Paper Draft

· Know, understand, appreciate:

. Conception

1. Concepts

1. Conceptualization

2. Conceptual Definitions

2. Reification

1. Dimensions

1. Indicators

1. Operationalization

5. Operational definition

. Measurement

2. Exhaustive/Exclusive Measurement

2. Levels of Measurement

2. Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio

2. Composites; typology, index

2. Quality

4. Reliability; Re-test, Interrater reliability comparisons, Split-half comparisons

4. Validity; Face, Criterion-Related, Construct, Content

Go through following principles, understand, and appreciate significance.  Respond to prompts (underlined, italicized”.

· Conceptualization:  Precise specification of what is meant by a concept

. Most important step in research

1. Induction and deduction logic

1. Explanation based on logic

. Least important step 

2. We observe what we observe

2. Prediction is based on observations

Real vs Reification

· Reification

. Regarding things that are not real as real

1. Capitalism  Recidivism  Supervision

. Question what indicates concept

· Real

. Observations

1. Work, commodities, convictions, patrol car

. Question if generalization is appropriate

Since concepts dont really exist we rely on:

“ Indicators”

· Events, situations that demonstrate the occurrence or presence of a concept

. Murder indicates crime

. Enlistment indicates patriotism

Provide an example of an indicator of frustration:

Constitutive Definition: is the dictionary-like broad description of what a  “concept” is.  

Conceptual Dimensions

· Categories/parts of a concept  or different sub-concepts that are parts of the larger concept

. Crime seriousness = personal harm + monetary losses + fear increase, etc

Working Definition

· Working definition of a concept; how is it a variable

. Recidivism: number of people incarcerated who have been previously incarcerated and released

Operational Definition

· Description of the process used in observing/measuring/scoring an indicator

As we operationalize, we must figure out what are the true/real attributes of a concept (variable); what are the appropriate levels of measurement.

Levels of Measurement

· Nominal

. Attributes are only exhaustive and mutually exclusive (ie is “sex” either male, female, or both?  

. Provide an example of a nominal concept/variable: 

· Ordinal

. Attributes maybe logically ranked (ie is “sex” completely male, mostly male, equal male and female, mostly female, and completely female?

. Provide an example of a ordinal concept/variable: 

· Interval

. When the ranked distance between attributes has logical meaning (ie age consists of the exact same time between attributes - 12 to 13 is 365 days and 51 to 52 is also 365 days.

. Provide an example of a interval concept/variable:  

· Ratio

. Attributes are based on a true zero point and intervals  have ratio properties (10 is twice as much as 5)  (ie age has a zero, therefor someone can be half as old as somebody else.)

. Provide an example of a ratio concept/variable: 

When we conceptualize and “create” variables and measure a concept in reality, we want that measure to truly measure the concept……

Validity of Instrument

· The measure taken is reflective of the concept to be measured

· Methods of demonstrating validity

. Face validity

1. Make sense

. Criterion-related validity

2. Predicts measurements of other instruments that measure the concept

. Construct validity

3. It results in logical relationships with other variables ( a measure of frustration has correlation with a measure of aggression)

. Content validity

4. Extent to which instrument measures entire range of construct's meanings

Conceptually and operationally Define one of these constructs:   

Constitutive Definition, Working definition(s) of all the dimensions(variables) that may be part of the construct, operational definitions of all the variables

Criminality

Gender

Political orientation

Or Self-Concept

Ethics, Philosophy, and Bias

Instructions

· To complete this Milestone Activity, read the question below and then provide your response in the comment box. In order to score a “Proficient” or “Exemplary”, your response must be thoughtful and substantive, and you must reference or cite content from this competency. Your tutorial faculty will use the rubric to determine if your post shows the depth of thought required to successfully complete this Milestone. Let’s get started.

· Review the attached Sacramento Police Department Crowd & Riot Control Manual. (Please see the attached file)

· Write a written response (3000 words) to the following prompts:

Review the attached Sacramento Police Department Crowd & Riot Control Manual. 

Sacramento Police Department Crowd & Riot Control Manual

Write a written response (no less than 3000 words) to the following prompts:

1.  Identify and discuss what perspectives of justice are addressed by the policies.  Do the policies try to balance efforts to support social order, equity, and just deserts or is there clear favor for one of those ideas of justice?  Good or bad?

2. Discuss the various philosophies of social control.  Do the policies utilize any approach and to what extent?  Are they integrated in the policies effectively.  Which philosophies should be addressed and which ones shouldn't?  Why, why not?

· Crime Control (Model) Perspective and Due Process (Model) Perspective

· Rehabilitation Perspective

· Deterrence 

· Nonintervention Perspective

· Restoration (Restorative Justice) Perspective

· Equality Perspective

3.  Discuss the strength and weaknesses in which ethical issues are addressed by the manual.  Are ethics stressed, integrated, or noted within the manual?

· Excessive Force

· Intimidation and Coercion

· Discrimination

· Personal and Political Bias

· Abuse of Power/Corruption

· Liberty versus Control

· Just Deserts versus Order versus Equality

4. Discuss. Are the inherent biases in the manual? Do personal prejudices or cultural biases inform the basis of the directives?  Does the manual use directives to limit biases?

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RUBRIC

Emerging Developing Proficient Exemplary Quality of Post Does not answer the posted question(s); Post is not thoughtful or substantive. Somewhat answers the posted question(s); Post is lacking in thought and substance. Mostly answers the posted question(s); Post shows some thoughtfulness and substance; Post synthesizes, applies or integrates concepts. Fully answers the question(s); Post is substantive and shows a deep level of understanding of the concepts; Post synthesizes, applies, and/or integrates concepts effectively. Connections to Content Post does not include any connections to content. Does not use any direct/indirect quotes or references. Post does not include any obvious connections to content. Does not use any direct/indirect quotes or references. Post includes connections to competency content; Includes direct quotes, indirect quotes, or references the content from the competency. Post includes obvious and direct connections to competency content; May include direct/indirect quotes and references the content from the competency. Originality Post has identical parts from other resources; does not demonstrate an independent thought process. Post is similar to other resources; may not demonstrate an independent thought process. Post is original and may demonstrate an independent thought process that is somewhat creative and individualized. Post may contain novel points or perspectives. Post is original and demonstrates an independent thought process that is creative and individualized. Post adds value by raising novel points or providing new perspectives. Writing Mechanics Post is not written clearly; Includes many errors in sentence structure, grammar, spelling, and/or punctuation. Post is somewhat clearly written; There may be errors in sentence structure, grammar, spelling, and/or punctuation that affect readability. Post is clearly written; There may be a few minor errors in sentence structure grammar, spelling, and/or punctuation. Post is concise and clearly written in an academic tone; Sentences are complete; spelling, grammar and punctuation are correct.