Discussion
a year ago 12
DiscussionBoard.docx
CULTPSY3_Chapter13_PDFHandout.pdf
DiscussionBoard.docx
Discussion Board
You will be required to participate in the eight discussion prompts posted on the Canvas Discussion Board throughout the course of the semester. These will relate to assigned course materials. Your responses should incorporate course content assigned during that week and should be approximately 250 words (total, for both prompts).
Please select and reply to two of the prompts below
1. “It is valid to suggest that some cultures are morally superior to others.” Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Explain your conclusion by basing it on evidence from one of the moral psychological models discussed in your textbook.
2. Create a diagram that shows how the different levels of Kohlberg’s model of moral reasoning, Shweder’s different codes of ethics, and the five different moral intuitions are related to each other.
3. An orthodox religious adherent is debating with a progressive religious adherent about abortion. They each provide a certain number of justifications for their perspectives. In the space below, for each religious adherent, graph out how many statements one would expect to correspond to each moral intuition based on the relationship between codes of ethics and moral intuitions.
4. In trying to summarize research on punishment and cooperation for your supervisor, you decide to draw a line graph that separately predicts cooperation within a culture based on a culture’s willingness to engage in (a) antisocial punishment and (b) altruistic punishment. Draw such a line graph.
5. You are surveying computer stores in individualistic and collectivistic cultures to determine what system they use to pay their sales employees. System 1 is to pay based on meritocracy. System 2 is to pay everyone the same amount of money each month. Draw a bar graph that portrays the proportion of individualistic companies and collectivistic companies that use each salary system.
CULTPSY3_Chapter13_PDFHandout.pdf
1
Lecture PowerPoint Slides
By Benjamin Cheung
Cultural Psychology Third Edition
Steven J. Heine
Chapter 13—Physical Health
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Chapter Objectives
In this chapter, you will:
• Discuss various biological variations across different cultural populations
• Explain the process of culture-gene coevolution
• Provide examples of culture-gene coevolution
• Discuss various acquired physical variations across different cultural populations
• Understand explanations that account for the physical variations across different cultural populations
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
2
Chapter Objectives
In this chapter, you will:
• Explain how cultures differ in sleep and perceptions of sleep
• Discuss how socioeconomic status predicts physical health
• Explain how ethnicity predicts physical health
• Explain the epidemiological paradox
• Discuss cultural variation in the metaphors used to conceptualize medicine
• Discuss the distribution of laypersons’ and doctors' medical attitudes
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Overriding Theme in This Chapter
Despite the notion that physical health is a biological issue, it is still strongly related to many psychological variables.
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Human Biological Variability
Human biology varies across cultures, and such variability has two different explanations/mechanisms: • Innate biological differences = result of
selection pressures
• Acquired biological differences = cultural effects on one’s biology, independent of genes
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
3
Innate Biological Variability
Humans, like all organisms, evolve due to selective pressures in their environments.
Different environments have different selection pressures, leading different populations to evolve different traits.
The most salient example of genetic variability of humans across different populations is skin color.
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Innate Biological Variability
Skin color strongly correlates with ultraviolet radiation (UVR) that reaches different parts of the globe. • Light skin allows sufficient UVR to synthesize
Vitamin D.
• Dark skin prevents over-absorption of UVR, and prevents breakdown of folic acid.
Much evidence shows that UVR levels across the globe correlate strongly with skin color.
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Innate Biological Variability
Skin color is an example of geographical influences on population variation in the human genome.
Cultural factors can also influence genomic variation. • For example, cow domestication has led to
the development of a mutation that allows us to process milk.
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
4
Innate Biological Variability
Another example of this is when people began farming yams in Africa. • Required the clearing of forests standing
pools of water malaria-carrying mosquitoes
• This cultural practice of yam farming ended up leading to the biological adaptation of resistance to malaria.
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Innate Biological Variability
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Acquired Biological Variability
Moken young children swim underwater to retrieve seafood.
They have thus developed twice the underwater visual acuity as European children.
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Normal pupil
Moken pupil under water
5
Acquired Biological Variability—Obesity
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.
Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 1990, 2000, 2010
Acquired Biological Variability—Obesity
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
1990 2000
2010
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%
(*BMI 30, or about 30 lbs. overweight for 5’4” person)
Acquired Biological Variability—Obesity
Some explanations include: • Greater reliance on high-calorie foods (e.g.
fast foods, sodas)
• Larger portion sizes
• More sedentary lifestyle
• Suburban lifestyle—more driving, less exercise
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
6
Acquired Biological Variability—Obesity
Within the West, there is considerable variation in obesity rates.
France has one-fifth the obesity rate of the United States. • This despite French food being high in fat and
sugars
• French have higher blood cholesterol than Americans but less heart disease.
• Why? © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Acquired Biological Variability—Obesity
French still eat significantly less calories a day than Americans. • This is due to the cultural environment that
affects portion sizes and attitudes toward food.
People eat what’s given to them, portioned.
Indeed, in comparison to portion sizes in the France: • U.S. yogurt containers are 80% larger.
• McDonald’s serves 70% more fries in the United States per container.
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Acquired Biological Variability—Obesity
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
7
Acquired Biological Variability—Height
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Late 19th Century Today
5'8" (1.73 m)
5'5" (1.65 m)
5'10" (1.78 m)
6'1" (1.85 m)
Acquired Biological Variability—Height
Economic wealth of a country has close ties with the height of its people. • More wealth brings healthier diet (more
vitamins and nutrients), especially at ages when growth spurts occur.
• Fluctuations of countries’ heights across time have coincided with broad societal changes that have an impact on diet.
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Culture and Sleep
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
8
Culture and Sleep
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Before electric lighting, people’s sleeping cycle actually had two phases. • First, people went to sleep for a few hours a
little after sunset. » They woke up in the middle of the night, during
which they engaged in some leisurely activities.
• Then they slept for a few hours again until around dawn
Culture and Sleep
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Culture and Health
Socioeconomic Status (SES).
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
9
Culture and Health
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Culture and Health
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Psychosocial variables : • Personality characteristics
» Hostility and pessimism
» Sense of hostility and pessimism leads to poorer health
• Cognitive resources » Poverty preoccupies people with having to make
difficult choices and trade-offs for survival.
Acquired Biological Variability—Health
One important variable is stress, which affects health in two ways: • Stress leads people to engage in unhealthy
habits.
• Stress weakens the immune system.
Some environments can induce more stress. • E.g. New York City has been shown to make
people more stressed.
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
10
Culture and Health
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Low SES Low SES
Low Control
Low Control
Poor HealthPoor Health
High SES High SES
High Control
High Control
Good HealthGood Health
Culture and Health
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Acquired Biological Variability—Health
Ethnicity is also a factor implicated in the link between SES and health
In the United States, African Americans and Hispanic Americans have been studied extensively in terms of their health outcomes compared to European Americans.
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
11
Culture and Health
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Culture and Health
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
This unexpected pattern has been called the epidemiological paradox.
One explanation is that Hispanic Americans engage in healthier behaviors then European Americans.
» Drinking and smoking less
» More social support from large communities
» High level of positive affect
Medicine and Culture
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Medicine varies greatly by culture • Non-Western societies making use of
traditional medicine agreeing that diseases are due to supernatural causes, such as witches, demons, or ghosts.
• Modern Western medicine relies on the scientific method, using controlled experiments that are shared internationally, and not considering supernatural causes to be good explanations for illness.
12
Medicine and Culture
Differences in Western medicine • In France, the metaphor of the body is the “terrain,”
which emphasizes a sense of balance. » French doctors prescribe more long rests and spa visits.
» Dirt and germs can strengthen one’s terrain; thus, there is less emphasis on daily bathing.
• The U.S. metaphor of the body is a machine. » American doctors are more likely to do surgery (to fix
malfunctioning parts).
» Germs are key threat to health; thus, doctors prescribe more antibiotics than anywhere else.
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Medicine and Culture
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Summary
Both geographical and cultural variables have an impact on one’s biology (both genotypic and phenotypic).
Such impact can have profound consequences, as in the cases of obesity and mortality rates.
Even the profession of medicine is not immune to the effects of culture.
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
DiscussionBoard.docx
Discussion Board
You will be required to participate in the eight discussion prompts posted on the Canvas Discussion Board throughout the course of the semester. These will relate to assigned course materials. Your responses should incorporate course content assigned during that week and should be approximately 250 words (total, for both prompts).
Please select and reply to two of the prompts below
1. “It is valid to suggest that some cultures are morally superior to others.” Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Explain your conclusion by basing it on evidence from one of the moral psychological models discussed in your textbook.
2. Create a diagram that shows how the different levels of Kohlberg’s model of moral reasoning, Shweder’s different codes of ethics, and the five different moral intuitions are related to each other.
3. An orthodox religious adherent is debating with a progressive religious adherent about abortion. They each provide a certain number of justifications for their perspectives. In the space below, for each religious adherent, graph out how many statements one would expect to correspond to each moral intuition based on the relationship between codes of ethics and moral intuitions.
4. In trying to summarize research on punishment and cooperation for your supervisor, you decide to draw a line graph that separately predicts cooperation within a culture based on a culture’s willingness to engage in (a) antisocial punishment and (b) altruistic punishment. Draw such a line graph.
5. You are surveying computer stores in individualistic and collectivistic cultures to determine what system they use to pay their sales employees. System 1 is to pay based on meritocracy. System 2 is to pay everyone the same amount of money each month. Draw a bar graph that portrays the proportion of individualistic companies and collectivistic companies that use each salary system.
CULTPSY3_Chapter13_PDFHandout.pdf
1
Lecture PowerPoint Slides
By Benjamin Cheung
Cultural Psychology Third Edition
Steven J. Heine
Chapter 13—Physical Health
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Chapter Objectives
In this chapter, you will:
• Discuss various biological variations across different cultural populations
• Explain the process of culture-gene coevolution
• Provide examples of culture-gene coevolution
• Discuss various acquired physical variations across different cultural populations
• Understand explanations that account for the physical variations across different cultural populations
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
2
Chapter Objectives
In this chapter, you will:
• Explain how cultures differ in sleep and perceptions of sleep
• Discuss how socioeconomic status predicts physical health
• Explain how ethnicity predicts physical health
• Explain the epidemiological paradox
• Discuss cultural variation in the metaphors used to conceptualize medicine
• Discuss the distribution of laypersons’ and doctors' medical attitudes
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Overriding Theme in This Chapter
Despite the notion that physical health is a biological issue, it is still strongly related to many psychological variables.
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Human Biological Variability
Human biology varies across cultures, and such variability has two different explanations/mechanisms: • Innate biological differences = result of
selection pressures
• Acquired biological differences = cultural effects on one’s biology, independent of genes
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
3
Innate Biological Variability
Humans, like all organisms, evolve due to selective pressures in their environments.
Different environments have different selection pressures, leading different populations to evolve different traits.
The most salient example of genetic variability of humans across different populations is skin color.
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Innate Biological Variability
Skin color strongly correlates with ultraviolet radiation (UVR) that reaches different parts of the globe. • Light skin allows sufficient UVR to synthesize
Vitamin D.
• Dark skin prevents over-absorption of UVR, and prevents breakdown of folic acid.
Much evidence shows that UVR levels across the globe correlate strongly with skin color.
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Innate Biological Variability
Skin color is an example of geographical influences on population variation in the human genome.
Cultural factors can also influence genomic variation. • For example, cow domestication has led to
the development of a mutation that allows us to process milk.
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
4
Innate Biological Variability
Another example of this is when people began farming yams in Africa. • Required the clearing of forests standing
pools of water malaria-carrying mosquitoes
• This cultural practice of yam farming ended up leading to the biological adaptation of resistance to malaria.
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Innate Biological Variability
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Acquired Biological Variability
Moken young children swim underwater to retrieve seafood.
They have thus developed twice the underwater visual acuity as European children.
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Normal pupil
Moken pupil under water
5
Acquired Biological Variability—Obesity
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.
Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 1990, 2000, 2010
Acquired Biological Variability—Obesity
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
1990 2000
2010
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%
(*BMI 30, or about 30 lbs. overweight for 5’4” person)
Acquired Biological Variability—Obesity
Some explanations include: • Greater reliance on high-calorie foods (e.g.
fast foods, sodas)
• Larger portion sizes
• More sedentary lifestyle
• Suburban lifestyle—more driving, less exercise
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
6
Acquired Biological Variability—Obesity
Within the West, there is considerable variation in obesity rates.
France has one-fifth the obesity rate of the United States. • This despite French food being high in fat and
sugars
• French have higher blood cholesterol than Americans but less heart disease.
• Why? © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Acquired Biological Variability—Obesity
French still eat significantly less calories a day than Americans. • This is due to the cultural environment that
affects portion sizes and attitudes toward food.
People eat what’s given to them, portioned.
Indeed, in comparison to portion sizes in the France: • U.S. yogurt containers are 80% larger.
• McDonald’s serves 70% more fries in the United States per container.
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Acquired Biological Variability—Obesity
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
7
Acquired Biological Variability—Height
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Late 19th Century Today
5'8" (1.73 m)
5'5" (1.65 m)
5'10" (1.78 m)
6'1" (1.85 m)
Acquired Biological Variability—Height
Economic wealth of a country has close ties with the height of its people. • More wealth brings healthier diet (more
vitamins and nutrients), especially at ages when growth spurts occur.
• Fluctuations of countries’ heights across time have coincided with broad societal changes that have an impact on diet.
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Culture and Sleep
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
8
Culture and Sleep
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Before electric lighting, people’s sleeping cycle actually had two phases. • First, people went to sleep for a few hours a
little after sunset. » They woke up in the middle of the night, during
which they engaged in some leisurely activities.
• Then they slept for a few hours again until around dawn
Culture and Sleep
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Culture and Health
Socioeconomic Status (SES).
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
9
Culture and Health
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Culture and Health
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Psychosocial variables : • Personality characteristics
» Hostility and pessimism
» Sense of hostility and pessimism leads to poorer health
• Cognitive resources » Poverty preoccupies people with having to make
difficult choices and trade-offs for survival.
Acquired Biological Variability—Health
One important variable is stress, which affects health in two ways: • Stress leads people to engage in unhealthy
habits.
• Stress weakens the immune system.
Some environments can induce more stress. • E.g. New York City has been shown to make
people more stressed.
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
10
Culture and Health
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Low SES Low SES
Low Control
Low Control
Poor HealthPoor Health
High SES High SES
High Control
High Control
Good HealthGood Health
Culture and Health
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Acquired Biological Variability—Health
Ethnicity is also a factor implicated in the link between SES and health
In the United States, African Americans and Hispanic Americans have been studied extensively in terms of their health outcomes compared to European Americans.
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
11
Culture and Health
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Culture and Health
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
This unexpected pattern has been called the epidemiological paradox.
One explanation is that Hispanic Americans engage in healthier behaviors then European Americans.
» Drinking and smoking less
» More social support from large communities
» High level of positive affect
Medicine and Culture
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Medicine varies greatly by culture • Non-Western societies making use of
traditional medicine agreeing that diseases are due to supernatural causes, such as witches, demons, or ghosts.
• Modern Western medicine relies on the scientific method, using controlled experiments that are shared internationally, and not considering supernatural causes to be good explanations for illness.
12
Medicine and Culture
Differences in Western medicine • In France, the metaphor of the body is the “terrain,”
which emphasizes a sense of balance. » French doctors prescribe more long rests and spa visits.
» Dirt and germs can strengthen one’s terrain; thus, there is less emphasis on daily bathing.
• The U.S. metaphor of the body is a machine. » American doctors are more likely to do surgery (to fix
malfunctioning parts).
» Germs are key threat to health; thus, doctors prescribe more antibiotics than anywhere else.
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Medicine and Culture
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company
Summary
Both geographical and cultural variables have an impact on one’s biology (both genotypic and phenotypic).
Such impact can have profound consequences, as in the cases of obesity and mortality rates.
Even the profession of medicine is not immune to the effects of culture.
© 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company