Chapters Discussion (Reflection)

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Chapter 12

Conclusion

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© 2014 SAGE Publications. Defrancisco & Palczewski, Gender in Communication 2e

Example: Easy-Bake Oven

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© 2014 SAGE Publications. Defrancisco & Palczewski, Gender in Communication 2e

The Easy-Bake Protest Demonstrates:

  • Communication reinforces binary gender/sex differences.
  • Institutional communication, recirculated by media, maintains the gender/sex binary.
  • Social change is possible.

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© 2014 SAGE Publications. Defrancisco & Palczewski, Gender in Communication 2e

A Critical Gendered Lens Enables You To:

  • Recognize the drawbacks of the gender differences approach;
  • Embrace an oppositional gaze;
  • Make interventions in the world
  • intrapersonally,
  • interpersonally, and
  • publicly

© 2014 SAGE Publications. Defrancisco & Palczewski, Gender in Communication 2e

Drawbacks of the Differences Approach

  • reinforces the gender/sex binary
  • reinforces heteronormativity
  • mis-describes the world
  • ignores people’s similarities
  • Ignores intersex people
  • Assumes sex determines gender
  • ignores intersectionality
  • ignores power and its outcome, violence

© 2014 SAGE Publications. Defrancisco & Palczewski, Gender in Communication 2e

Intersectionality

Communication scholar John Sloop (2005):

“a gender/sexuality project that avoids questions of, say, class and race, not only reinforces the larger material and economic ways in which class and racial borders are reinforced and delimited, but also provides a critique of gender/sexuality issues that has limited explanatory power” (p. 326).

© 2014 SAGE Publications. Defrancisco & Palczewski, Gender in Communication 2e

Differences are Rarely Innocent & Equal:

  • Example: Being man, woman, Black, White, rich, poor, citizen, noncitizen, physically able, disabled person, all have consequences.
  • These consequences are clearest when tracking issues such as rape, domestic violence, poverty, and genocide.
  • Men and masculinity are not the cause of all society’s ills. Hegemonic masculinity and the normalization of violence contribute to those ills.

© 2014 SAGE Publications. Defrancisco & Palczewski, Gender in Communication 2e

A Critical Gender Diversity Approach:

  • Does not deny differences between women and men.

  • It recognizes the range of differences is much greater than a gender binary placed upon the axis of sex difference.

© 2014 SAGE Publications. Defrancisco & Palczewski, Gender in Communication 2e

Gender communication scholars Bonnie Dow and Celeste Condit (2005) make clear:

“Sex and gender are not simply variables deserving incorporation in equations, but are complex factors that require careful, sustained attention to their formation and to the nonsimple ways in which they play out in human communication” (p. 454).

© 2014 SAGE Publications. Defrancisco & Palczewski, Gender in Communication 2e

A Critical Gender Diversity Approach Recognizes:

  • All people have at their disposal a range of communication strategies.

  • However, that range is often constrained by social institutions.

  • But, people are amazingly creative and resilient.