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4PORIGINALCOLONIALIMMIGRANTSAutosaved.pptxEUROPEANS IMMIGRANTS: 1607--1783
EUROPEAN EMIGRATION FOR RELIGIOUS REASONS
COLONIAL PERIOD (present-day) US
DUTCH IMMIGRATION (present-day New York)
ENGLISH IMMIGRATION: THE 13 COLONIES (present-day States of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont, Maine, New York, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Washington, DC, Maryland, Virginia North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia)
OTHER ETHNIC GROUPS: SCOTISH, IRISH, GERMAN
EMIGRATE vs. IMMIGRANT vs. MIGRANT
To Emigrate (a verb) means to leave one location, such as one’s native country or region, to live in another.
Emigrant (Noun) means a person leaving his home country.
To Immigrate (a verb) means to move into a non-native country or region to live.
Immigrant (Noun) means a person who left his/her home country and enters into a NEW REGION TO LIVE AND WORK.
Associate the I of immigrate with “in” to remember that the word means moving into a new country.
A Migrant (a noun) means a person who moves from one place to another, especially in order to find work or better living conditions.
CONFUSION: IMMIGRANT vs. MIGRANT
MIGRANT means a person who moves from one place to another (leaves his/her home country entering into a New Region to live and work) = This is a TEMPORARY MOVE; Earn the $$ and take it home—Seasonal fruit and vegetable pickers LEGAL Migrants are Lawful
“ILLEGAL MIGRANT” means a person who moves from one place to another (leaves his/her home country entering into a New Region to live and work) = This is a TEMPORARY MOVE; Earn the $$ and take it home—Seasonal fruit and vegetable pickers ILLEGAL Migrants cross the border without proper paperwork
IMMIGRANT means a person who left his/her home country and enters into a NEW REGION TO LIVE AND WORK PERMANENTLY.
The LEGAL IMMIGRANT does so Lawfully, With proper paperwork. Usually seeking ASYLUM; Seeks NATURALIZATION as a Citizen of the US
“ILLEGAL IMMIGRANT” means a person who left his/her home country and enters into a NEW REGION TO LIVE AND WORK PERMANENTLY BUT WITHOUT Lawful paperwork NO Chance of Asylum—faces DEPORTATION; NO Chance for Naturalization
EMIGRATION FROM EUROPE TO THE NEW WORLD FOR RELIGIOUS REASONS 1517 PROTESTANT REFORMATION
EUROPE CATHOLIC UNTIL 1517 when MARTIN LUTHER AND OTHERS CREATE THE PROTESTANT RELIGIONS:
Martin Luther = Lutheran Northern Germany, Denmark, Norway, Sweden,
John and Charles Wesley = Methodist 1730s England
Henry VIII of England Created 1534 the Church of England/Anglican (Episcopalian) = Political NOT Religious Intent
Jean (John) Calvin = c. 1555 French Protestants (Huguenots) also called Congregationalists
NORTHERN AND WESTERN EUROPE ARE PROTESTANT AND THEREFORE ESCAPE CATHOLIC EUROPE FOR FREEDOM OF RELIGION MAKING ONLY PROTESTANTS ACCEPTABLE IN THE NEW WORLD
CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN EUROPE (States Closer to the Vatican in Rome) CATHOLIC BUT SOME CATHOLICS LEAVING HEAVILY PROTESTANT COUNTRIES LIKE ENGLAND and Calvinists leave FRANCE
EUROPEANS: THE DUTCH (THE NETHERLANDS) NEW AMSTERDAM (present-day) New York City
17TH CENTURY
1614, the Netherlands States-General granted a charter to found Fort Nassau, which was only the second European settlement in what would become British North America, after British Jamestown.
Immigrants spread outward from trading posts:
1625, the Dutch West India Company established New Amsterdam in present-day New York City
1629, the Dutch West Indies Company encouraged immigration
by offering land purchases along major rivers to investors who were willing to sponsor sizable numbers of immigrants. THE PATROON SYSTEM of settlement NOT successful.
Other efforts to attract immigrants followed, such as shipping children from Dutch orphanages to serve as contract workers in New Netherland
The settlement’s population remained low,
EUROPEANS: JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO NEW AMSTERDAM
1654 23 Sephardic Jewish settlers arrived from Recife, Brazil in New Amsterdam (Sephardic Jews speak Spanish or Portuguese)
Colonial American Synagogues adhered to Sephardic ritual customs and administered all aspects of Jewish religious life
The synagogue did not attempt to govern the economic activities of its (mostly mercantile) members
TOURO SYNAGOGUE NEWPORT, RHODE ISLAND OLDEST CONTINUOUS SYNAGOGUE IN THE US
EUROPEANS: THE DUTCH NEW NETHERLAND AND NEW AMSTERDAM
1648 New Netherland 2,000 people to about 10,000 in 1660.
1664 THE BRITISH SEIZED NEW AMSTERDAM
Dutch Immigration Halted
Dutch language and culture continued in the Hudson and Mohawk River valleys
EUROPEANS: THE ENGLISH IMMIGRANT COLONIES 1607-1783 THE 13 COLONIES
Colonial Jews never exceeded one tenth of one percent of the American population, yet they established patterns of Jewish communal life that persisted for generations
First, most Jews lived in cosmopolitan port cities like New York and Newport where opportunities for commerce and trade abounded, and people of diverse backgrounds and faiths lived side by side.
Second, many early American Jewish leaders and institutions were Sephardic, meaning that their origins traced to the Jewish communities of the Iberian peninsula. Sephardic Jews maintained cultural hegemony in Jewish life into the early nineteenth century, although by then Ashkenazi Jews, meaning Jews who traced their origins to Germany, had long been more numerous.
Third, Jews organized into synagogue-communities. Savannah, Charleston, Philadelphia, New York, and Newport each had one synagogue that assumed responsibility for the religious and communal needs of all local Jews.
1720 Ashkenazic Jews outnumbered Sephardic Jews
the first German Jewish immigrants joined Sephardic synagogues rather than founding their own institutions.
As poverty, persecution, and political disillusionment swept through Central Europe in the first half of the nineteenth century, German and Polish Jewish immigration to America swelled. Distinctly German-speaking Jewish institutions multiplied.
Jews also moved beyond the Eastern seaboard at this time, seeking opportunities in the frontier communities of the Midwest, South, and West.
EUROPEANS: THE ENGLISH IMMIGRANT COLONIES 1607-1783 THE 13 COLONIES
EUROPEANS: THE ENGLISH IMMIGRANT COLONIES 1607-1783 THE 13 COLONIES
The Spanish are in Florida
The French claim the lands behind the southern colonies
The French claim the lands along the Mississippi River from the Gulf of Mexico North to Canada
The British claim the lands North of present-day New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine.
EUROPEANS: THE ENGLISH IMMIGRANT COLONIES 1607-1783 SOUTHERN COLONIES
EUROPEANS: THE ENGLISH IMMIGRANT COLONIES 1607—1783 SOUTHERN COLONIES
17TH CENTURY
VIRGINIA COLONY
1607 Jamestown, in Virginia, generally regarded as the First Permanent English settlement in North America.
About three-quarters of the new arrivals to Virginia came as indentured servants, (people bound to serve masters without wages for specified periods of time for the price of their passage)
AFRICAN INVOLUNTARY IMMIGRATION (1619-1793)
involuntary immigrants arrived as slaves from Africa.
Between 1700 and 1775, an estimated 278,400 Africans reached the original thirteen colonies
EUROPEANS: THE ENGLISH IMMIGRANT COLONIES 1607-1783 SOUTHERN COLONIES
VIRGINIA
1670-1720—Imported African Slaves were 7,000 per decade to Tobacco growing VA
1720-1750—Imported African Slaves doubled to 13,500 per decade
The early immigration patterns of Virginia = highly unequal society from the very beginning. By 1660,Virginia had a population of about 30,000 people.
18th Century: German Immigration
BUILDING THE FORT AT JAMESTOWN
EUROPEANS: THE ENGLISH IMMIGRANT COLONIES 1607-1783 THE SOUTHERN COLONIES
MARYLAND
Lord Baltimore, George Calvert (1st Lord Baltimore) was a Roman Catholic
A Proprietary Colony for English Roman Catholics BUT Accepting All Religions
Only 17 of the original settlers were Catholic. The rest were Protestant indentured servants.
By 1660 about 4,000 indentured servants arrived in that year
1634 a group of 200 settlers arrived at St. Clement's Island founding St. Mary's City
They bought the land from the Native Americans
Settlement along Rivers that fed the Chesapeake Bay
They built large farms, plantations, to grow tobacco as a primary cash crop, And wheat and corn.
Similar to Virginia, Maryland grew tobacco for sale to Europe
1700s 40,000 prisoners were transport to MD
EUROPEANS: THE ENGLISH IMMIGRANT COLONIES 1607-1783 SOUTHERN COLONIES
EUROPEANS: THE ENGLISH IMMIGRANT COLONIES 1607-1783 SOUTHERN COLONIES
THE CAROLINAS
Pioneers from Virginia moved south.
Mixed Economy hunting, fishing, and raising crops in the forest clearings. Planted tobacco.
They sold forest products to shipbuilders in England.
In 1663 the king of England named this region Carolina.
NORTH CAROLINA Northern Settlers did Not like the Rules for Division of Lands. They did Not like the Constitution
SOUTH CAROLINA:
Attracted settlers from many countries, Most Prosperous Seaport named Charles Towne (Charleston)
Settlers started rice plantations in the rich swampland along the coast.
1720-1750 SC imported 20,000 Africans per decade;
1750-1790 SC imported 17,000 Africans per decade
The Proprietors brought Mende-speaking Africans from present-day Sierra Leone to grow Rice in the Low Country (known as the Gullah today)
EUROPEANS: THE ENGLISH IMMIGRANT COLONIES 1607-1783 SOUTHERN COLONIES
GEORGIA
Granted the land by King George in became a colony in 1733.
James Oglethorpe was granted a charter to start Georgia
English debtors (people who owed money they could not repay) were sent to jail. Many remained behind bars for years.
Oglethorpe believed that many prisoners were poor but honest.
It was known as a buffer zone between the Spanish and the English colonies.
1734 The first Austrian immigrants arrived in 1734 in GA were Catholic
OLD RICE FIELD AT WHITE OAK PLANTATION ON THE ST. MARY’S RIVER
EUROPEANS: THE ENGLISH IMMIGRANT COLONIES 1607-1783 SOUTHERN COLONIES ETHNIC DIVERSITY
English
Germans
Scottish
Scots-Irish
Africans
1689 80,000 British immigrants
1760 165,000 immigrants to VA PLUS 150,000 African Slaves
AFRICAN SLAVES FROM THE SOUTHERN ENGLISH COLONIES ESCAPE TO AND EMIGRATE TO SPANISH FLORIDA
The Spanish Florida, south of St. Mary's River, became a destination for escaped slaves.
The Spanish Welcomed Escaped Slaves and FREED THEM AND
1738 SET UP THE FIRST FREE ALL BLACK SETTLEMENT IN THE PRESENT-DAY US
To antagonize the British both militarily and economically,
TO GET FREEDOM: MUST BECOME CATHOLIC AND MUST FIGHT AGAINST THE ENGLISH COLONISTS IN THE NORTH
1ST UNDERGROUND “RAILROAD” WENT SOUTH
EUROPEANS: THE ENGLISH IMMIGRANT COLONIES 1607-1683 THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES ENGLISH IMMIGRANTS THE LARGEST ETHNIC GROUP
EUROPEANS: THE ENGLISH IMMIGRANT COLONIES 1607-1783
MASSACHUSETTS COLONIES
1620 Plymouth Bay Colony in Massachusetts by the religious immigrants known as the Pilgrims may be regarded as the beginning of large-scale migration from Europe to the territory that would eventually become the United States.
The Pilgrims came from English dissenters against the Church of England, known as Separatists, who believed that they should separate themselves from the state Church entirely.
URBAN CENTER: Plymouth
The Mayflower
EUROPEANS: ENGLISH IMMIGRANT COLONIES 1607-1783 NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
MASSACHUSETTS COLONIES
1630 to 1640 are known as the Great Migration. The largely Puritan immigrants from England settled in New England, north of the settlement at Plymouth Bay, in a stretch of land known as the Massachusetts Bay Colony
Included English Anglican, Irish Catholic and Scots-Irish Protestant Immigrants
MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY URBAN CENTERS Boston and Salem.
1640 Boston had 3,000 inhabitants
1650 During the Great Migration, an estimated two hundred ships reportedly carrying approximately 20,000 people arrived in Massachusetts many of whom were Irish Catholics
18th Century: German Immigration
EUROPEANS: THE ENGLISH IMMIGRANT COLONIES 1607-1783 NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
NEW HAMPSHIRE
1623
Colony founded by John Mason, Ferdinando Gorges, David Thomson and John Wheelwright and other colonists for Fishing and Trading
Named for Hampshire, England’s
1640 NH had fewer than 2,000 inhabitants
1718. Many of them moved to New Hampshire, establishing the town of Londonderry.
1623 First Settlement at Odiorne's Point, New Hampshire.
EUROPEANS: THE ENGLISH IMMIGRANT COLONIES 1607-1783 NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
CONNETICUT
Founded by Roger Williams and other Puritans from the MA Bay Colony for Religious Reasons
Name taken from Native American phrase meaning “river whose water is driven by tides or winds”
1640 CT had fewer than 2,000 inhabitants
LIVING IN CONNECTICUT
CONNECTICUT SETTLEMENT
EUROPEANS: THE ENGLISH IMMIGRANT COLONIES 1607-1783 NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
RHODE ISLAND
Founded by Thomas Hooker for Religious Reasons
Dissatisfied Puritans moved to Rhode Island
1759 Turo Synagogue in Newport, RI (became the Oldest Synagogue surviving today
EUROPEANS: THE ENGLISH IMMIGRANT COLONIES 1607-1783 NEW ENGLAND SHIP BUILDING
EUROPEANS: THE ENGLISH IMMIGRANT COLONIES 1607-1783 ETHNIC DIVERSITY IN NEW ENGLAND
1616 John Smith gave the name to the land "New England"
Largest self-reported ancestry groups in New England.
Americans of Irish descent form a plurality in most of Massachusetts
Americans of English descent form a plurality in much of the central parts of Vermont and New Hampshire as well as nearly all of Maine.
EUROPEANS: THE ENGLISH IMMIGRANT COLONIES 1607-1783 MIDDLE COLONIES
EUROPEANS: THE ENGLISH IMMIGRANT COLONIES 1607-1783 MIDDLE COLONIES
NEW YORK THE COLONY:
1664 BRITISH take over New Amsterdam present-day New York City
ENGLISH IMMIGRATION (present-day) New York
EUROPEANS: THE ENGLISH IMMIGRANT COLONIES 1607-1783 MIDDLE COLONIES
NEW JERSEY
The Duke of York split this land in half for two friends. (East Jersey & West Jersey)
1664 by Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret.
Named after the British island of Jersey
Government quarrels caused them to be combined in 1702.
Philip Carteret arriving at the colony of New Jersey in 1665 to serve as its governor
EUROPEANS: THE ENGLISH IMMIGRANT COLONIES 1607—1783 MIDDLE COLONIES
PENNSYLVANIA
1675—1725 The Society of Friends a.k.a “The Quakers” In 1675, large-scale migration began when the first ship of Quaker passengers reached Salem in West Jersey. Other ships followed, docking in Delaware Bay. by
1681 William Penn’s created a Quaker region in America to which members of the faith in England would be encouraged to relocate. He obtained a charter from King Charles II for 45,000 square miles, which the king dubbed Pennsylvania.
EUROPEANS: THE ENGLISH IMMIGRANT COLONIES 1607-1783 MIDDLE COLONIES
PENNSYLVANIA
1683, Dutch and German people sought religious freedom by purchasing land in Pennsylvania, north of Philadelphia, and founded Germantown. 1709 Protestants from Germany fled civil wars and economic hardship
EUROPEANS: THE ENGLISH IMMIGRANT COLONIES 1607-1783 MIDDLE COLONIES
DELAWARE
1637 The Swedes founded a colony on the Delaware Bay; 1638 Leader was Peter Minuit
New Sweden included areas of present-day states of NEW JERSEY, MARYLAND, PENNSYLVANIA, AND DELAWARE ALONG THE DELAWARE RIVER
1681 the British with the land grant to William Penn
EUROPEANS: THE ENGLISH IMMIGRANT COLONIES 1607-1783 ETHNIC DIVERSITY MIDDLE COLONIES BY 1775
ENGLISH
FRENCH
DUTCH
GERMANS
SWEDES
DANES
FINNS
SCOTS
IRISH
AFRICANS
EUROPEANS: THE ENGLISH IMMIGRANT COLONIES 1607-1783
17th CENTURY
1630—1783
ENGLISH Anglicans, IRISH Catholics and SCOTS-IRISH Protestants
DUTCH, SWEDES, GERMANS
1790 There were appox. 1,000-2000 Sephardic JEWS from Brazil
18TH CENTURY
1715—1775
SCOTISH, IRISH (NORTHERN IRELAND), ENGLISH (NORTHERN ENGLAND0
18th -19th CENTURIES
JEWS from England, and British Subjects, the American Jewish community grew to about 15,000 by 1840
EUROPEANS: THE ENGLISH IMMIGRANT COLONIES: GROWTH 1600s –1700s
EUROPEANS: JEWISH IMMIGRATION 1607-1783
Religious tolerance in the colonies.
The charter of the colony of South Carolina granted liberty of conscience to all settlers, expressly mentioning "Jews, heathens, and dissenters.“ As a result, Charleston, South Carolina has a particularly long history of Sephardic settlement, which in 1816 numbered over 600, then the largest Jewish population of any city in the United States.
Sephardic Dutch Jews were also among the early settlers of Newport RI (where Touro Synagogue, the country's oldest surviving synagogue building, stands), Savannah, Philadelphia and Baltimore
In New York City, Shearith Israel Congregation is the oldest continuous congregation started in 1687 having their first synagogue erected in 1728, and its current building still houses some of the original pieces of that first
THE IRISH AND THE US REVOLUTION and US CONSTITUTION
Irish immigrants and their descendants played major roles in achieving American independence.
John Hancock was Scots-Irish signer of the Declaration of Independence;
Gen. Henry Knox trusted adviser to George Washington
Matthew Thornton A signer of the Declaration of Independence, , came from non-Ulster Ireland – in Limerick – though he lived in Londonderry, N.H.
Gen. John Sullivan, came from Catholic Ireland and was later a New Hampshire governor
More than 1,200 officers in the American armies came from Ireland
And the muster roles of the Continental Army and Navy are filled with Hibernian names. There are 695 Kellys alone who fought against the British.
So many fought, in fact, that one British general testified at the House of Commons that ‘half the rebel Continental Army were from Ireland.’
Lydia Barrington Darragh (1729-1789), Dublin-born spy for George Washington
John Barry (1745-1803), Wexford-born "Father of the American Navy";
Margaret Corbin (1751-1800), heroine of the Revolutionary War
Pierce Butler (1744-1822), Carlow-born signer the US Constitution
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTIONARY WAR 1775-1783
Voluntary Immigration Stopped
British Soldiers arrived to fight the Colonists
Approximately 5,000 British Soldiers who deserted remained in the new US
AFTER THE WAR
Those who “Americans” who were loyal to the British left to go back to Britain OR to Canada (remained under British Rule since 1763 when they took it from the French)
Post-War EMIGRANTS (leaving the new US) approx. 80,000—100,000 to go back to Britain OR Other British Colonies in North America (Canada, Bermuda) and the Caribbean Islands)
British Felons now exported to their colony of Australia (originally a penal colony)
Indenture ended in 1825
EUROPEANS: THE ENGLISH IMMIGRANT COLONIES 1607-1783 ETHNIC DIVERSITY
US Census of 1790
English Descent were 60% of the total US population
Scots were 8 %
Welsh and English in MA and VA each had more than 300,000
NC had approx. 190,000
French Descent: 11,307 residents of French origin.
New York, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Maryland LARGEST numbers of French-speaking residents.
North Carolina, Virginia, Vermont, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and what was then the territory of Maine. Other states with significant French populations
