Prison life and after
Please see attached instructions.
3 years ago 10
Discussion6.docx
Lecture12.Prisonlifeandlifeafterprison.pdf
Discussion6.docx
Don’t forget to use as a reference: Rennison, C. M., & Dodge, M. (2022). Introduction to criminal justice: Systems, diversity, and change (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage/Cengage
Prison life and life after prison
In Chapter 12, we learn that prison isn’t easy. Prison life is dependent on several factors such as learning correctional rules and regulations, adapting to a new life that is heavily supervised, and being away from family and friends, among other things. Not only are inmates tasked with learning all the prison rules and regulations, but they must also learn about informal rules set forth by other inmates. These informal rules are also known as “prison culture” or “prison subculture.”
For this week’s DB, I want you to first listen to this interview with actor and formerly incarcerated individual, Danny Trejo. You may know Danny from the film, Spy Kids or TV show, Breaking Bad. But, did you know that he spent some time behind bars at a California prison?
Interview link: https://www.npr.org/transcripts/593446805Links to an external site.
Instructions:
1. Listen the interview with actor and formerly incarcerated offender, Danny Trejo.
2. Pay attention to when Danny talks about prison culture and how prison (informal) rules were like. (This will be around the 4:57 time stamp).
Now tell me:
1. Based on the readings, lecture, and the interview with Danny Trejo, tell me: What is prison culture like? Describe it to me.
2. Based on the readings and lecture, is social support important to reduce recidivism? In addition, what are some ways in which social support can help formerly incarcerated offenders during prison and reentry? Provide and explain at least two examples of how social support can help formerly incarcerated offenders during prison and reentry.
As a reminder, be sure to fully address all parts of the prompt using the reading and lecture material to support your answers. A one sentence explanation or bullet points will not receive full credit. You must answer each of the prompt’s questions in detail.
For example, “According to Rennison and Dodge (2021) prison culture is … For example, Danny Trejo talks about how in prison, there are informal rules that …
Based on the readings, social support can help formerly incarcerated offenders in reentry by providing people with ….”
Then, you provide reasons and examples of how social support can assist formerly incarcerated individuals during prison or reentry.
As always, please remain respectful and civil in your posts.
Lecture12.Prisonlifeandlifeafterprison.pdf
Chapter 12: Prison Life and Life After Prison
American Society of Criminology (ASC) 2022
2
3
Announcements
• Remember to watch the lecture videos and review the slides!! • Material will be on Exam 3 • Readings too!
• Next week: Exam 3 • Not cumulative • Details to follow • Check your emails!!
4
Living in Prison
5
6
Darla, a white-collar offender
You know, you definitely feel sorry for yourself because you’re in there and, you know what I mean?
Life is going on without you out there so it’s… it’s real easy to feel sorry for yourself…
“
…There’s a lot of things you have to go through and accept it as best as you can.
Darla, a white-collar offender
“ But it’s not always that easy.
Context In 2018, 1 in 40 adults under some type of correctional supervision in the U.S.
In 2020, 1.2 million in prison
Mass incarceration à more offenders in prison
10
Introduction: Living in Prison
• State responsible for safety and well-being of those it incarcerates and the public
Common missions of many correctional institutions • Protecting the public • Ensuring safety of
personnel • Care and supervision of
inmates • Reentry
11
Challenges of prison environment
• Violence • Inappropriate sexual
behavior • Gang • Overcrowding • Understaffing • Limited rehabilitation
resources • “Prison culture”
High Cost $$$$$
High costs of incarceration even excluding treatment and education • Housing one inmate costs average of $35,000 annually in federal
facility
12
13https://www.vera.org/publications/price-of-prisons-2015-state-spending-trends/price-of-prisons-2015-state-spending-trends/price-of- prisons-2015-state-spending-trends-prison-spending
Living in Prison: People and Their Lives
Correctional officers • Roles and responsibilities
Inmates • Adjustments • Goodbye to former life • Rules and regulations • Food • People
• Women vs. men • Race differences • Class differences
14
Living in Prison: Correctional Officers
Correctional officers and administrators face behavior and ethical issues • Correctional officers take oath to protect and serve • Officers may be tempted to introduce contraband
• Farkas’ (2000) Typologies – READ THIS. BE FAMILIAR WITH THE DIFFERENT TYPES. • https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X00444003
üRule Enforcers üHard Liners üPeople Workers üLoners üSynthetic Officer üResidual Type
15
Living in Prison: Offender’s Life
Life in Prison: Offenders entering prison must change their behaviors • Offenders entering prison must change their
behaviors, attitudes, and language in order to conform to prison and unofficial convict rules and regulations. • Prison argot: Slang used in prison. • Prisonization: The socialization process in
prison that requires accepting different values and customs. • Degree of adherence to prison culture may
vary during incarceration, but tends to be lowest in the first 6 months and the last 6 months of incarceration.
• Total institution: isolated, closed social system designed to control people
16
https://www.npr.org/transcripts/593446805
Living in Prison: Prison Slang
Prison Argot
Term Definition
Bone A shank (knife-like weapon)
Brake fluid Psychiatric medications
Cakero A convict who rapes weaker inmates
Car Prison gang
Catch my fade Fight
17
Living in Prison: Prison Slang
Prison Argot
Term Definition
Catching the square Challenge to fight by one prisoner to another
Convict A prisoner who is experienced in crime and prison life; used as a term of respect
Mud Coffee
Punk Gay/lesbian or weak inmate
Soda Cocaine
18
Living in Prison: Subcultures, Deprivation model
Subcultures of Prison • Three models used to explain inmate subculture 1. Deprivation model: where prisons require inmates to adapt to
being deprived of basic rights and needs • Pains of imprisonment: The five primary pains that come
from being incarcerated: 1) deprivation of liberty, 2) goods and services, 3) intimate sexual relationships, 4) autonomy, and 5) security. • Inmates may often feel like helpless outcasts, which leads to
negativity, aggression, and resentment.
19
Living in Prison: Subcultures, Importation model
Subcultures of Prison 2. Importation model: experiences and socialization from outside
world brought contribute to behavior • Convict criminology: The study of crime and correctional systems that
challenges traditional viewpoints. • Identified the prison subcultures of thief, convict, and legitimate. • Thief subculture: Prison subculture that includes professional thieves and
values in-group loyalty, trust, and reliability. This subculture includes “right guys.” • Convict subculture: Imports values from the outside and follows the inmate
code. • Legitimate: A prison subculture wherein one-time offenders identify with
correctional staff and take advantage of educational and rehabilitation opportunities.
20
Living in Prison: Subcultures, Importation model - continued
Subcultures of Prison 2. Importation model: experiences and socialization from outside
world brought contribute to behavior • Four methods of adapting to being in prison: doing time, jailing, gleaning, and
disorganized. • Doing time: Inmates who accept and follow the rules • Jailing: Inmates who have spent a substantial amount of time behind bars and
tend to be comfortable in prison. • Gleaning: Inmates who take advantage of rehabilitation, educational, and
vocational opportunities while serving time. • Disorganized: Inmates with mental illness and/or low IQs.
21
Living in Prison: Subcultures, Situational model
Subcultures of Prison 3. Situational model: emphasizes place, time, and person to
understand behavior • Depends on type of facility, time of year, time of day, staffing, and
involvement of other inmates.
22
Living in Prison: Female Subcultures
Female Subcultures
• Demographics
• Far less research on women’s subcultures
• 1960s research: women cope differently than men
23
Sentencing Data: Female Inmates Over Time
24
Sentencing Data: Female Inmates Over Time
25
Living in Prison: Female Subcultures
Female Subcultures • 1980s research: pseudofamily
and homosexual relationships • Pseudofamily: Relationship
structures built in female prisons to replicate family relationships left behind when incarcerated.
• Examples include having a “mom” “dad” “sister” etc.
• So-called natural tendencies or stereotypes such as neediness, passiveness, and domestication persisted into the prison setting.
26
Living in Prison: Female Subcultures
Female Subcultures
Women may experience pains in harsher way
• Existence of fewer women’s prisons makes visitation harder
• Women may enter prison pregnant
• Women suffer from higher levels of distress
27
Living in Prison: White-Collar Offenders
White-Collar Criminals in Prison • White-collar criminals incarcerated with other types of criminals • White collar criminals may cope better in the transition to prison
• 2 theories to explain how white-collar offenders handle prison: 1. Special Sensitivity Hypothesis: white-collar offenders cope poorly to prison
environments because of their middle-class backgrounds
2. Special Resiliency Hypothesis: white-collar offenders adapt well to prison environments because of their middle-class backgrounds
28
White-collar offenders have a difficult time in prison
• More psychological problems
• Difficult time adjusting
• They don’t understand “prison culture”
Different social strata, middle-class people
• Weisburd et al., 1991; Benson and Kerley, 2001
The Special Sensitivity Hypothesis
The Special Resiliency Hypothesis
White-collar offenders fare well in prison
• Social capital and personal support
• “Those criminals” vs. “people like me”
• They understand bureaucracies and rules
Traditional middle-class values = buffer
• Benson and Cullen, 1988
Adjustment Issues – Most Difficult
4
2
13
1 1 1
5
1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Other inmates Correctional officers
Absence of home and
family
Medical care Lack of programs
Overcrowding Other
C ou
nt
9. Overall, which one of these was the most difficult for you to adjust to? (Check only one.)
Adjustment - Most Difficult to Adjust To
wcc control
—Mark (Black, M, WCC)
“I talked to my family in length, but I kept it (conviction) away from my kids. I didn’t want my kids to know what was going on so. My wife and my sisters (knew). I didn’t tell my mom also because you know, she is elderly now…I’m basically her favorite son and if she heard that I was going to prison…so we kept that away from her.
“ And you know, I had to be a little bit creative…”
My Qualitative Interviews with White-Collar Offenders
“ “My husband came every other weekend, even though it was an 8-hour drive…I always had visitors. I was very fortunate. I always had that to look forward to…Myself and one other girl, we were like clockwork.”
“That’s why for me, I didn’t have my family visit a lot…Where for me, I couldn’t do this—the visitations. Because I couldn’t get up and have to know that my family is in a hotel and know that they gotta do it again tomorrow.”
—Kathy (White, F, WCC)
—Darla (White, F, WCC)
—Theodore (White, M, WCC) “[It] was my mistake. I have to deal with it.”
My Qualitative Interviews with White-Collar Offenders
Prison Violence
Prison Gangs • Originated in 1950s • Gang members present security risk • Gang affiliations often drawn along racial or ethnic lines
34
Prison Violence
Violence • Violence takes many forms • Violence can occur for number of reasons • Rioting: violence among inmates beyond control of prison staff
35
Prison Violence
Sexual Violence • Exact amount of sexual violence that occurs difficult to determine • 2003 Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA) of 2003: try to address issue of
sexual violence • Many rapes go unreported
• Farmer v. Brennan (1994): SCOTUS ruled that the prison’s failure to protect inmates from sexual assault is an Eighth Amendment violation.
• Methods of combating sexual violence in prison include using better classification to identify vulnerable inmates and controlling and restricting all relationships, even consensual.
• Screening for high-risk factors may also help lower the number of incidents: ü Physical size. ü Age. üOffense history. üDisability. ü Sexual orientation. ü Prior sexual abuse.
36
Prison Challenges
Medical Care and Death • Prisons need to care for a range of mental and physical health issues and deal
with number of older inmates • Prisoners over 55 represent the fastest-growing segment of the prison
population, exacerbated by mandatory minimum sentencing and recidivism. • Costs increase significantly for elderly, ill inmates.
• Lawsuits have been filed for substandard medical treatment. • HIV/AIDS deaths have dropped because of advances in medical treatment.
• HIV infection rates are five times higher than in the general population, and privacy rights prohibit public identification of infected inmates.
• An estimated 3% to 11% of the prison and jail population experiences co- occurring substance use disorders and mental health issues, with high rates of depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia.
37
Prison Challenges
Prisoner Rights • Until the 1960s, court intervention in prison cases rare • Wolf v. McDonnell (1974): prisoners not entitled to full due process
protections but they must be given written notice of the charges, be provided a written statement of evidence, and be able to call witnesses and present evidence.
38
Life After Prison: Parole and Reentry
Criminal record may cause number of problems, including obtaining a job, housing, or education or vocational training
Access to employment may vary depending on the person • For example, consider a white-collar offender vs. an average offender • The white-collar offender may have greater social ties that will help them
obtain employment than someone who may not be as fortunate with similar ties.
39
—Arthur (White, M, WCC)
“I had a job. I had a job waiting for me. I didn’t have to go through the whole process of you know, trying to get my license and trying to get my social security card, and trying to find a job, and trying to find insurance. I mean, I had all that stuff…
“
I knew some of the guys that lost everything.”
My Qualitative Interviews with White-Collar Offenders
Life After Prison: Parole and Reentry
National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers (NACDL) recommendations: • End second-class status of those who served sentence
• Mandatory collateral consequences should be disfavored
• Full restoration of rights and status available on release
• Individuals should have opportunities to restore rights/status • Individuals charged should have opportunity to avoid conviction
41
Life After Prison: Parole and Reentry
Parole • Parole is conditional release from prison • Inmates must meet conditions established by parole board • Parole board determines if an inmate will be released. • Victims and families are permitted to attend parole hearings and allowed to
make statements; they are also notified of the parole board’s decision. • Violations of the conditions set by the parole board may result in the parolee
being sent back to prison, a warning, or some other sanction. • Conditions vary, but generally include: gaining/maintaining employment,
obeying the law, not leaving the state, and paying any required restitution.
42
Life After Prison: Parole and Reentry
Community Reentry
• Many prisons offer reentry programming
• Prisonization may hinder reentry
• Bureau of Justice Statistics: 596,389 inmate released annually
43
Life After Prison: Parole and Reentry
Community Reentry • COVID-19 pandemic: some states began to grant early release • Funding for reentry programming available from Second Chance Act of
2007 • Intensive case management: evidence-based practice that includes
low staff-to-client ratios, 24-hour coverage, and services
44
Life After Prison: Parole and Reentry
Employment
• Inmates often have problems finding work due to their criminal history: • “Ban-the-box” campaign seeks to remove the
criminal history question from employment forms. • This criminal history box places offenders at a
distinct disadvantage, which leads to under- or non-employment and therefore recidivism.
• 24 states and over 100 cities have adopted fair- chance policies and have abandoned the criminal history question.
• Successful reentry requires job training, employment counseling, and placement programs.
45
Life After Prison: Parole and Reentry
Marriage and Relationships • Many ex-convicts have few friends or family members to rely on upon release • Maintaining family ties can help
• The majority of former prisoners depend on family for housing after release. • Spouses and/or children are more likely to recognize deviant behavior. • Fear of risking familial connections may result in “desistance by default.”
• Factors crucial to successful reentry: • Housing • Emotional support • Financial support • Acceptance • Encouragement
•GOAL: Lower recidivism rates 46
Discussion6.docx
Don’t forget to use as a reference: Rennison, C. M., & Dodge, M. (2022). Introduction to criminal justice: Systems, diversity, and change (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage/Cengage
Prison life and life after prison
In Chapter 12, we learn that prison isn’t easy. Prison life is dependent on several factors such as learning correctional rules and regulations, adapting to a new life that is heavily supervised, and being away from family and friends, among other things. Not only are inmates tasked with learning all the prison rules and regulations, but they must also learn about informal rules set forth by other inmates. These informal rules are also known as “prison culture” or “prison subculture.”
For this week’s DB, I want you to first listen to this interview with actor and formerly incarcerated individual, Danny Trejo. You may know Danny from the film, Spy Kids or TV show, Breaking Bad. But, did you know that he spent some time behind bars at a California prison?
Interview link: https://www.npr.org/transcripts/593446805Links to an external site.
Instructions:
1. Listen the interview with actor and formerly incarcerated offender, Danny Trejo.
2. Pay attention to when Danny talks about prison culture and how prison (informal) rules were like. (This will be around the 4:57 time stamp).
Now tell me:
1. Based on the readings, lecture, and the interview with Danny Trejo, tell me: What is prison culture like? Describe it to me.
2. Based on the readings and lecture, is social support important to reduce recidivism? In addition, what are some ways in which social support can help formerly incarcerated offenders during prison and reentry? Provide and explain at least two examples of how social support can help formerly incarcerated offenders during prison and reentry.
As a reminder, be sure to fully address all parts of the prompt using the reading and lecture material to support your answers. A one sentence explanation or bullet points will not receive full credit. You must answer each of the prompt’s questions in detail.
For example, “According to Rennison and Dodge (2021) prison culture is … For example, Danny Trejo talks about how in prison, there are informal rules that …
Based on the readings, social support can help formerly incarcerated offenders in reentry by providing people with ….”
Then, you provide reasons and examples of how social support can assist formerly incarcerated individuals during prison or reentry.
As always, please remain respectful and civil in your posts.
Lecture12.Prisonlifeandlifeafterprison.pdf
Chapter 12: Prison Life and Life After Prison
American Society of Criminology (ASC) 2022
2
3
Announcements
• Remember to watch the lecture videos and review the slides!! • Material will be on Exam 3 • Readings too!
• Next week: Exam 3 • Not cumulative • Details to follow • Check your emails!!
4
Living in Prison
5
6
Darla, a white-collar offender
You know, you definitely feel sorry for yourself because you’re in there and, you know what I mean?
Life is going on without you out there so it’s… it’s real easy to feel sorry for yourself…
“
…There’s a lot of things you have to go through and accept it as best as you can.
Darla, a white-collar offender
“ But it’s not always that easy.
Context In 2018, 1 in 40 adults under some type of correctional supervision in the U.S.
In 2020, 1.2 million in prison
Mass incarceration à more offenders in prison
10
Introduction: Living in Prison
• State responsible for safety and well-being of those it incarcerates and the public
Common missions of many correctional institutions • Protecting the public • Ensuring safety of
personnel • Care and supervision of
inmates • Reentry
11
Challenges of prison environment
• Violence • Inappropriate sexual
behavior • Gang • Overcrowding • Understaffing • Limited rehabilitation
resources • “Prison culture”
High Cost $$$$$
High costs of incarceration even excluding treatment and education • Housing one inmate costs average of $35,000 annually in federal
facility
12
13https://www.vera.org/publications/price-of-prisons-2015-state-spending-trends/price-of-prisons-2015-state-spending-trends/price-of- prisons-2015-state-spending-trends-prison-spending
Living in Prison: People and Their Lives
Correctional officers • Roles and responsibilities
Inmates • Adjustments • Goodbye to former life • Rules and regulations • Food • People
• Women vs. men • Race differences • Class differences
14
Living in Prison: Correctional Officers
Correctional officers and administrators face behavior and ethical issues • Correctional officers take oath to protect and serve • Officers may be tempted to introduce contraband
• Farkas’ (2000) Typologies – READ THIS. BE FAMILIAR WITH THE DIFFERENT TYPES. • https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X00444003
üRule Enforcers üHard Liners üPeople Workers üLoners üSynthetic Officer üResidual Type
15
Living in Prison: Offender’s Life
Life in Prison: Offenders entering prison must change their behaviors • Offenders entering prison must change their
behaviors, attitudes, and language in order to conform to prison and unofficial convict rules and regulations. • Prison argot: Slang used in prison. • Prisonization: The socialization process in
prison that requires accepting different values and customs. • Degree of adherence to prison culture may
vary during incarceration, but tends to be lowest in the first 6 months and the last 6 months of incarceration.
• Total institution: isolated, closed social system designed to control people
16
https://www.npr.org/transcripts/593446805
Living in Prison: Prison Slang
Prison Argot
Term Definition
Bone A shank (knife-like weapon)
Brake fluid Psychiatric medications
Cakero A convict who rapes weaker inmates
Car Prison gang
Catch my fade Fight
17
Living in Prison: Prison Slang
Prison Argot
Term Definition
Catching the square Challenge to fight by one prisoner to another
Convict A prisoner who is experienced in crime and prison life; used as a term of respect
Mud Coffee
Punk Gay/lesbian or weak inmate
Soda Cocaine
18
Living in Prison: Subcultures, Deprivation model
Subcultures of Prison • Three models used to explain inmate subculture 1. Deprivation model: where prisons require inmates to adapt to
being deprived of basic rights and needs • Pains of imprisonment: The five primary pains that come
from being incarcerated: 1) deprivation of liberty, 2) goods and services, 3) intimate sexual relationships, 4) autonomy, and 5) security. • Inmates may often feel like helpless outcasts, which leads to
negativity, aggression, and resentment.
19
Living in Prison: Subcultures, Importation model
Subcultures of Prison 2. Importation model: experiences and socialization from outside
world brought contribute to behavior • Convict criminology: The study of crime and correctional systems that
challenges traditional viewpoints. • Identified the prison subcultures of thief, convict, and legitimate. • Thief subculture: Prison subculture that includes professional thieves and
values in-group loyalty, trust, and reliability. This subculture includes “right guys.” • Convict subculture: Imports values from the outside and follows the inmate
code. • Legitimate: A prison subculture wherein one-time offenders identify with
correctional staff and take advantage of educational and rehabilitation opportunities.
20
Living in Prison: Subcultures, Importation model - continued
Subcultures of Prison 2. Importation model: experiences and socialization from outside
world brought contribute to behavior • Four methods of adapting to being in prison: doing time, jailing, gleaning, and
disorganized. • Doing time: Inmates who accept and follow the rules • Jailing: Inmates who have spent a substantial amount of time behind bars and
tend to be comfortable in prison. • Gleaning: Inmates who take advantage of rehabilitation, educational, and
vocational opportunities while serving time. • Disorganized: Inmates with mental illness and/or low IQs.
21
Living in Prison: Subcultures, Situational model
Subcultures of Prison 3. Situational model: emphasizes place, time, and person to
understand behavior • Depends on type of facility, time of year, time of day, staffing, and
involvement of other inmates.
22
Living in Prison: Female Subcultures
Female Subcultures
• Demographics
• Far less research on women’s subcultures
• 1960s research: women cope differently than men
23
Sentencing Data: Female Inmates Over Time
24
Sentencing Data: Female Inmates Over Time
25
Living in Prison: Female Subcultures
Female Subcultures • 1980s research: pseudofamily
and homosexual relationships • Pseudofamily: Relationship
structures built in female prisons to replicate family relationships left behind when incarcerated.
• Examples include having a “mom” “dad” “sister” etc.
• So-called natural tendencies or stereotypes such as neediness, passiveness, and domestication persisted into the prison setting.
26
Living in Prison: Female Subcultures
Female Subcultures
Women may experience pains in harsher way
• Existence of fewer women’s prisons makes visitation harder
• Women may enter prison pregnant
• Women suffer from higher levels of distress
27
Living in Prison: White-Collar Offenders
White-Collar Criminals in Prison • White-collar criminals incarcerated with other types of criminals • White collar criminals may cope better in the transition to prison
• 2 theories to explain how white-collar offenders handle prison: 1. Special Sensitivity Hypothesis: white-collar offenders cope poorly to prison
environments because of their middle-class backgrounds
2. Special Resiliency Hypothesis: white-collar offenders adapt well to prison environments because of their middle-class backgrounds
28
White-collar offenders have a difficult time in prison
• More psychological problems
• Difficult time adjusting
• They don’t understand “prison culture”
Different social strata, middle-class people
• Weisburd et al., 1991; Benson and Kerley, 2001
The Special Sensitivity Hypothesis
The Special Resiliency Hypothesis
White-collar offenders fare well in prison
• Social capital and personal support
• “Those criminals” vs. “people like me”
• They understand bureaucracies and rules
Traditional middle-class values = buffer
• Benson and Cullen, 1988
Adjustment Issues – Most Difficult
4
2
13
1 1 1
5
1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Other inmates Correctional officers
Absence of home and
family
Medical care Lack of programs
Overcrowding Other
C ou
nt
9. Overall, which one of these was the most difficult for you to adjust to? (Check only one.)
Adjustment - Most Difficult to Adjust To
wcc control
—Mark (Black, M, WCC)
“I talked to my family in length, but I kept it (conviction) away from my kids. I didn’t want my kids to know what was going on so. My wife and my sisters (knew). I didn’t tell my mom also because you know, she is elderly now…I’m basically her favorite son and if she heard that I was going to prison…so we kept that away from her.
“ And you know, I had to be a little bit creative…”
My Qualitative Interviews with White-Collar Offenders
“ “My husband came every other weekend, even though it was an 8-hour drive…I always had visitors. I was very fortunate. I always had that to look forward to…Myself and one other girl, we were like clockwork.”
“That’s why for me, I didn’t have my family visit a lot…Where for me, I couldn’t do this—the visitations. Because I couldn’t get up and have to know that my family is in a hotel and know that they gotta do it again tomorrow.”
—Kathy (White, F, WCC)
—Darla (White, F, WCC)
—Theodore (White, M, WCC) “[It] was my mistake. I have to deal with it.”
My Qualitative Interviews with White-Collar Offenders
Prison Violence
Prison Gangs • Originated in 1950s • Gang members present security risk • Gang affiliations often drawn along racial or ethnic lines
34
Prison Violence
Violence • Violence takes many forms • Violence can occur for number of reasons • Rioting: violence among inmates beyond control of prison staff
35
Prison Violence
Sexual Violence • Exact amount of sexual violence that occurs difficult to determine • 2003 Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA) of 2003: try to address issue of
sexual violence • Many rapes go unreported
• Farmer v. Brennan (1994): SCOTUS ruled that the prison’s failure to protect inmates from sexual assault is an Eighth Amendment violation.
• Methods of combating sexual violence in prison include using better classification to identify vulnerable inmates and controlling and restricting all relationships, even consensual.
• Screening for high-risk factors may also help lower the number of incidents: ü Physical size. ü Age. üOffense history. üDisability. ü Sexual orientation. ü Prior sexual abuse.
36
Prison Challenges
Medical Care and Death • Prisons need to care for a range of mental and physical health issues and deal
with number of older inmates • Prisoners over 55 represent the fastest-growing segment of the prison
population, exacerbated by mandatory minimum sentencing and recidivism. • Costs increase significantly for elderly, ill inmates.
• Lawsuits have been filed for substandard medical treatment. • HIV/AIDS deaths have dropped because of advances in medical treatment.
• HIV infection rates are five times higher than in the general population, and privacy rights prohibit public identification of infected inmates.
• An estimated 3% to 11% of the prison and jail population experiences co- occurring substance use disorders and mental health issues, with high rates of depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia.
37
Prison Challenges
Prisoner Rights • Until the 1960s, court intervention in prison cases rare • Wolf v. McDonnell (1974): prisoners not entitled to full due process
protections but they must be given written notice of the charges, be provided a written statement of evidence, and be able to call witnesses and present evidence.
38
Life After Prison: Parole and Reentry
Criminal record may cause number of problems, including obtaining a job, housing, or education or vocational training
Access to employment may vary depending on the person • For example, consider a white-collar offender vs. an average offender • The white-collar offender may have greater social ties that will help them
obtain employment than someone who may not be as fortunate with similar ties.
39
—Arthur (White, M, WCC)
“I had a job. I had a job waiting for me. I didn’t have to go through the whole process of you know, trying to get my license and trying to get my social security card, and trying to find a job, and trying to find insurance. I mean, I had all that stuff…
“
I knew some of the guys that lost everything.”
My Qualitative Interviews with White-Collar Offenders
Life After Prison: Parole and Reentry
National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers (NACDL) recommendations: • End second-class status of those who served sentence
• Mandatory collateral consequences should be disfavored
• Full restoration of rights and status available on release
• Individuals should have opportunities to restore rights/status • Individuals charged should have opportunity to avoid conviction
41
Life After Prison: Parole and Reentry
Parole • Parole is conditional release from prison • Inmates must meet conditions established by parole board • Parole board determines if an inmate will be released. • Victims and families are permitted to attend parole hearings and allowed to
make statements; they are also notified of the parole board’s decision. • Violations of the conditions set by the parole board may result in the parolee
being sent back to prison, a warning, or some other sanction. • Conditions vary, but generally include: gaining/maintaining employment,
obeying the law, not leaving the state, and paying any required restitution.
42
Life After Prison: Parole and Reentry
Community Reentry
• Many prisons offer reentry programming
• Prisonization may hinder reentry
• Bureau of Justice Statistics: 596,389 inmate released annually
43
Life After Prison: Parole and Reentry
Community Reentry • COVID-19 pandemic: some states began to grant early release • Funding for reentry programming available from Second Chance Act of
2007 • Intensive case management: evidence-based practice that includes
low staff-to-client ratios, 24-hour coverage, and services
44
Life After Prison: Parole and Reentry
Employment
• Inmates often have problems finding work due to their criminal history: • “Ban-the-box” campaign seeks to remove the
criminal history question from employment forms. • This criminal history box places offenders at a
distinct disadvantage, which leads to under- or non-employment and therefore recidivism.
• 24 states and over 100 cities have adopted fair- chance policies and have abandoned the criminal history question.
• Successful reentry requires job training, employment counseling, and placement programs.
45
Life After Prison: Parole and Reentry
Marriage and Relationships • Many ex-convicts have few friends or family members to rely on upon release • Maintaining family ties can help
• The majority of former prisoners depend on family for housing after release. • Spouses and/or children are more likely to recognize deviant behavior. • Fear of risking familial connections may result in “desistance by default.”
• Factors crucial to successful reentry: • Housing • Emotional support • Financial support • Acceptance • Encouragement
•GOAL: Lower recidivism rates 46
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