Complete Entire Week 5

GIVE FEEDBACK TO PARAGRAPHS BELOW (150-200 WORD REPONSE)

1. GIVE FEEDBACK

According to a study by CJ Mann, cross-sectional studies are primarily used to determine prevalence and infer causation (2003). These types of studies have advantages because the subjects aren't exposed, treated, or not treated, which cuts back on the amount of ethical difficulties that are present. The data that is collected makes it easier to answer the research question because only one group is used, data is collected once, and multiple outcomes can be studied, which is why it is called cross- sectional (Mann 2003). The data helps answer the research question through questionnaires. One limitation that researchers face is the possibility of a low response rate. Any study with a low response rate can be criticized because it can miss significant differences in both responders and non-responders. The only difference in limitations as described by Cozby is the presence of cohort effects, in which not every person is developmentally the same (Cozby 2015).

Cozby, P. C., & Bates, S. C. (2015). Methods in Behavioral Research. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Mann, C.J. (2003). Observational research methods. Research design II: cohort, cross sectional, and case-control studies. Emerg Med J; 20: 54-60. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1726024/pdf/v020p00054.pdf

2. GIVE FEEDBACK

The Longitudinal design is used in substance abuse recovery research. Longitudinal studies are needed to asses certain changes in any type of study for a variety of purposes (Cozby, 2015). When coming to drug use research, the data gets collected, would be performed via repeated measures in regards to the past use, current use and over a long period of time. According to Brecht, Herbeck, & n.d (2010), in order to complete the assessments Treatment Utilization & Effectiveness Longitudinal Study, Natural history interview and Addiction Severity Index, were actually administered as three annual follow ups for the purpose of assessing to address the frequency of drug use including, marijuana and methamphetamine uses. The drug uses for marijuana and methamphetamines were found to be comparable to alcohol, cocaine and heroin use. The differences in terminology amongst the instruments, were part of the discrepancies found. The examination of self-reporting drug use, resulted similar across the board, including all illicit drugs and alcohol abuse as well.

References:

Cozby, P. C., & Bates, S. C. (2015). Methods in Behavioral Research. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Brecht M., Herbeck, M.A., Hser, Yih-lng, H., Huang, & , Murphy D. (210) Self-report of Longitudinal Substance Use: A Comparison of the UCLA Natural History Interview and the Addiction Severity Index 40(2) 495-516 Retrieved from:https;//www.ncbi.nih.gov

3. GIVE FEEDBACK

Cross-sectional studies have advantages which include no exposures and or treatments (Cozby, 2015).

Cross-sectional descriptive studies are used for investigative purposes when coming to Alcohol related disorder and substance related issues. The correlation between disorders and alcohol/illicit drug abuse also relate to crime and violence. Regression models, were used within this study in order to externalize and internalize problems related to crime due to symptoms the person is undergoing. The problems were in relation to gender, age, violence and crime. The factual was resulting directly to crime and violence behaviors as most of the individuals whom suffer from addiction reside in a vulnerable social environment Bourdreaux, De Almeida Lopes Fernandes, & n.d 2015)

References:

Cozby, P. C., & Bates, S. C. (2015). Methods in Behavioral Research. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Bourdreaux J.,De Almeida Lopes Fernandes, I., Ferreira de Oliveira M., Garcia Claro, H., Hayasi, P., & Ribeiro Tarifa, R., (2015) Drug use, mental health and problems related to crime and violence: cross-sectional study Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4664019/

4. GIVE FEEDBACK

Designing or crafting a research project takes quite some time, skills as well as awareness. To begin with is sampling, this kind of mistake befalls when a probability sampling technique is employed in selecting a sample. However, the preceding example is not demonstrative concerning people concern. Inappropriately, some sampling errors are inevitable. The other limitation is surveyed questions and analyses (Bell, 2014). Methods of study vary in kind of data each process gathers as well as frequent questions that might be asked. Arguably, self-administered inquiries are more multifaceted and long than interrogator-administered questions. At one fell swoop, interviewer-administered survey forms are more complex compared to self-administered surveys since the interviewer controls or regulate the navigations. The other limitation is cost. Study expenses for all approaches increase over few years (Thomas, Silverman, & Nelson, 2015). Due to an increase in technology, there is a decrease in expenditures. However, the need of using extra resources with the aim of compensating for declines will raise expenses or costs. Expenditures for in-person reviews are increasing speedily; therefore, this type of survey is used less frequently. On the other hand, costs for telephone survey mainly RDD surveys are cumulative too. The other limitation is Non-responsive. Nonresponse inaccuracy or mistake occurs when an acquired sample varies from a unique selected sample. For instance, in the phone survey, some respondents are inaccessible since they are not present in their household for initial calls. Last not least is measurement. Analysis process causes this error, and it also characterizes or embodies difference among the information created as well as the info required by researchers.

References

Bell, J. (2014). Doing Your Research Project: A guide for first-time researchers. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).

Thomas, J. R., Silverman, S., & Nelson, J. (2015). Research methods in physical activity, 7E. Human kinetics.