Methodology review assignment!

Content:

Introduction and Status quo . 2 Ontology .

Epistemology .

Me hodolog . . .3

Research De ign . . 4

The introduction of Background Theory . 4

Background Theorie .

Reference . . . .. . 6

Introduction and status quo

The family business is the prevalent organizational form of business globally (Daily and Dollinger,

1993). One of the distinguishing features of family firms (FFs) is that they are built upon close

relationships among family members (Cruz et al., 2010), which can serve as a valuable resource

for serious tensions (Herrero, 2018). Some scholars see conflict as the source of all evil (Jayantilal

et al., 2016) that can create anxiety, especially among spouses. The tensions may be transferred to

other family members, notably the children, which may cause severe dysfunctional problems in

the family. These problems may put the whole family business in danger. These assumptions are

too simplistic and misleading and are one of the main reasons why the literature on this topic

remains largely undertheorized and fragmented, resulting in theoretical limitations and empirical

indeterminacy (Pai and Bendersky, 2020). we (Paola Rovelli,2021) advice for further research

that looks more closely at the family system, considering for instance aspects such as conflicts to

increase their attention towards the consequences of such inconsistencies. The psychology

literature suggests that moderate levels of conflict may enhance group performance through

improved decision-making processes, fostered innovation, and enhanced creativity Likewise,

conflict is not always negative (cognitive conflict), as it may lead to constructive challenges and

improvements (e.g., Ensley & Pearson, 2005. The purpose of this research is that it will give

insights to understand why in some contexts conflict leads to negative performance and why in

others to a positive outcome.

Ontology

An area of philosoph , that deals with the nature of being, or what exists; the area of philosophy

that asks what is and what the fundamental categories of reality are (Neuman, 2014, p. 94). social

reality is created by subjects through their interactions and interpretations, actors influence

structures and regularities, knowledge about social reality is always dependent on subjects and

social relations. In the concept of ontology, this research will put in the concept of nominalism

(as opposed to realism). Nominalists believe in multiple versions of reality, which is derived from

the researcher s interpretations of truth, and depending on the researcher s experience, it can only

be transferred to similar contexts. conflicts, as phenomena of social reality (Kellermanns and

Eddleston, 2004) focuses on communications, relationships and sees communicative acts as the

elements rather than persons. To understand it, the researcher should penetrate the depth of the

matter. Conflicts as a complex web of social relationships

Epistemology

An area of philosophy concerned with the creation of knowledge; focuses on how we know what

we know or what are the most valid ways to reach the truth. (Neuman, 2014, p. 95).in the concept

of the epistemological contin m here concepts are gro nded in the field s perspectives,

scientific e planations aim at nderstanding the field s reality constructions. epistemology put in

the core of the social constructivism of reality that researcher should acknowledge and interpret

on what is being. in the other words, social constructivism is a sociological theory of knowledge

according to which human development is socially situated, and knowledge is constructed through

interaction with others. (Buffalo, sh 2006). Conflicts, struggles, tensions as a complex web of

social relationships. the meaning of conflict is a social supply that is constructed as the result of

people s behaviors that interact together in social structure. After that, this social interaction will

be described, analyzed, and interpreted.

Methodology

To investigate this research in the concept of methodology, social constructionism can enable

the investigation of human beings towards things, the meaning of such things is derived from or

arises out of, the social interaction one has with one s fello s. these meanings are handled, and

modified through, an interpretative process used by the person in dealing with the things he

encounters. It signifies that the scholar wishes to understand the action of people thus a

researcher must see their objects as they see. to consider that people act towards things based on

the meaning that these things have for them, not based on the meaning that these things have for

the outside scholar. (Blumer, 1969, p. 51)

Research design: Why in the model, Type of data, Data collection, data analysis method

Based on the past literature review (Cristina Bettinelli 2021) in FFs shows that of the 89 articles,

47 use quantitative methods, 13 are conceptual, 1 is editorial, 2 are commentaries, and 22 adopt

qualitative methods. Of these 22 qualitative studies, 4 investigate a single case, while the others

use a multiple case study approach, or interviews and observations. Thus, our review highlights

the relative absence of studies on the conflict in FFs adopting qualitative methods, since more

than half use quantitative methods.

Thus, using a qualitative approach, research will employ case studies to examine the effects of

different conflicts in FFs and this research follow an inductive approach. The actual data will

obtain from the interviews with FFs members (not others working there) after gathering data, the

researcher should be able to analyze these patterns and interpret them.

In this research, pattern identification (interview transcripts) and analysis of the data through

(making sense of the meanings of events and interaction) to design data collection, analyze,

interpret, and finally, a suggestive theory will be introduced.

The introduction of the Background Theory

In literature reviews published in 2021(Cristina Bettinelli 2021) and (Paola Rovelli 2021) reveal

that conflict tends to emphasize the use of types of organizational behavior studies. In this regard,

three main theoretical approaches are used regardless of the locus of conflict. These are conflict

theory (e.g., Cater III et al., 2016; Davis & Harveston, 2001; Kellermanns & Eddleston, 2004, p.

2007), stewardship theory (e.g., Discua Cruz et al., 2013; Eddleston & Kellermanns, 2007), and

evolutionary psychology (Collin & Ahlberg, 2012; Nicholson, 2008) game theory (Luce &

Raiffa, 1957). Instead, for some loci, other theories have been specifically adopted. For example,

identity theory (Le Breton-Miller & Miller, 2014), social identity theory (LeBreton-Miller&

Miller, 2014; Schmidts, 2013), and theory of relationships (Gagné et al., 2014). Papers focused

on generational conflict draw on theories such as the systems psychodynamic perspective

(Petriglieri & Stein, 2012), and leadership theory (Marshall et al., 2006). TMT conflict studies

rely on behavioral theories of management teams (Schjoedt et al., 2013) or a process-based view

of boards (Zattoni et al., 2015; Zona, 2015, p. 2016). Finally, organizational conflict studies instead

have taken a broader view, including systems theory (Claßen & Schulte, 2017), multilevel theory

(Eddleston et al., 2008), and procedural justice theory (Van der Heyden et al., 2005).

This research is an inductive approach to building a new theory. In which case, in the beginning,

I will take a very little number of theories and will try to gather a lot of data to formulate it and

create a suggested theory.

1.1GAME THEORY

Game theory is a theory of social interaction, which attempts to explain the interaction between

individuals. Game theory is a collection of models attempting to understand and explain situations

in which individuals interact with one another. Game theory studies interactive decision-making

between individuals also is widely used in the social sciences, structure, and understanding

decisions made b rational indi id als in strategic interactions, in hich an indi id al s s ccess

in making choices depends on the choices of others, and the decisions of one individual affect the

payoffs of another (Luce & Raiffa, 1957). I propose this theory to understand how decisions are

made in the time of conflict can influence performance in FFs. And how do the family

members interact and behave in the presence of conflict in FFs? How do family members in

times of conflict can make a logical decision that doesn’t harm performance? And in FFs

with the lowest level of conflict, important decisions make more group or individual? theory

Game describes the relationship in two dimensions of economics and psychology that can be a

practical theory to find these questions. By utilizing this theory we can investigate interactions in

FFs in the presence of conflict and its effects on decision making and finally performance.

1.2CONFLICT THEORY

Conflict(theory) in many family firms occurs in both external and internal situations that may arise

due to the stress of interaction between the company culture and those of family units

(Danco,1982). There is a natural tendency to suspect the worst when faced with any conflict

(whether cognitive or affective) and so, to respond to all conflicts as if they were personal attacks.

Consequently, even when teams try to promote task-oriented (cognitive conflict) their efforts often

result in personal disaffection (Schweiger et al., 1986). Moreover, the increasing levels of affective

conflict contribute to undermining the whole decision process (Klebanoff, 1991). I suggest conflict

theory to identify different forms of conflict in FFs and the relationship and correlation

between different conflicts? Can positive conflicts destroy the effect of negative conflicts or

not? Moreover, how can we identify the negative and positive consequences of conflict in

family firms? when conflict is most beneficial in FFs? what conflicts need more time to be

resolved? conflict theory needs to acknowledge the details of the conflict process to identify its

effects on performance in family firms. To discover interrelations, similarities as well as

differences in family companies.

Reference:

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