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ratios_and_formulas__financial_analysis.docxRatios and Formulas in Customer Financial Analysis
Financial statement analysis is a judgmental process. One of the primary objectives is identification of major changes in trends, and relationships and the investigation of the reasons underlying those changes. The judgment process can be improved by experience and the use of analytical tools. Probably the most widely used financial analysis technique is ratio analysis, the analysis of relationships between two or more line items on the financial statement. Financial ratios are usually expressed in percentage or times. Generally, financial ratios are calculated for the purpose of evaluating aspects of a company's operations and fall into the following categories:
· Liquidity ratios measure a firm's ability to meet its current obligations.
· Profitability ratios measure management's ability to control expenses and to earn a return on the resources committed to the business.
· Leverage ratios measure the degree of protection of suppliers of long-term funds and can also aid in judging a firm's ability to raise additional debt and its capacity to pay its liabilities on time.
· Efficiency, activity or turnover ratios provide information about management's ability to control expenses and to earn a return on the resources committed to the business.
A ratio can be computed from any pair of numbers. Given the large quantity of variables included in financial statements, a very long list of meaningful ratios can be derived. A standard list of ratios or standard computation of them does not exist. The following ratio presentation includes ratios that are most often used when evaluating the credit worthiness of a customer. Ratio analysis becomes a very personal or company driven procedure. Analysts are drawn to and use the ones they are comfortable with and understand.
Working Capital Working capital compares current assets to current liabilities, and serves as the liquid reserve available to satisfy contingencies and uncertainties. A high working capital balance is mandated if the entity is unable to borrow on short notice. The ratio indicates the short-term solvency of a business and in determining if a firm can pay its current liabilities when due.
Formula
Current Assets - Current Liabilities
Acid Test or Quick Ratio A measurement of the liquidity position of the business. The quick ratio compares the cash plus cash equivalents and accounts receivable to the current liabilities. The primary difference between the current ratio and the quick ratio is the quick ratio does not include inventory and prepaid expenses in the calculation. Consequently, a business's quick ratio will be lower than its current ratio. It is a stringent test of liquidity.
Formula
Cash + Marketable Securities + Accounts Receivable Current Liabilities
Current Ratio provides an indication of the liquidity of the business by comparing the amount of current assets to current liabilities. A business's current assets generally consist of cash, marketable securities, accounts receivable, and inventories. Current liabilities include accounts payable, current maturities of long-term debt, accrued income taxes, and other accrued expenses that are due within one year. In general, businesses prefer to have at least one dollar of current assets for every dollar of current liabilities. However, the normal current ratio fluctuates from industry to industry. A current ratio significantly higher than the industry average could indicate the existence of redundant assets. Conversely, a current ratio significantly lower than the industry average could indicate a lack of liquidity.
Formula
Current Assets Current Liabilities
Cash Ratio Indicates a conservative view of liquidity such as when a company has pledged its receivables and its inventory, or the analyst suspects severe liquidity problems with inventory and receivables.
Formula
Cash Equivalents + Marketable Securities Current Liabilities
Net Profit Margin (Return on Sales) A measure of net income dollars generated by each dollar of sales.
Formula
Net Income * Net Sales
* Refinements to the net income figure can make it more accurate than this ratio computation. They could include removal of equity earnings from investments, "other income" and "other expense" items as well as minority share of earnings and nonrecurring items.
Return on Assets Measures the company's ability to utilize its assets to create profits.
Formula
Net Income * (Beginning + Ending Total Assets) / 2
Operating Income Margin A measure of the operating income generated by each dollar of sales.
Formula
Operating Income Net Sales
Return on Investment Measures the income earned on the invested capital.
Formula
Net Income * Long-term Liabilities + Equity
Return on Equity Measures the income earned on the shareholder's investment in the business.
Formula
Net Income * Equity
Du Pont Return on Assets A combination of financial ratios in a series to evaluate investment return. The benefit of the method is that it provides an understanding of how the company generates its return.
Formula
|
Net Income * Sales |
x |
Sales Assets |
x |
Assets Equity |
Gross Profit Margin Indicates the relationship between net sales revenue and the cost of goods sold. This ratio should be compared with industry data as it may indicate insufficient volume and excessive purchasing or labor costs.
Formula
Gross Profit Net Sales
Total Debts to Assets Provides information about the company's ability to absorb asset reductions arising from losses without jeopardizing the interest of creditors.
Formula
Total Liabilities Total Assets
Capitalization Ratio Indicates long-term debt usage.
Formula
Long-Term Debt Long-Term Debt + Owners' Equity
Debt to Equity Indicates how well creditors are protected in case of the company's insolvency.
Formula
Total Debt Total Equity
Interest Coverage Ratio (Times Interest Earned) Indicates a company's capacity to meet interest payments. Uses EBIT (Earnings Before Interest and Taxes)
Formula
EBIT Interest Expense
Long-term Debt to Net Working Capital Provides insight into the ability to pay long term debt from current assets after paying current liabilities.
Formula
Long-term Debt Current Assets - Current Liabilities
Cash Turnover Measures how effective a company is utilizing its cash.
Formula
Net Sales Cash
Sales to Working Capital (Net Working Capital Turnover) Indicates the turnover in working capital per year. A low ratio indicates inefficiency, while a high level implies that the company's working capital is working too hard.
Formula
Net Sales Average Working Capital
Total Asset Turnover Measures the activity of the assets and the ability of the business to generate sales through the use of the assets.
Formula
Net Sales Average Total Assets
Fixed Asset Turnover Measures the capacity utilization and the quality of fixed assets.
Formula
Net Sales Net Fixed Assets
Days' Sales in Receivables Indicates the average time in days, that receivables are outstanding (DSO). It helps determine if a change in receivables is due to a change in sales, or to another factor such as a change in selling terms. An analyst might compare the days' sales in receivables with the company's credit terms as an indication of how efficiently the company manages its receivables.
Formula
Gross Receivables Annual Net Sales / 365
Accounts Receivable Turnover indicates the liquidity of the company's receivables.
Formula
Net Sales Average Gross Receivables
Accounts Receivable Turnover in Days indicates the liquidity of the company's receivables in days.
Formula
Average Gross Receivables Annual Net Sales / 365
Days' Sales in Inventory Indicates the length of time that it will take to use up the inventory through sales.
Formula
Ending Inventory Cost of Goods Sold / 365
Inventory Turnover indicates the liquidity of the inventory.
Formula
Cost of Goods Sold Average Inventory
Inventory Turnover in Days indicates the liquidity of the inventory in days.
Formula
Average Inventory Cost of Goods Sold / 365
Operating Cycle Indicates the time between the acquisition of inventory and the realization of cash from sales of inventory. For most companies the operating cycle is less than one year, but in some industries it is longer.
Formula
Accounts Receivable Turnover in Days + Inventory Turnover in Day
Days' Payables Outstanding Indicates how the firm handles obligations of its suppliers.
Formula
Ending Accounts Payable Purchases / 365
Payables Turnover Indicates the liquidity of the firm's payables.
Formula
Purchases Average Accounts Payable
Payables Turnover in Days Indicates the liquidity of the firm's payables in days.
Formula
Average Accounts Payable Purchases / 365
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