PHN week 7 discussion
respond to 2 of the attached group PowerPoint presentations addressing the following the instructions
2 years ago 10
PHNweek7.docx
GlobalHealthPopulationGroup1.pptx
PHNweek7.docx
Population health nursing week 7 assignment
Each student will respond to 2 of the group PowerPoint presentations addressing the following components:
1. Key take aways (challenges, strengths, significant data that impacted you).
2. Consider the FEMA mission as it relates to natural disaster relief. What types of disaster could impact the country reviewed and what organizations might respond?
Include 1 reference to support your response.
Peer Response Instructions
· One of the posts will count as the initial post-due by Wednesday and the other post will count as interaction for the week. Additional interaction is always welcomed.
GlobalHealthPopulationGroup1.pptx
Global health group presentation
Hailey Guido
Alecsus Fletcher
Bradley Calhoun
Rachel Burgess
India and Afghanistan
India HDI 2021 – 0.633 (MEDIUM) developing
Afghanistan HDI 2021 – 0.478 (LOW) underdeveloped
India
2022: 1.417 billion people (Data Commons, 2022)
Communicable diseases = 27.5% of all death (Mohan, et. al., 2019)
Diarrhea, lower respiratory infections
Noncommunicable diseases = 61.8% of all deaths (Mohan, et. al., 2019)
Ischemic heart disease, COPD, cerebrovascular disease
1.84 million under 5 child deaths (Wahl, et. al., 2023)
1.44 million infant deaths (Wahl, et. al., 2023)
940,000 neonatal deaths (Wahl, et. al., 2023)
Driving risk factors for death and disability
Child and maternal undernutrition: 14.6%
Air pollution: 9.8%
Dietary risks: 8.9%
High systolic blood pressure: 8.5%
High fasting glucose
Elevated BMI
3
India cont.
Mixed healthcare delivery system: public and private sectors
Government funded, three-tiered public health system
70% of all outpatient visits and about 58% of all inpatient episodes are provided by for-profit or non-profit private providers (World Health Organization, 2022).
Estimated expenditure on healthcare in 2020: 194 billion U.S. dollars (Minhas, 2023)
Allopathic doctors: 1.16 million
Nurses/Midwives: 2.34 million
Pharmacists: 1.20 million
Dentists: 0.27 million
Traditional Medical Practitioners: 0.27 million
Doctor : Population = 1 : 834
India cont.
Climate change = diseases like malaria, dengue, diarrhea, and respiratory illness due to polluted air (Cowling, et. Al., 2014)
Lack of proper sanitation and contaminated water sources = Diarrhea & cholera
Social determinants of health (SDH) include:
Employment conditions
Gender inequality
Nutrition
Majority of households = indoor biomass fuel & unimproved sanitation
<25% of workers have job security
<15% of workers have social security benefits
Ayurveda & Siddha: Traditional codified systems of medicine; emphasize holistic well-being, personalized treatments, balance of bodily energies (Sivaramakrishnan & Patel, 2024)
Karma & Reincarnation: Hindus believe that every thought, word, and action accumulate karma, which can impact future and current lives (Sivaramakrishnan & Patel, 2024)
Afghanistan
Population 38.3 Million.
Life Expectancy Male: 63.8, Life Expectancy Female: 64.3
Top causes of death and illness/disability (communicable and noncommunicable diseases)
Ischemic Heart Disease, Conflict and Terror, Neonatal Disorders, Lower Respiratory Infections, Congenital Defects
Under-5 Mortality
54.4 per every 1,000 Live Births
Driving risk factors for death and disability
Malnutrition, Air Pollution, Hypertension, Dietary Risks, Increased BMI, High Fasting Plasma Glucose, WaSH, Increased LDL, Tobacco Use, Kidney Dysfunction
afghanistan cont.
Data on Health care, spending and health care resources/access
Development assistance for health $11.08, Government health spending $4.57, Out of pocket $68.12, Private spending $0.01. Providing effective, essential health services 39.3
Environmental Factors (water, sanitation, infrastructure, climate change, working/living conditions, transportation, education, animals that spread disease, food sourcing, and supply)
Deforestation, uncontrolled urbanization, air and water pollution, solid waste disposal, flooding, droughts, landslides, poor infrastructure
Political Factors Influencing the Country
Taliban Regimen
Nursing care in India
Education Requirements:
Bachelor of Science in Nursing – minimum aggregate of 55% marks
Indian Nursing Council (INC)
Autonomous body under the Government of India
Establishes uniform standards of training for nurses
National Registration and Tracking System (NRTS)
Maintains a live register of nurses
Under the National Health Mission initiative, nurses are being trained as Community Health Officers (CHO). These CHOs work in far-flung areas where doctors are not readily available. The existing sub-centers, which cater to populations in both plain and hilly regions, are being transformed into Health and Wellness Centers. Nurses with qualifications in General Nurse Midwifery undergo a bridge course to enhance their knowledge and skills. The BPCCHN program (Certificate in Community Health) equips them with clinical skills, basic epidemiology, and management of common health problems. After completing the course, they are placed in these health and wellness centers, providing essential healthcare services to rural communities
8
Nursing care in Afghanistan
Only 10-20% of Nurse Force are Females
Professional Organization: Afghanistan Nurses and Midwifery Council- attempting to advocate for education improvement for Afghan Nurses
International aid programs in India
Government-Financed Health Insurance Programs: These are expanding coverage, although insurance remains limited.
Educational Innovations: Collaborations with institutions like the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health aim to expand skills training, degree programs, and leadership development in public health.
International aid programs in Afghanistan
Afghanistan Humanitarian Response Plan for 2023
Offers Humanitarian Aid for health assistance, trauma care services and mental health psychosocial support through donors and the WHO
United States Agency for International Development
Administered 5.2 million doses of Covid vaccines
Established 47 Urban “Nutrition Corners”
Provided 5,614 Health staff in 600 facilities
similarities
Afghanistan and India exhibit rich cultural diversity, shaped by their long histories and the coexistence of various ethnicities, religions, and traditions. This diversity is evident in their languages, arts, cuisines, and festivals, contributing to the vibrant tapestry of their national identities
Development Challenges: Despite unequal HDI rankings, both countries share common development challenges. Poverty, limited access to healthcare and education, and infrastructural deficiencies are prevalent in both Afghanistan and India. Decades of conflict have hindered Afghanistan's progress, while India deals with urban-rural disparities and socio-economic inequalities despite its economic growth
12
Rich cultural diversity
Coexistence of various ethnicities, religions, and traditions
Evident by languages, arts, cuisines, and festivals
Development challenges
Poverty limited access to healthcare and education
Decades of conflict
differences
HDI Ranking: Afghanistan's HDI of 0.478 in 2021 classified it as a low HDI country, reflecting its lower levels of human development compared to India. In contrast, India's HDI stood at 0.633 for the same year, placing it in the medium HDI category, indicating relatively higher levels of human development.
Economic Landscape: India boasts a diverse and expansive economy, encompassing IT, manufacturing, agriculture, services, and tourism. In contrast, Afghanistan's economy is predominantly agrarian, with agriculture as its primary economic activity. Moreover, Afghanistan faces significant challenges related to economic stability and development due to ongoing conflict and insecurit
13
HDI ranking
India diverse and expansive economy, encompassing IT, manufacturing, agriculture, services, and tourism
Afghanistan economy is primarily agrarian, significant challenges related to economic stability and development related to ongoing conflict
references
Cowling, K., Dandona, R. & Dandona, L. Social determinants of health in India: progress and inequities across states. Int J Equity Health 13, 88 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-014-0088-0
Data Commons. (2022). Ranking by population: all countries in Asia. Place Rankings. Datacommons.org/ranking/Count_Person/Country/asia?h=country%2FIND
International Council of Nurses. (2021). Afghan nurses report on extreme challenges and need for international support. Afghan nurses report on extreme challenges and need for international support | ICN - International Council of Nurses
Minhas, A. (2023, July 12). India: Healthcare sector expenditure. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1252555/india-healthcare-sector-expenditure/
Mohan, P., Mohan, S. B., & Dutta, M. (2019). Communicable or noncommunicable diseases? Building strong primary health care systems to address double burden of disease in India. Journal of family medicine and primary care, 8(2), 326–329. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_67_19
Mohan, P., Mohan, S. B., & Dutta, M. (2019). Communicable or noncommunicable diseases? Building strong primary health care systems to address double burden of disease in India. Journal of family medicine and primary care, 8(2), 326–329. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_67_19
Reporting on the State of Afghanistan. (2024). UNEP. Reporting on the State of the Environment in Afghanistan | UNEP - UN Environment Programme
Wahl, B., Nama, N., Pandey, R. R., Garg, T., Mishra, A. M., Srivastava, S., Ali, S., Verma, S. K., Erchick, D. J., Sauer, M., Venkatesh, U., Koparkar, A., & Kishore, S. (2023). Neonatal, Infant, and Child Mortality in India: Progress and Future Directions.Indian journal of pediatrics, 90(Suppl 1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-023-04834-z
World Health Organization. (2022). India Health System Review. https://apo.who.int/publications/i/item/india-health-system-review
World Health Organization. (2023). Afghanistan’s health system suffers critical underfunding calls for donor support. Afghanistan's health system suffers critical underfunding, calls for donor support (who.int)
USAID.GOV. (n.d.). USAID Afghanistan Health Sector Fact Sheet. USAID Afghanistan Health Sector Fact Sheet - March 2023.pdf
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PHNweek7.docx
Population health nursing week 7 assignment
Each student will respond to 2 of the group PowerPoint presentations addressing the following components:
1. Key take aways (challenges, strengths, significant data that impacted you).
2. Consider the FEMA mission as it relates to natural disaster relief. What types of disaster could impact the country reviewed and what organizations might respond?
Include 1 reference to support your response.
Peer Response Instructions
· One of the posts will count as the initial post-due by Wednesday and the other post will count as interaction for the week. Additional interaction is always welcomed.
GlobalHealthPopulationGroup1.pptx
Global health group presentation
Hailey Guido
Alecsus Fletcher
Bradley Calhoun
Rachel Burgess
India and Afghanistan
India HDI 2021 – 0.633 (MEDIUM) developing
Afghanistan HDI 2021 – 0.478 (LOW) underdeveloped
India
2022: 1.417 billion people (Data Commons, 2022)
Communicable diseases = 27.5% of all death (Mohan, et. al., 2019)
Diarrhea, lower respiratory infections
Noncommunicable diseases = 61.8% of all deaths (Mohan, et. al., 2019)
Ischemic heart disease, COPD, cerebrovascular disease
1.84 million under 5 child deaths (Wahl, et. al., 2023)
1.44 million infant deaths (Wahl, et. al., 2023)
940,000 neonatal deaths (Wahl, et. al., 2023)
Driving risk factors for death and disability
Child and maternal undernutrition: 14.6%
Air pollution: 9.8%
Dietary risks: 8.9%
High systolic blood pressure: 8.5%
High fasting glucose
Elevated BMI
3
India cont.
Mixed healthcare delivery system: public and private sectors
Government funded, three-tiered public health system
70% of all outpatient visits and about 58% of all inpatient episodes are provided by for-profit or non-profit private providers (World Health Organization, 2022).
Estimated expenditure on healthcare in 2020: 194 billion U.S. dollars (Minhas, 2023)
Allopathic doctors: 1.16 million
Nurses/Midwives: 2.34 million
Pharmacists: 1.20 million
Dentists: 0.27 million
Traditional Medical Practitioners: 0.27 million
Doctor : Population = 1 : 834
India cont.
Climate change = diseases like malaria, dengue, diarrhea, and respiratory illness due to polluted air (Cowling, et. Al., 2014)
Lack of proper sanitation and contaminated water sources = Diarrhea & cholera
Social determinants of health (SDH) include:
Employment conditions
Gender inequality
Nutrition
Majority of households = indoor biomass fuel & unimproved sanitation
<25% of workers have job security
<15% of workers have social security benefits
Ayurveda & Siddha: Traditional codified systems of medicine; emphasize holistic well-being, personalized treatments, balance of bodily energies (Sivaramakrishnan & Patel, 2024)
Karma & Reincarnation: Hindus believe that every thought, word, and action accumulate karma, which can impact future and current lives (Sivaramakrishnan & Patel, 2024)
Afghanistan
Population 38.3 Million.
Life Expectancy Male: 63.8, Life Expectancy Female: 64.3
Top causes of death and illness/disability (communicable and noncommunicable diseases)
Ischemic Heart Disease, Conflict and Terror, Neonatal Disorders, Lower Respiratory Infections, Congenital Defects
Under-5 Mortality
54.4 per every 1,000 Live Births
Driving risk factors for death and disability
Malnutrition, Air Pollution, Hypertension, Dietary Risks, Increased BMI, High Fasting Plasma Glucose, WaSH, Increased LDL, Tobacco Use, Kidney Dysfunction
afghanistan cont.
Data on Health care, spending and health care resources/access
Development assistance for health $11.08, Government health spending $4.57, Out of pocket $68.12, Private spending $0.01. Providing effective, essential health services 39.3
Environmental Factors (water, sanitation, infrastructure, climate change, working/living conditions, transportation, education, animals that spread disease, food sourcing, and supply)
Deforestation, uncontrolled urbanization, air and water pollution, solid waste disposal, flooding, droughts, landslides, poor infrastructure
Political Factors Influencing the Country
Taliban Regimen
Nursing care in India
Education Requirements:
Bachelor of Science in Nursing – minimum aggregate of 55% marks
Indian Nursing Council (INC)
Autonomous body under the Government of India
Establishes uniform standards of training for nurses
National Registration and Tracking System (NRTS)
Maintains a live register of nurses
Under the National Health Mission initiative, nurses are being trained as Community Health Officers (CHO). These CHOs work in far-flung areas where doctors are not readily available. The existing sub-centers, which cater to populations in both plain and hilly regions, are being transformed into Health and Wellness Centers. Nurses with qualifications in General Nurse Midwifery undergo a bridge course to enhance their knowledge and skills. The BPCCHN program (Certificate in Community Health) equips them with clinical skills, basic epidemiology, and management of common health problems. After completing the course, they are placed in these health and wellness centers, providing essential healthcare services to rural communities
8
Nursing care in Afghanistan
Only 10-20% of Nurse Force are Females
Professional Organization: Afghanistan Nurses and Midwifery Council- attempting to advocate for education improvement for Afghan Nurses
International aid programs in India
Government-Financed Health Insurance Programs: These are expanding coverage, although insurance remains limited.
Educational Innovations: Collaborations with institutions like the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health aim to expand skills training, degree programs, and leadership development in public health.
International aid programs in Afghanistan
Afghanistan Humanitarian Response Plan for 2023
Offers Humanitarian Aid for health assistance, trauma care services and mental health psychosocial support through donors and the WHO
United States Agency for International Development
Administered 5.2 million doses of Covid vaccines
Established 47 Urban “Nutrition Corners”
Provided 5,614 Health staff in 600 facilities
similarities
Afghanistan and India exhibit rich cultural diversity, shaped by their long histories and the coexistence of various ethnicities, religions, and traditions. This diversity is evident in their languages, arts, cuisines, and festivals, contributing to the vibrant tapestry of their national identities
Development Challenges: Despite unequal HDI rankings, both countries share common development challenges. Poverty, limited access to healthcare and education, and infrastructural deficiencies are prevalent in both Afghanistan and India. Decades of conflict have hindered Afghanistan's progress, while India deals with urban-rural disparities and socio-economic inequalities despite its economic growth
12
Rich cultural diversity
Coexistence of various ethnicities, religions, and traditions
Evident by languages, arts, cuisines, and festivals
Development challenges
Poverty limited access to healthcare and education
Decades of conflict
differences
HDI Ranking: Afghanistan's HDI of 0.478 in 2021 classified it as a low HDI country, reflecting its lower levels of human development compared to India. In contrast, India's HDI stood at 0.633 for the same year, placing it in the medium HDI category, indicating relatively higher levels of human development.
Economic Landscape: India boasts a diverse and expansive economy, encompassing IT, manufacturing, agriculture, services, and tourism. In contrast, Afghanistan's economy is predominantly agrarian, with agriculture as its primary economic activity. Moreover, Afghanistan faces significant challenges related to economic stability and development due to ongoing conflict and insecurit
13
HDI ranking
India diverse and expansive economy, encompassing IT, manufacturing, agriculture, services, and tourism
Afghanistan economy is primarily agrarian, significant challenges related to economic stability and development related to ongoing conflict
references
Cowling, K., Dandona, R. & Dandona, L. Social determinants of health in India: progress and inequities across states. Int J Equity Health 13, 88 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-014-0088-0
Data Commons. (2022). Ranking by population: all countries in Asia. Place Rankings. Datacommons.org/ranking/Count_Person/Country/asia?h=country%2FIND
International Council of Nurses. (2021). Afghan nurses report on extreme challenges and need for international support. Afghan nurses report on extreme challenges and need for international support | ICN - International Council of Nurses
Minhas, A. (2023, July 12). India: Healthcare sector expenditure. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1252555/india-healthcare-sector-expenditure/
Mohan, P., Mohan, S. B., & Dutta, M. (2019). Communicable or noncommunicable diseases? Building strong primary health care systems to address double burden of disease in India. Journal of family medicine and primary care, 8(2), 326–329. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_67_19
Mohan, P., Mohan, S. B., & Dutta, M. (2019). Communicable or noncommunicable diseases? Building strong primary health care systems to address double burden of disease in India. Journal of family medicine and primary care, 8(2), 326–329. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_67_19
Reporting on the State of Afghanistan. (2024). UNEP. Reporting on the State of the Environment in Afghanistan | UNEP - UN Environment Programme
Wahl, B., Nama, N., Pandey, R. R., Garg, T., Mishra, A. M., Srivastava, S., Ali, S., Verma, S. K., Erchick, D. J., Sauer, M., Venkatesh, U., Koparkar, A., & Kishore, S. (2023). Neonatal, Infant, and Child Mortality in India: Progress and Future Directions.Indian journal of pediatrics, 90(Suppl 1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-023-04834-z
World Health Organization. (2022). India Health System Review. https://apo.who.int/publications/i/item/india-health-system-review
World Health Organization. (2023). Afghanistan’s health system suffers critical underfunding calls for donor support. Afghanistan's health system suffers critical underfunding, calls for donor support (who.int)
USAID.GOV. (n.d.). USAID Afghanistan Health Sector Fact Sheet. USAID Afghanistan Health Sector Fact Sheet - March 2023.pdf
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image2.png
image3.png
image4.png
image5.png
image6.png
image7.png
image8.png
image9.png
image10.png
image11.png
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