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chapter_9_ppt_with_activities.pptxEthical Issues in Supervision
Chapter 9
© 2015. Cengage Learning.
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Supervision Ethics vs. Counseling Ethics
How similar are they to each other?
Explain your reasoning…
Discussion
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Two lenses…
This presentation will focus on…
First, your experience as a supervisee
Second, your potential future as a supervisor
© 2015. Cengage Learning.
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How many think they might like to supervise in the future?
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Supervision
Four major goals of supervision:
To promote supervisee growth and development
To protect the welfare of the client
To monitor supervisee performance and to serve as a gatekeeper for the profession
To empower the supervisee to self-supervise and carry out these goals as an independent professional
© 2015. Cengage Learning.
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Section F of ACA Codes
Refer to page 12 of the ACA Code of Ethics (2014)
F1 through F6 all directly address supervision
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Informed Consent in Supervision
The standard of practice is to incorporate clear informed consent material for supervisees, both orally and in writing.
It is beneficial to discuss the rights of supervisees from the beginning of the supervisory relationship.
© 2015. Cengage Learning.
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One thing that needs to be done more clearly across the board (in my opinion) is setting up a clear agreement between the supervisor and supervisee.
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Informed Consent in Supervision
When supervisees learn what they can expect in supervision and what to do to achieve success, they are empowered to express expectations, make decisions, and become active participants in the supervisory process.
© 2015. Cengage Learning.
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Supervision can be anxiety provoking, especially in the beginning! On a scale of 1 to 5 how anxious were you all walking in to your first supervision session at your site?
It’s important to remember that as a new supervisor and talking clearly about your methods of supervision, and also addressing some of that anxiety in the beginning, can be helpful.
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The Supervision Contract
The following topics should be included in a supervision contract:
Supervisor’s background
Methods to be used in supervision
Responsibilities and requirements of supervisors
Supervisee’s responsibilities
Policies pertaining to confidentiality and privacy
© 2015. Cengage Learning.
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Keep in mind that ACA code of ethics may have changed since your supervisors received their training. So if their contract doesn’t include these elements you can request that they add them, or at the very least get answers to all these questions.
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The Supervision Contract
The following topics should be included in a supervision contract:
Documentation of supervision
Risks and benefits
Evaluation of job performance
Complaint procedures and due process
Professional development goals
Duration and termination of the supervision contract
© 2015. Cengage Learning.
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Activity: Review Sample Supervision Contract
Open up the sample contract in Blackboard (Weekend 2 folder)
Review it with a partner
Is there anything missing that you would include or something you would change given your setting/background?
© 2015. Cengage Learning.
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Activity
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YOUR RIGHTS AS A SUPERVISEE
Rights of Supervisees
Supervisory sessions free from distractions
To be fully informed of supervisor’s approach
Confidentiality with regard to supervisee’s disclosure
Confidentiality with regard to clients except as mandated by law
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Are your rights being upheld in your current supervision? Remember, we don’t want you to take this information and tell a supervisor he/she isn’t following the ethics of supervision. If anyone is having a tough time in supervision and wants to discuss how to go about confronting the issue in an ethical manner, please consult me individually or ask questions.
Supervisors have solid confidentiality rules to abide by just as counselors do; supervisors cannot share information from supervision sessions unless confidentiality exceptions apply (same as those when working with clients). If a supervisor feel a supervisee is putting the client in danger or there are ethical issues at hand, they are allowed to consult and potentially break confidentiality if the supervisee is causing harm to a client. If they needed to consult another professional they would have to de-identify the supervisee; if a supervisor was going to identify the supervisee in consultation or for any other reason, they would need the supervisee’s explicit permission.
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Rights of Supervisees
Continual access to records maintained during supervision
To provide feedback to supervisors concerning supervision experience
To seek consultation from other professionals as necessary
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Consultation from other professionals can rub some supervisors the wrong way. They may get offended if they think a supervisee is circumventing the supervision they offer and getting advice from someone else. As a supervisor you should recognize that consultation is a natural part of counseling, and getting more than one opinion from a professional you respect is not only acceptable, but also ethical.
Give example of MS counselor who eventually we had to stop placing students with- she would give advice that was questionable and if student supervisees went to another school counselor, she’d get extremely offended and tell the supervisee she was working with “her kids” and they should not be listening to other counselors’ opinions on “her kids” issues.
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Video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hf8mjMU5aJk
Watch the video with Stephanie (the supervisor) and Sara (the supervisee)
What rights of Sara’s were violated by her supervisor?
What should Sara do in this situation?
If Sara doesn’t address her rights that are being violated, what are some potential consequences?
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Video (2nd half)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hf8mjMU5aJk
Watch the 2nd half of this video with an example of what a good supervisor should do.
What did you notice was helpful?
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YOUR Responsibilities as a supervisee
Responsibilities of Supervisees
Come prepared to each supervision session.
Be an active participant.
Take the initiative to ask for what you need from your supervisor.
Do related research and reading between sessions to enhance your clinical work.
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I have had excellent supervisors and not so excellent ones. But regardless I realized that I got more out of supervision when I came prepared with specific questions and took initiative to ask for what I needed. One supervisor in general was never prepared and just wanted to chat about life as opposed to help me with students’ cases. So I started coming prepared with a list- I gave him a list and I had a list of student issues and questions. I prioritized them in case I didn’t get to all of them. It helped keep the sessions focused and productive.
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Responsibilities of Supervisees
Pay attention to your interactions with clients and with your supervisor.
Be willing to address any areas of concern you have.
If you are having trouble with colleagues or fellow supervisees, bring such matters into supervision.
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Taking constructive criticism can be tough but a great growth opportunity for you! Sometimes it can be tough for supervisors to give extremely direct feedback, but I’d encourage you to solicit good constructive feedback from them. How can you do this?
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Responsibilities of Supervisees
Ask for feedback about your strengths and areas where you need to improve and be open to feedback from supervisors, fellow supervisees, and your clients.
Try to critically evaluate feedback you feel is not constructive.
Establish healthy boundaries for yourself.
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If you’re regularly hearing feedback that is pretty generic and all positive, probe further to get more useful feedback.
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Responsibilities of Supervisees
Let your supervisor know if you are feeling overwhelmed by your work with clients.
Be open to various forms of supervision, including live supervision and videotaping.
Talk about insecurities and anxieties you have that pertain to your work.
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Videotaping can be intimidating but one of the most useful supervision tools!
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Responsibilities of Supervisees
Provide feedback to your supervisor about what you find helpful or unhelpful in your supervisory relationship.
Pay attention to possible sources of countertransference.
In supervision, explore how these reactions are affecting your work with clients.
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Even if you’re not given the opportunity to formally evaluate your supervisor, try to give him/her feedback in the experience. For example, saying something like, “thanks so much for that advice last week. I tried out the technique with my client and it went really well. I appreciate when you give me tools I can use in sessions as it helps me build confidence.”
Or, if the feedback is constructive, “I think it would help me if you provided me more concrete strategies to help me in my work with this client. I know I need to go into the session with an activity but I am having trouble finding one that is suitable.” The supervisor might then say they want you to do the work (as part of empowering you), but if you are really struggling in some way, ask them to at least point you in the right direction.
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Video example
First we’ll focus on your role as a supervisee…
Here’s a silly video for you to process what behaviors a supervisee should have in a supervision session.
Supervisee was not open to hearing feedback and became defensive, argumentative.
What could supervisee do if he was starting to get angry about the feedback he received? What could he do after the supervision session?
It’s critical to pay attention to feedback and constructive criticism from supervisor. Sometimes there is a personality clash between supervisor and supervisee and these situations are challenging! But it’s important to recognize your role as supervisee and realize that it’s temporary- while taking their criticism seriously at the same time.
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Video Discussion
What ethical responsibilities is this supervisee not meeting?
This supervisee seems overwhelmed with responsibilities- what should he discuss with his supervisor?
If you’re feeling overwhelmed, anxious, or having a tough time in life and it’s detracting from your ability to counsel effectively, what should you do?
© 2015. Cengage Learning.
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The Roles & Responsibilities of Supervisors
The Supervisor’s Roles and Responsibilities
Supervisors must be competent both in the practice of supervision and in the area of counseling being supervised.
Supervisors should provide supervision only after obtaining the education and training to ensure competence in this role, and only if they can devote the time to provide adequate oversight.
© 2015. Cengage Learning.
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The Supervisor’s Roles and Responsibilities
Supervisors are ultimately responsible, both ethically and legally, for the actions of their trainees.
Supervisors have responsibilities to supervisees’ current and future clients.
Supervisors must have a clearly developed framework for supervision and a rationale for the methods they employ.
© 2015. Cengage Learning.
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The Supervisor’s Roles and Responsibilities
The quality of the supervisory relationship is just as important as the methods a supervisor chooses.
A good portion of the supervisory sessions should focus on the personal stress experienced by the supervisee during client–counselor interactions.
© 2015. Cengage Learning.
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ROLE PLAY
One student will play yourself (the supervisee), one student will role play the “bad supervisor” from the earlier clip:
The supervisor is difficult to reach and frequently misses sessions.
When you do meet, the supervisor seems distracted.
In today’s supervision, the supervisee has a few difficult cases to discuss but the supervisor shows up late and is distracted.
The supervisee must practice addressing the problems within the supervisory relationship.
Discuss afterwards what else the supervisee could do in this scenario.
Give 10-15 minutes so they can take turns
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Methods of supervision Competence of supervisors Online supervision Legality & Risk Management Multiculturalism Multiple Roles
Methods of Supervision
Self-report is one of the most widely used supervisory methods, yet it may be the least useful.
Procedure is limited by the supervisee’s conceptual and observational ability.
Process notes build on the self-report by adding a written record explaining the content of the session and the interactional processes.
© 2015. Cengage Learning.
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Stress use of notes in supervisee’s work with clients, also audio and video tapes. I used to hear from supervisees that everything was going great and they felt work with clients was going well and they had no concerns. Then I’d watch their tapes and realize that they weren’t doing a very good job of evaluating themselves!
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Methods of Supervision
Audio recording is a widely used procedure that yields direct and useful information about the supervisee.
Video recording allows for an assessment of the subtleties of the interaction between the supervisee and the client.
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Methods of Supervision
Live supervision, which is conducted by the supervisor during the supervisee’s session with a client, provides the most accurate information about the therapy session.
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Is anyone able to get live supervision at your site?
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Competence of Supervisors
Most psychology and counselor education programs offer a course in supervision at the doctoral level, but training for supervisors at the master’s level is lacking.
Good supervisors demonstrate the four A’s:
They tend to be available, accessible, affable, and able.
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Competence of Supervisors
The licensure laws in several states stipulate that LPCs/LMHCs who practice supervision are required to have relevant training experiences and course work in supervision.
Online Supervision
As cybersupervision and the use of electronic media in supervision have become more prevalent, the following ethical issues have taken on added dimensions:
Confidentiality
Informed consent
The supervisory relationship
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Online Supervision
A major consideration is whether online supervision will count toward licensure when the supervisor and supervisee reside in different states.
© 2015. Cengage Learning.
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Legal Aspects of Supervision
Informed consent
Confidentiality and its limits
Liability
Direct liability can be incurred when the actions of supervisors are the cause for harm.
Vicarious liability pertains to the responsibilities supervisors have to oversee the actions of their supervisees.
© 2015. Cengage Learning.
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Risk Management Practices for Supervisors
Don’t supervise beyond your competence.
Evaluate and monitor supervisees’ competence.
Be available for supervision consistently.
Formulate a sound supervision contract.
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Risk Management Practices for Supervisors
Maintain written policies.
Document all supervisory activities.
Consult with appropriate professionals.
Maintain a working knowledge of ethics codes, legal statutes, and licensing regulations.
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Risk Management Practices for Supervisors
Use multiple methods of supervision.
Have a feedback and evaluation plan.
Verify that your professional liability insurance covers you for supervision.
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Risk Management Practices for Supervisors
Evaluate and screen all clients under your supervisee’s care.
Establish a policy for ensuring confidentiality.
Incorporate informed consent in practice.
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Multicultural Issues in Supervision
Dimensions of a good multicultural model:
Pluralistic philosophy
Cultural knowledge
Consciousness raising
Experiential training
Contact with racial and ethnic minorities
Practicum or internship with culturally diverse populations
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Multiple Roles and Relationships in the Supervisory Process
Sexual intimacies during training:
Core issue is difference in power and status
Providing counseling for trainees:
Dual relationship standard of ethical conduct should be used
© 2015. Cengage Learning.
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Role Play
Watch video clip
Imagine the individual speaking is your supervisee
Refer to the Code of Ethics and reference specific codes that apply to this situation
How would you handle this situation as the supervisor?
Role play with a peer and take turns playing this supervisee and supervisor
Ch 9- review and reflect: Helper studio- supervision just the facts
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