mangment question
Diversity in Organizations, 5e
Chapter 11: Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
Bell | Leopold, Diversity in Organizations, 5th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Shaw, Business Ethics, 10th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Bell | Leopold, Diversity in Organizations, 5th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Introduction
Sexual minorities suffer some of the same discriminations as other minorities
In comparison to other minorities, sexual minorities are sometimes considered to have chosen their sexual orientation or to be morally wrong
Compared with other non-dominant groups, often harder for straight parents to help their child through this minority experience
LBGT and LBGTQ used interchangeably in text
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Shaw, Business Ethics, 10th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Bell | Leopold, Diversity in Organizations, 5th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
History of Gay Rights in the United States
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Bell | Leopold, Diversity in Organizations, 5th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Shaw, Business Ethics, 10th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Bell | Leopold, Diversity in Organizations, 5th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Gay Rights in the U.S.
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Shaw, Business Ethics, 10th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Bell | Leopold, Diversity in Organizations, 5th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Population
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Bell | Leopold, Diversity in Organizations, 5th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Shaw, Business Ethics, 10th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Bell | Leopold, Diversity in Organizations, 5th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Gays and Lesbians: Demographics
Past estimates suggested that 4% to 17% of people in the United States are members of sexual minorities.
Demographic characteristics:
Sex: Male 42%; Female 58%
Race/Ethnicity: White 58%; Latino 21%; Black 12%; Multi-racial 5%; Asian 2%; American Indian 1%; Pacific Islander 1%
Age: 18–24 30%; 25–34 26%; 35–49 20%; 50–64 16%; 65+ 7%
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Shaw, Business Ethics, 10th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Bell | Leopold, Diversity in Organizations, 5th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Education and Socioeconomic Indicators
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Bell | Leopold, Diversity in Organizations, 5th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Shaw, Business Ethics, 10th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Bell | Leopold, Diversity in Organizations, 5th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Gays and Lesbians Education and Income
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Shaw, Business Ethics, 10th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Bell | Leopold, Diversity in Organizations, 5th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Relevant Legislation
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Bell | Leopold, Diversity in Organizations, 5th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Shaw, Business Ethics, 10th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Bell | Leopold, Diversity in Organizations, 5th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Legislation (1 of 2)
Executive Order 11478, 1998
Prohibits sexual orientation discrimination in federal civilian workplaces
Does not include other employers
Amended in July 2014 to include prohibition of discrimination based on gender identity
Equality Act—The Equality Act passed in the U.S. House of Representatives. If also passed in the U.S. Senate, the Equality Act would amend existing laws to explicitly prevent discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity.
In 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Bostock v. Clayton County, that the protections guaranteed by the 1964 Civil Rights Act based on sex also extend to discrimination against lesbian, gay, and transgender Americans.
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Shaw, Business Ethics, 10th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Bell | Leopold, Diversity in Organizations, 5th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Legislation (2 of 2)
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Bell | Leopold, Diversity in Organizations, 5th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Research on Access and Treatment Discrimination against Sexual Minorities
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Bell | Leopold, Diversity in Organizations, 5th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Shaw, Business Ethics, 10th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Bell | Leopold, Diversity in Organizations, 5th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Employment Experiences
Access discrimination: Denying employment opportunities or access to jobs based on factors unrelated to productivity
Statistical discrimination: Using observable characteristics as proxies for information about the productivity of workers
Treatment discrimination: Treating some employees differently based on factors unrelated to productivity
Providing fewer job-related rewards or opportunities than they should receive
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Shaw, Business Ethics, 10th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Bell | Leopold, Diversity in Organizations, 5th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Organizational Policies and Benefits
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Shaw, Business Ethics, 10th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Bell | Leopold, Diversity in Organizations, 5th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Same-Sex Partner Benefits
These benefits are offered by most Fortune 500 companies.
Gender pronouns
Firms with more progressive nondiscrimination policies have higher stock performance.
Legalization of same-sex marriage adds complexity to organizational attempts for inclusion.
Organizations that support LGBT
2021 U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs policy change
Honorable discharges
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Shaw, Business Ethics, 10th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Addressing Fears of Contracting HIV/AIDS at Work
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Shaw, Business Ethics, 10th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Bell | Leopold, Diversity in Organizations, 5th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Unfounded Fears of HIV/AIDS
These fears add to the resistance of employers to provide domestic partner benefits.
Reality
69% of the new HIV/AIDS infections for 2018 were the result of male-to-male sexual contact, and almost a third of new infections were for other reasons.
Risk of contracting HIV/AIDS while at work is very small
HIV/AIDS is a protected disability under the ADA.
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Shaw, Business Ethics, 10th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Bell | Leopold, Diversity in Organizations, 5th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Determinants of Attitudes toward Gay Men and Lesbians
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Bell | Leopold, Diversity in Organizations, 5th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Shaw, Business Ethics, 10th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Bell | Leopold, Diversity in Organizations, 5th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Factors Affecting Attitudes Toward Gays and Lesbian
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Codes of Silence or Out at Work?
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Bell | Leopold, Diversity in Organizations, 5th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell (DADT) Policy
Passed in 1993 under President Bill Clinton
Led to the discharge of 13,000 gays and lesbians from the U.S. military due to:
Fear of reduced cohesion
Fear of reduced enlistment of heterosexuals
Beliefs about the right to privacy of heterosexual personnel
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Shaw, Business Ethics, 10th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Bell | Leopold, Diversity in Organizations, 5th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Research on LGBT Employees
Some estimates claim about 48% of LGBT workers haven’t disclosed their sexual orientation at work
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Being Out at Work
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Benefits of Being Out, Drawbacks of Being Closeted
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Work and Family for Sexual Minority Employees
Some of the researchers’ recommendations to help such families include:
Ensure that work-family supports are accessible to, and inclusive of, sexual minority employees.
Use intentionally inclusive, careful language and phrasing of work-family policies and workplace conversations.
Acknowledge family diversity and provide education and support for diverse families.
Improve organizational climate to minimize stigma and help employees disclose their work/family needs.
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Shaw, Business Ethics, 10th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Bell | Leopold, Diversity in Organizations, 5th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Recommendations for Individuals
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Bell | Leopold, Diversity in Organizations, 5th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Shaw, Business Ethics, 10th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Bell | Leopold, Diversity in Organizations, 5th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Recommendations
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Shaw, Business Ethics, 10th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Bell | Leopold, Diversity in Organizations, 5th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Recommendations for Organizations
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Bell | Leopold, Diversity in Organizations, 5th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Shaw, Business Ethics, 10th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Bell | Leopold, Diversity in Organizations, 5th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Organizational Recommendations
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Shaw, Business Ethics, 10th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Bell | Leopold, Diversity in Organizations, 5th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Key Terms
Associational stigma
Closeted
Covering
Heteronormativity
Heterosexism
Homophobia
Passing
Sexual orientation
Sexual minorities
Stigma
Transgender
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Shaw, Business Ethics, 10th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Bell | Leopold, Diversity in Organizations, 5th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.