PHN week 7 discussion
chiki0220
PopulationhealthGroupProjectGroup2.pptxGlobal Health Group Project – India & Nigeria
McKenzie Ledbetter, Gretchen Terrington, Alexis Ong, Darrell Williams
Galen College of Nursing
NSG 4220: Population Health Nursing
Dr. Cassie Foote
14 April 2024
1
Population and Life Expectancy Data
India
Total Population: 1,438,696,783 (April 8, 2024)
17.76% of the world’s total population.
Ranked #1 in a listing of countries by population worldwide.
Median age is 28.2 years
(Worldometer, 2023)
Life expectancy in 2019 was 70.8 years (WHO, 2024).
Nigeria
Total Population: 227,887,736 (April 8, 2024)
2.78% of the world’s total population.
Ranked #6 in a listing of countries by population worldwide.
Median age is 17.2 years
(Worldometer, 2023)
Life expectancy in 2019 was 62.6 years (WHO, 2024).
Top causes of death and illness/disability (communicable and non-communicable diseases)
INDIA
Top causes of death in 2019 for Males
Ischemic Heart Disease – 130
COPD – 70
Stroke – 52
Tuberculosis – 38
Diarrheal Diseases – 37
Neonatal Conditions – 32
Diabetes – 20
Top causes of death in 2019 for Females
Ischemic Heart Disease – 90.7
Diarrheal Diseases – 62.1
COPD – 58.7
Stroke – 50
Neonatal Conditions – 31.5
Lower Respiratory Infections – 30.9
Diabetes – 19.7
**All data is Deaths per 100,000 individuals**
**All data herein was reported by the WHO as referenced.**
NIGERIA
Top causes of death in 2019 for Males
Neonatal Conditions – 131
Lower Respiratory Infections – 110
Tuberculosis – 81
Diarrheal Diseases – 72
Malaria – 51
Ischemic Heart Disease – 30
HIV/AIDS – 25
Top causes of death in 2019 for Females
Neonatal Conditions – 106.4
Lower Respiratory Infections – 96.1
Diarrheal Diseases – 72.2
Malaria – 49.8
Tuberculosis – 44.8
Ischemic Heart Disease – 31.4
Meningitis – 20.2
Under-5 Mortality
“The leading causes of death in children under 5 years are preterm birth complications, birth asphyxia/trauma, pneumonia, diarrhea and malaria, all of which can be prevented or treated with access to affordable interventions in health and sanitation” (WHO, 2022).
The illnesses/diseases noted by the WHO can be prevented with vaccines, skilled healthcare during childbirth, and food. Children without these interventions are at higher risk of disease and the lack of food, leaving them malnourished, which makes young children more prone to preventable diseases (WHO, 2022).
The WHO is calling for every country to reduce newborn mortality to a minimum of at least 12 souls for every 1000 lives in each country of the world and a reduction in deaths of children under the age of five years old to a minimum of at least 25 souls for every 1000 lives in each country. 54 countries must accelerate their efforts to reach this goal before 2030 (WHO, 2022).
| Country | >5 years old | Lower Bound # | Upper Bound # |
| India | 844 | 645 | 1140 |
| Nigeria | 783 | 688 | 882 |
Driving risk factors – India
Malnutrition
Air pollution
High blood pressure
Tabacco
High fasting plasma glucose
Dietary risks
High body mass index
WaSH
High LDL
Alcohol use
(Worldometer, 2023)
Driving risk factors – Nigeria
Malnutrition
WaSH
Air pollution
Unsafe sex
High blood pressure
Alcohol use
Non-optimal temperature
High body mass index
High fasting plasma glucose
Dietary risks
(Worldometer, 2023)
Health care, spending and health care resources/access – India
How well is this country providing effective, essential health services?
How much is spent on health, now and in the future and from what sources?
Medical personal per 10,000
Medical Doctors – 7.2
Nurses/midwives – 17.2
Dentists – 1.5
(The National health Workforce Accounts database, 2022)
Health care, spending and health care resources/access – Nigeria
How much is spent on health, now and in the future and from what sources?
How well is this country providing effective, essential health services?
Medical personal per 10,000
Medical Doctors – 3.9
Nurses/midwives – 15.6
Dentists – 0.2
(The National health Workforce Accounts database, 2022)
Environmental Factors
India
Nigeria
Pollution
1
Air pollution is 16x higher then WHOs recommended guidelines
39% of deaths from stroke and ischemic heart disease is caused by air pollution (World Health Organization, n.d.-a)
Causes of pollutions
2
The primary cause of air pollution is Vehicular/Transport Emissions
80% of waste is discarded in open landfills (Gurjar, 2021)
Water/Sanitation
3
59% of population without safe sanitation
59% of deaths from diarrhea are caused by unsafe drinking water (World Health Organization, n.d.-a)
Pollution
Air pollution is 9x higher then WHOs recommended guidelines
44% of deaths from stroke and ischemic heart disease is caused by air pollution (World Health Organization, n.d.-b)
1
Causes of pollutions
Secondhand vehicles (older cars)
Mining
Poor infrastructure (interrupted powerlines) resulting in generator use (Pona et al., 2021)
2
Water/Sanitation
3
67% of deaths from diarrhea are caused by unsafe drinking water
78% of population without safe drinking water (World Health Organization, n.d.-b)
Improper sewage management leading to open defecation (Pona et al., 2021)
Political factors impacting the countries
India
Foreign Trade Policy
Income Tax
State Tax
Sales Tax
Labor Law
Tax Policy
Environmental Law
Corruption
(Academy, P. 2021)
Nigeria
Corruption
Political Instability
Tax Policies being inconsistent and unpredictable
Tax Rates
(Pestle Analysis, 2024)
Attitudes, beliefs, values, culture Related to health practice and lifestyle behaviors
INDIA
Hindus may use a variety of Ayurvedic medicines, home remedies and spiritual remedies, often in conjunction with allopathic medicine (Mysorkar, 2006).
Medicines derived from animals will not be suitable for Hindus due to their beliefs.
Modesty is important for men and women and prefer to be examined by someone of their own gender.
Hindus supports the donation and transplants of organs.
At the time of death, the oldest son is to lead washing the deceased with water.
Hindus believe pain and suffering is a consequence of karma. This makes them less forthcoming about pain.
NIGERIA
Beliefs that illnesses and diseases are caused by supernatural forces, such as witchcraft or spiritual curses, which leads Nigerians to seek traditional or spiritual healers versus conventional medical treatment (Richard, 2024).
Health choices are made with a collaboration of family members.
Adequate care for mothers for 40 days after delivery.
90% of babies are delivered by untrained healer.
Nigerians believe in child marriage, depriving the girl of education and resulting in early teenage pregnancies.
Unsafe practices include bathing in boiling water, removal of the hymen loop at 7 days old, gishiri cut (female genital mutilation), and a local symphysiotomy.
Nursing care and health care delivery
INDIA
In India, nurses usually travel abroad to get their education due to the minimal number of schools that provide courses for nursing.
Nursing practice includes providing care for patients, families, and communities in that nation to improve health and quality of life.
The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoH&FW) is the nodal ministry for India's Health Care Delivery System.
NIGERIA
The Nursing and Midwifery council of Nigeria are to ensure high quality of Nursing and Midwifery education in Nigeria, maintain high standard or professional nursing and midwifery practice and enforce discipline within the profession (Nursing and Midwifery Council of Nigeria, 2019).
Health Care Delivery in Nigeria is both a private and government business.
Aid Programs - India
United States Agency for International Development
(USAID)
Improve education and training of healthcare providers to enhance care of mothers and children
Helped India open its first transgender clinic
Improve HIV diagnosis and treatment through training programs
(USAID, n.d.a).
World Food Programme (WPF)
Mapping and data analysis to determine. Most vulnerable areas to focus distribution in
Helping the government make their distribution system more efficient
Supplementing the government to tackle malnutrition and food fortification for school-age children
(WPF, n.d.a).
International Committee of the Red Cross
(ICRC)
Partner with government agencies to provide training programs/courses to strengthen emergency healthcare services
Hold educational seminars/workshops to address humanitarian integration into law enforcement
(ICRC, n.d.a).
United States Agency for International Development. (n.d.a). India. https://www.usaid.gov/india
World Food Programme. (n.d.a). India. https://www.wfp.org/countries/india
International Committee of the Red Cross. (n.d.a). India. https://www.icrc.org/en/where-we-work/asia-pacific/india
13
Aid Programs - Nigeria
United States Agency for International Development
(USAID)
Food & nutrition assistance due to climate changes, agricultural production
Deploy mobile health teams to reach vulnerable, isolated populations
Implement shelter programs for displaced people due to natural disasters or conflict
(USAID, n.d.b).
Provide food or cash transfers for displaced people
Provide nutritious food for young women & children facing malnutrition
Air transport to carry vital relief (vaccines, medicine, equipment, staff)
(WPF, n.d.b).
World Food Programme
Partner with communities to rebuild through training and employing community members
Provide agricultural aid to farmers
Distribute funds to families in need to provide food and shelter to boost the local economy
(ICRC, n.d.b).
International Committee of the Red Cross
United States Agency for International Development. (n.d.b). Nigeria. https://www.usaid.gov/Nigeria
World Food Programme. (n.d.b). Nigeria. https://www.wfp.org/countries/Nigeria
International Committee of the Red Cross. (n.d.b). Nigeria. https://www.icrc.org/en/where-we-work/africa/nigeria
14
Compare & Contrast
Differences
Similarities
Populous
Colonial History
Religion
Language
Both in the top 10 most populous countries in the world
India (#1) – 1.4 billion
Nigeria (#6) = 228 million
Both ruled by UK
India until 1947
Nigeria until 1960
India = ~80% Hindu
Nigeria = >50% Muslim
India = Hindi & English; over 120 languages spoken
Nigeria = English; over 500 languages spoken
(Central Intelligence Agency, n.d.a)
(Central Intelligence Agency. n.d.b)
(Clear Global, n.d.a).
(Clear Global, n.d.b).
(Worldometer, n.d.).
Worldometer. (n.d.). Current world population. https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/
Clear Global. (n.d.b). Language data for Nigeria. https://clearglobal.org/language-data-for-nigeria/
Clear Global. (n.d.a). Language data for India. https://clearglobal.org/resources/language-data-for-india/
Central Intelligence Agency. (n.d.). India. The world factbook. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/
Central Intelligence Agency. (n.d.). Nigeria. The world factbook. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/summaries
References
Academy, P., 2021. 'Marketing Theories - PESTEL Analysis', Professionalacademy.com, [online]. Available at: https://www.professionalacademy.com/blogs-and-advice/marketing-theories---pestel-analysis
Central Intelligence Agency. (n.d.a). India. The world factbook. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/
Central Intelligence Agency. (n.d.a). Nigeria. The world factbook. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/summaries
Clear Global. (n.d.a). Language data for India. https://clearglobal.org/resources/language-data-for-india/
Clear Global. (n.d.b). Language data for Nigeria. https://clearglobal.org/language-data-for-nigeria/
Gurjar, B. R. (2021). Air pollution in India: Major issues and challenges. The Energy and Resources Institute. https://www.teriin.org/article/air-pollution-india-major-issues-and-challenges
International Committee of the Red Cross. (n.d.a). India. https://www.icrc.org/en/where-we-work/asia-pacific/india
International Committee of the Red Cross. (n.d.b). Nigeria. https://www.icrc.org/en/where-we-work/africa/nigeria
Mysorekar U. Eye on religion: clinicians and Hinduism. Southern Medical Journal 2006;99:441
Nursing and Midwifery Council of Nigeria. 2019. The Establishment. https://www.nmcn.gov.ng/establish.html#:~:text=The%20primary%20objectives%20of%20the,enforce%20discipline%20within%20the%20profession.
Pestle Analysis. 2024. Nigeria PESTLE Analysis: Insights into Nigerian Business Environment. https://pestleanalysis.com/nigeria-pestle-analysis/
Pona, H. T., Xiaoli, D., Ayantobo, O. O., & Tetteh, N. D. (2021). Environmental health situation in Nigeria: Current status and future needs. Heliyon. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844021004357
16
References Continued…
Richard, Agbekorode Oluwafemi. 2024. Health Tech Insider. Impact Of Culture and Societal Belief on Health Behaviors In Nigeria. https://issuu.com/genesys-health/docs/genesys_health_tech_insider_-_fourth_edition/s/23795033
The National health Workforce Accounts database. (2022). Health workforce. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/health-workforce
United States Agency for International Development. (n.d.a). India. https://www.usaid.gov/india
United States Agency for International Development. (n.d.b). Nigeria. https://www.usaid.gov/Nigeria
World Food Programme. (n.d.a). India. https://www.wfp.org/countries/india
World Food Programme. (n.d.b). Nigeria. https://www.wfp.org/countries/Nigeria
World Health Organization. (n.d.-a). Health and environment scorecard - India. https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/country-profiles/environmental-health/environmental-health-ind-2022.pdf?sfvrsn=ce9f2d61_4&download=true
World Health Organization. (n.d.-b). Health and environment scorecard - Nigeria. https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/country-profiles/environmental-health/environmental-health-nga-2022.pdf
Worldometer. (n.d.). Current world population. https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/
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