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AP2-LabUnit-8EndocrineSystem.ppt
Human Anatomy and Physiology II Lab
The Endocrine System
BIOL 222L
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Dr. Joseph Orban
Distinguished Professor and
Director of Biomedical Research Development
Southern University at Shreveport Louisiana
318-670-9360
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Endocrine System
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- Regulates activities in the human body along with the nervous system
- Functions to maintain homeostasis and to regulate various processes such as growth and human development
- How it works: The system has many different glands that make hormones. The hormones enter the bloodstream and travel to target cells which have receptors for each specific hormone. The hormone binds to the receptor and induces a response in the target cell.
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Endocrine System Organs
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- Pineal gland
- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary gland
- Thyroid gland
- Thymus
- Adrenal glands
- Pancreas
- Parathyroid gland
- Gonads
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Major Organs of the Endocrine System
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Hormone
Chemical messenger secreted into bloodstream that stimulates response in another tissue or organ
Target cells
Have receptors
for hormone
Endocrine glands
Produce hormones
Endocrine system
Endocrine organs (thyroid, pineal, etc)
Hormone producing cells in organs (brain, heart and small intestine)
Endocrine System Components
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Communication by the Nervous and Endocrine Systems
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FSH - Follicle Stimulating Hormone
LH - Luteinizing Hormone
TSH - Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
ACTH - Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
PRL - Prolactin
GH - Growth Hormone
OT – Oxytocin
ADH – Antidiuretic Hormone
Hormones and Abbreviations
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Anterior Pituitary Hormones
- Principle hormones and target organs shown
- Axis - refers to way endocrine glands interact
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Pituitary Disorders
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Hypersecretion of Growth Hormones
Acromegaly
Thickening of the bones and soft tissues
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Pituitary Disorders
Hypersecretion of Growth Hormones
Problems in childhood or adolescence
- Gigantism if Hypersecretion
- Dwarfism if Hyposecretion
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Thyroid Gland Disorders
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- Congenital Hypothyroidism ( TH)
Infant suffers abnormal bone development, thickened facial features, low temperature, lethargy, brain damage
- Myxedema (adult hypothyroidism, TH)
Low metabolic rate, sluggishness, sleepiness, weight gain, constipation, dry skin and hair, cold sensitivity, blood pressure and tissue swelling
- Endemic Goiter (goiter = enlarged thyroid gland)
Dietary iodine deficiency, no TH, no - feedback, TSH
- Toxic Goiter (Graves disease)
Antibodies mimic TSH, TH, exophthalmos
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Endemic Goiter
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An iodine deficiency in the diet resulting in lack of thyroid hormone. This happens when there is lack of negative feedback inhibition and the pituitary gland secretes excess of thyroid stimulating hormone that results in hypertrophy (enlargement) of the thyroid gland in an effort to produce Thyroid hormone
Iodide (Iodine) Deficiency
Goiter
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Cushing Syndrome
Cushing syndrome is excess cortisol secretion. This results in the disruption of carbohydrates and protein metabolism, leading to hyperglycemia, hypertension, muscular weakness and edema. Some patients exhibit fat deposition between the shoulders known as “bufalo hump” or fat deposition in the face know as “moon face”. Picture below shows patient (a) before onset of Cushing Syndrome and (b) same patient 4 months later with Cushing Syndrome showing “moon face”
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Andrenogenital Syndrome (AGS)
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This is the masculinization of female genitals by prenatal hypersecretion of adrenal androgens. This results in the fusion of the labia majora in female babies to resemble scrotum and enlargement of the clitoris to resemble a penis. Infants with this syndrome may be mistaken for boys and raised as boys.
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Organs, Hormones Produced and Functions
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