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Worksheet2.docx

Worksheet 2 Reality and Science 2 Questions

Parts of Theory

1. Choose a criminology theory and provide examples of the elements of theory from it.

EVALUATING THEORY

2. Evaluate a theory of your choice based on the above theory strengths and weaknesses.

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Guideline.docx

Instructions

· To complete this Milestone Activity, read the question below and then provide your response in the comment box. In order to score a “Proficient” or “Exemplary”, your response must be thoughtful and substantive, and you must reference or cite content from this competency. Your tutorial faculty will use the rubric to determine if your post shows the depth of thought required to successfully complete this Milestone. Let’s get started.

· Review the attached Sacramento Police Department Crowd & Riot Control Manual. (Please see the attached file)

· Write a written response (1000 words) to the following prompts:

1. Identify and discuss what strengths and limitations the policy manual has regarding community and media relations. Propose corrections, additional definitions, and/or directives that can better ensure a positive relationship with the community during Sacramento Crowd and Riot Control efforts.

2. Identify and discuss what strengths and limitations the policy manual has regarding limiting the challenges on other components and agencies of the justice system. Propose corrections, additional definitions, and/or directives that can better reduce strain on other justice system components and agencies during Sacramento Crowd and Riot Control efforts.

3. Identify and discuss what strengths and limitations the policy manual have with navigating political and government issues. Propose corrections, additional definitions, and/or directives that can better navigate and positively impact political and legislative reactions.

RUBRIC

Emerging

Developing

Proficient

Exemplary

Quality of Post

Does not answer the posted question(s); Post is not thoughtful or substantive.

Somewhat answers the posted question(s); Post is lacking in thought and substance.

Mostly answers the posted question(s); Post shows some thoughtfulness and substance; Post synthesizes, applies or integrates concepts.

Fully answers the question(s); Post is substantive and shows a deep level of understanding of the concepts; Post synthesizes, applies, and/or integrates concepts effectively.

Connections to Content

Post does not include any connections to content. Does not use any direct/indirect quotes or references.

Post does not include any obvious connections to content. Does not use any direct/indirect quotes or references.

Post includes connections to competency content; Includes direct quotes, indirect quotes, or references the content from the competency.

Post includes obvious and direct connections to competency content; May include direct/indirect quotes and references the content from the competency.

Originality

Post has identical parts from other resources; does not demonstrate an independent thought process.

Post is similar to other resources; may not demonstrate an independent thought process.

Post is original and may demonstrate an independent thought process that is somewhat creative and individualized. Post may contain novel points or perspectives.

Post is original and demonstrates an independent thought process that is creative and individualized. Post adds value by raising novel points or providing new perspectives.

Writing Mechanics

Post is not written clearly; Includes many errors in sentence structure, grammar, spelling, and/or punctuation.

Post is somewhat clearly written; There may be errors in sentence structure, grammar, spelling, and/or punctuation that affect readability.

Post is clearly written; There may be a few minor errors in sentence structure grammar, spelling, and/or punctuation.

Post is concise and clearly written in an academic tone; Sentences are complete; spelling, grammar and punctuation are correct.

worksheet2slideshow.pptx

Research Methods in Criminal Justice

Lorne Gibson, Ed.D., Ph.D.

Assistant Professor lorne.Gibson@maine.edu

Ph. 608-342-1419

Office: 207 Normal

Lesson 2

Lesson Objectives

Appreciate:

Biases and Overconfidence

Science’s Goals

Major concepts of research

Concepts

Variables

Attributes

Aggregates

Frequencies

Relationship

Causality

Purpose of Research

Reasoning

Qualitative vs Quantitative

Review

It’s so hard to believe in anything anymore…Religion…seems so mythological and so arbitrary; and on the other hand, science is just pure empiricism and by virtue of its method excludes metaphysics…

I guess I wouldn’t believe in anything if it wasn’t for my

lucky, astrology mood watch.

-- Steve Martin

Steve, I would have to agree. It’s just hard to believe in.

It’s hard to believe in religion (metaphysical)

It’s hard to believe in empiricism

Steve, I can believe.

It’s easy to believe in religion (metaphysical)

It’s easy to believe in empiricism

Class Activity: Confidence

OVERCONFIDENCE

90% confidence

Answer LOW HIGH

Martin Luther King’s age at death ______ ______ ______

Length of Nile River (miles) ______ ______ ______

# of books in Old Testament ______ ______ ______

Diameter of the moon ______ ______ ______

Weight of an empty Boeing 747 ______ ______ ______

Year Mozart was born ______ ______ ______

Gestation period of Asian elephant (days) ______ ______ ______

Deepest known point in ocean (feet) ______ ______ ______

Height of Mt. Everest (feet) ______ ______ ______

Year 1st US college became coed ______ ______ ______

39 years

4187 miles

39 books

2160 miles

390,000 lbs

1756

645 days

36,198 feet

29,028 feet

1833

Overconfidence

Tendency to be more confident than correct

Tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgments

Belief Bias

Premise 1: Some ruthless men deserve a violent death

Premise 2: Osama bin Laden was a ruthless man.

Conclusion: (choose one)

A. Osama bin Laden deserved a violent death

B. Osama bin Laden did not deserve a violent death

C. Neither of these conclusions seems to follow logically.

Problems with Thinking

Confirmation Bias

Tendency to search for information that confirms one’s beliefs

Representativeness Heuristic

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes

Availability Heuristic

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

Belief Perseverance

Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Ecological Fallacy – Stereo Types

Inferences about individuals based on group statistics

Science is a Logical Argument/Critical Thinking

Science – assumptions, attitudes, and procedures

for developing and testing ideas about reality

that are adhered to by a professional community (a network of men and women who enforce scientific fidelity) with a shared ethos, or philosophy:

attempt to describe, predict, explain, or engineer empirical (metaphysical??) conditions, events, and behaviors

use systematic procedures

search for causes

suppose to be professionally objective

assume that conclusions are tentative

operate within paradigms

Science’s logical argument involves…..

Scientists as individuals and a community strive to:

eliminate bias by making valid observations and using reliable measuring instruments

demonstrate internal validity (observe what we say we observed, measure what we say we measure)

demonstrate external validity (when/where this observation can/will be observed)

Thinking and Reason

Use Concepts

Mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

i.e. chair, ball, anger, etc.

Develop Prototypes

Mental image or best example of a category/concept

Matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a concept

Variables / Attributes

A variable is a concept that has multiple attributes.

Weather: 20 degrees, 40 degrees, wet, sunny, etc.

People: female, male, tall, short, etc.

Aggregates / Frequencies

Aggregates are groups of subjects.

Subjects are objects that exhibit variable attributes.

Frequencies are the number of observations of a specific attribute.

Variables and Frequencies.

Human

Sex

Male

Human Sex

Human Sex

Human Sex

Human Sex

Human Sex

Male

Male

Human Sex

Human Sex

Human Sex

Human Sex

Human Sex

Human Sex

Male

Female

Female

Female

Female

Female

Female

Female

Female

Aggregate

Frequencies

Male = 4

Female = 8

Relationships

Attributes of one variable correspond with attributes in another.

Restroom Signs/Observed Gender Entered

Men Women
22 0
0 18

Causal Relationships

Does going to the restroom together cause pregnancy?

Restroom company/Gender and Pregnancy Observed

Pregnant Not Pregnant
Men 0 Women 14 Men 11 Women 4
Men 0 Women 0 Men 15 Women 18

Causality

A causes B if:

a relationship between A and B exists

A comes before B (causal order)

*B does not occur without A (causal necessity)

C did not cause B (rule out alternative cause)

*The nature of concepts is tricky.

Can their be more than one cause for suicide? Depression? Divorce? Etc.

Purposes of Research

Exploration

Description

Explanation

Application

Reasoning

Inductive

Deductive

Qualitative vs Quantitative

Qualitative

Quantitative

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Reading1.pdf
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