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Burkley

First edition

Chapter 4

Core Human Motives

Learning Objectives

4.1 Classify the core motives that drive human behavior

4.1.1 Describe the concept of physiological needs

4.1.2 Describe the concept of psychological needs

4.2 Identify the criteria for a motive to be a core human motive

4.3 Evaluate the self-determination theory of core human motives

4.3.1 Describe the relationship between SDT and goals

4.3.2 Explain the need for all three motives

4.3.3 Analyze the criticisms of self-determination theory

4.4 Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

4.4.1 Describe intrinsic motivation

4.4.2 Describe extrinsic motivation

Slide 2 is list of textbook LO numbers and statements

Introduction: Core Human Motives

Key questions to be answered

Core motives drive human behavior

Criteria for core motives

Self-determination theory

Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

Much of what humans want are actually needs that are physiological or psychological.

Core motives guide our behaviors; these motives are goal-oriented, beneficial, and universal.

Self-determination theory suggests that the three core human motives are autonomy, competence, and belonging, although there are critiques against this theory.

People can be motivated intrinsically or extrinsically; intrinsic motivation appears to mediate our core motives and our behaviors.

4.1: Core Motives Drive Human Behavior(1 of 2)

4.1: Classify the core motives that drive human behavior

What are the core motives?

Needs vs. wants

Failure to fulfill

4.1.1: Physiological Needs

4.1.1: Describe the concept of physiological needs

What are physiological needs?

Basic biological requirements

State of deficiency

Homeostasis

4.1: Classify the core motives that drive human behavior

Point 1 – What are the core motives?

Psychologists have identified that motives are tied to needs, not wants, and that they are internal sources of pressure that push an individual to achieve a goal.

Failure to fulfill needs can result in illness or even death.

4.1.1: Physiological Needs

4.1.1: Describe the concept of physiological needs

Point 1 – What are physiological needs?

Physiological needs are driven by a state of deficiency.

Bodies’ systems need to regulate and maintain a stable internal environment.

4.1: Core Motives Drive Human Behavior (2 of 2)

4.1.2: Psychological Needs

4.1.2: Describe the concept of psychological needs

What are psychological needs?

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Affection

Accomplishment

Love

4.1.2: Psychological Needs

4.1.2: Describe the concept of psychological needs

Point 1 – What are psychological needs?

Maslow argued that there is a hierarchy of needs that drive human behavior. The bottommost needs are physiological.

Psychological needs act as “fertilizer” to promote optimal performance, happiness, and health.

4.2: Criteria for Core Motives

4.2: Identify the criteria for a motive to be a core human motive

What are the criteria for core motives?

Goal-oriented behaviors

Adaptive and beneficial

Universal

4.2: Identify the criteria for a motive to be a core human motive

Point 1 – What are the criteria for core motives?

A core human motive should elicit goal-oriented behaviors that satisfy a motive. For example, Heather Abbott sought out a support group for amputees. Core motives should motivate a wide range of behaviors within a large range of settings.

A core motive should result in benefits that facilitate health and survival. Furthermore, if this motive is not fulfilled, then it should result in physical or psychological pathology.

Core motives are evident across different countries, languages, and cultures.

Do you think all of these criteria must be met for a motive to be core?

4.3: Self-Determination Theory(1 of 3)

4.3: Evaluate the self-determination theory of core human motives

Self-determination theory (SDT)

Autonomy

Competence

Belonging

4.3: Evaluate the self-determination theory of core human motives

Point 1 – Self-determination theory (SDT)

SDT focuses on the quality of motivation. In other words, people who achieve their goals for the right reasons will achieve better outcomes than others.

Figure 4.1: Applying Self-Determination Theory

4.3: Self-Determination Theory (2 of 3)

4.3.1: SDT and Goals

4.3.1: Describe the relationship between SDT and goals

What is the relationship between SDT and goals?

Not all goals are created equal.

Happiness

4.3.1: SDT and Goals

4.3.1: Describe the relationship between SDT and goals

Point 1 – What is the relationship between SDT and goals?

Goals that fulfilled autonomy, competence, and belonging were ranked the highest according to a study by Sheldon, Elliot, Kim, and Kasser (2001). Self-esteem and pleasure followed.

Sheldon et al. (2001) instructed groups of people to adapt different goals, and happiness was linked to autonomy, competence, and belonging.

Refer to Figure 4.2: Comparing Core Human Motives to Goal Progress.

Figure 4.2: Comparing Core Human Motives to Goal Progress

4.3: Self-Determination Theory (3 of 3)

4.3.2: Do We Need All Three Motives?

4.3.2: Explain the need for all three motives

Do we need all three motives?

Well-being

Fulfillment

4.3.3: Criticisms of Self-Determination Theory

4.3.3: Analyze the criticisms of self-determination theory

What are the criticisms of SDT?

Human behavior and animal behavior

Limited number of core motives

4.3.2: Do We Need All Three Motives?

4.3.2: Explain the need for all three motives

Point 1 – Do we need all three motives?

Sheldon and Niemiec (2006) found that having balanced fulfillment across all three needs was a determinant for well-being.

Higher levels of self-esteem are linked to having all three needs fulfilled.

4.3.3: Criticisms of Self-Determination Theory

4.3.3: Analyze the criticisms of self-determination theory

Point 1 – What are the criticisms of SDT?

Kenrick et al. (2010) argued that the top needs are mate acquisition, mate retention, and parenting. What are the criticisms of this argument?

Some theorists argue that the need for security and self-esteem should be added to the list.

4.4: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation

4.4: Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

What affects goals and positive outcomes?

Mediators

Need fulfillment -> ? -> positive outcomes

4.4.1: Intrinsic Motivation

4.4.1: Describe intrinsic motivation

What is intrinsic motivation?

Inherently interesting or enjoyable

Work no longer feels like work.

Intrinsic motivation as a mediator

Need fulfillment leads to intrinsic motivation.

Vallerand’s model of motivation

Positive outcomes

4.4: Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

Point 1 – What affects goals and positive outcomes?

Mediators are variables or processes that occur between two other variables of interest.

Intrinsic motivation may be the “?” in the relationship.

4.4.1: Intrinsic Motivation

4.4.1: Describe intrinsic motivation

Point 1 – What is intrinsic motivation?

Sometimes, we engage in behaviors simply because we enjoy them.

We engage in an activity of our own accord (self-determined).

Point 2 – Intrinsic motivation as a mediator

According to SDT, any behavior that facilitates autonomy, competence, or belonging ignites intrinsic motivation.

According to Vallerand’s model, factors in the environment that increase autonomy, competence, and belonging lead to intrinsic motivation.

Intrinsic motivation leads to positive outcomes, like task persistence, creativity, and well-being.

Discuss experiment by Grouzet, Vallerand, Thill, and Provencher (2004).

What are some practical ways to encourage intrinsic motivation in school and work?

4.4: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation

4.4.2: Extrinsic Motivation

4.4.2: Describe extrinsic motivation

What is extrinsic motivation?

Behavior for an external reason

Goals beyond autonomy, competence, and belonging

The intrinsic–extrinsic continuum

Internalization

Functional autonomy of motives

Perceived Locus of Causality (PLOC) internalization continuum

No motivation

External regulation

Introjected regulation

Identified regulation

Integrated regulation

Intrinsic regulation

4.4.2: Extrinsic Motivation

4.4.2: Describe extrinsic motivation

Point 1 – What is extrinsic motivation?

We participate in many behaviors, such as going to work, to receive a reward or avoid a punishment.

Extrinsic goals may be financial success, improving our image, or conforming to others.

Point 2 – The intrinsic–extrinsic continuum

Internalization is the process whereby individuals transform external social rules and requests into internal, personally endorsed values.

Allport (1937) suggested that the initial motivation for a behavior may become separated from the actual behavior over time.

Point 3 – Perceived Locus of Causality (PLOC) internalization continuum

Ryan and Connell (1989) plotted motivation on a continuum. Refer to Figures 4.3A–4.3F.

How can you tell which category an action falls within?

Figure 4.3: PLOC Internalization Continuum

Summary: Core Human Motives

The core motives that drive human behavior

The criteria for a motive to be a core human motive

The self-determination theory of core human motives

The difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

Most of our wants are actually needs that are either physiological or psychological. Psychological needs are not necessary for survival, but are needed for mental health and well-being.

Core motives lead to goal-oriented behaviors that satisfy the motive, are adaptive and beneficial, and are found universally across cultures.

Self-determination theory posits that the core human motives are autonomy, competence, and belonging. People are more likely to choose a goal that fulfills one of these motives and report higher levels of well-being when all three motives are met. SDT has two key criticisms: motivations may not be different between humans and animals, and humans may need more than just three motives.

Intrinsic motivation leads to behaviors that are done for enjoyment, while extrinsic motivation leads to behaviors that are done for rewards or to avoid punishment. There is a continuum of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation, and we learn to be intrinsically motivated. Ryan and Connell (1989) suggested four types of extrinsic motivation: external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, and integrated regulation.