5.6: Analyze how the loss of autonomy can affect motivation

Point 1 – How do people respond to a lack of control?

Psychological reactance is when people feel they are losing their freedom, they reassert their autonomy by doing the opposite of what was asked.

Learned helplessness is when we try to take back control and fail.

5.6.1: Reactance

5.6.1: Describe the concept of reactance

Point 1 – Reactance

Refer to Figure 5.6: Warning Labels on Interest in Violent Television.

Figure 5.6: Warning Labels on Interest in Violent Television

5.6: Reactions to Loss of Autonomy (1 of 4)

5.6.2: Learned Helplessness

5.6.2: Explain the concept of learned helplessness

Learned helplessness

Response after reactance

Helplessness in one situation applies to all situations

5.6.2: Learned Helplessness

5.6.2: Explain the concept of learned helplessness

Point 1 – Learned helplessness

Discuss Seligman and Maier (1967) and dogs.

How can this situation apply to human behavior?

5.7: Desire for No Control (1 of 4)

5.7: Contrast the potential reasons people may desire a lack of control

Why do people sometimes desire a lack of control?

Others more knowledgeable

Others more skilled

5.7.1: Too Much or Too Little Choice

5.7.1: Explain how choice can affect motivation

Too much or too little choice?

Restaurants

Too many topics

The golden mean

Satisficer

Maximiser

5.7: Contrast the potential reasons people may desire a lack of control

Point 1 – Why do people sometimes desire a lack of control?

In game shows and when we visit professionals, we are more likely to give up control.

5.7.1: Too Much or Too Little Choice

5.7.1: Explain how choice can affect motivation

Point 1 – Too much or too little choice?

When we have too many choices, it often decreases our motivation.

The more choices we have, the more information we have to gather on each choice.

A satisficer accepts a good-enough choice.

A maximiser is someone who always wants to make the best possible decision.

Summary: Autonomy

The concept of autonomy as a core motive

Attribution theory

The overjustification effect in relation to motivation

The positive effects of the illusion of control

The different types of magical thinking

How the loss of autonomy can affect motivation

The potential reasons people may desire a lack of control

As shown by the panic button effect, just believing you have control can be beneficial. Autonomy is a strong predictor of well-being, and people who pursue goals that fit them well are more satisfied.

Attributions can be 1) internal or external; and 2) stable or unstable. Internal attributions are more beneficial than external attributions.

The overjustification effect occurs because it decreases autonomy and is most likely to occur when the task is interesting, the extrinsic reward is expected, and the reward is material.

The illusion of control is good for mental health and causes people to assume they can control or predict chance events.

Tempting fate and mind control are two forms of magical thinking, which stems from the illusion of control.

When people lose autonomy, they may become reactive by doing the opposite of what they were told to do. When a loss of control persists, then people often experience learned helplessness.

For the most part, a high level of control is best, but when there are too many choices, then people’s motivation decreases.