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Sir John A. Macdonald

If you look up the world "glory", one of the meanings will be given from the dictionary of Longman: “a beautiful and impressive appearance". And there is nothing can be more beautiful and impressive than a project to build a country. Here is a person who obtained the greater glory, for his name is John Alexander Macdonald.

John Alexander Macdonald has become the first prime minister of Canada since 1867 to 1873 and from 1878 to 1891. John Alexander Macdonald had play the most important role on British North America Act and the Union of provinces which became Canada. According to be Book, 《John Alexander Macdonald》（1998），In John Alexander Macdonald's early life and education. He was a lawyer, businessman and politician in Glasgow Scotland. He was born in 11 January 1815, and when John Alexander Macdonald was five years old, he was brought to Kingston, Upper Canada by his parents. Macdonald grew up in Kingston, and in the nearby Lennox, Addington, and Prince Edward counties. Macdonald attended the Midland District Grammar School, as well as a private school in Kingston, where he was educated in rhetoric, Latin, Greek, grammar, arithmetic and geography.

As the Creighton (1998) had presented, In Macdonald's early career, when Macdonald was 15 years old, he start to article with a prominent Kingston lawyer who at school as articling student with a promise. After two years, he had become the manager of a branch legal office in Napanee by himself, and opened his own office in Kingston when he was 19 years old. Macdonald's early professional career coincided with the rebellion in Upper Canada and subsequent border raids from the US. The rebellion in upper Canada and subsequent border raids from the US happened with Macdonald's early professional career at the same time. In 1837, he joined the attack on the rebel at Montgomery's Tavern. In 1838, he attracted public notice by the leader whom name is Nils Von Schoultz, the leader of an attack on Prescott.

As the Heritage Minutes（2014）mentioned，Macdonald is good at law. His firm engage primarily in commercial law. So, he start to acquired land in many part of province by deal in real estate in 1840s. After 25 years, he had become the president of Quebec City firm. and in 1887, he had become the first president of the Manufactures Life Insurance Co of Toronto.

John Alexander Macdonald had play the most important role in the Confederation. The growing opposition in Upper Canada to the political union of Lower Canada between the 1854 and 1864. Clear Grits, and Bleus, who would work together for constitutional change. Based on the document，“Macdonald and the coalition played a key role in the Confederation of British North America in 1867, which brought together four new provinces (Ontario, Québec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia) to form the Dominion of Canada.”（John Alexander Macdonald，1998）. For the conceding the necessity of a federal arrangement to accommodate strong racial, religious and regional differences. Macdonald prefer to set up a strong, highly centralized and unitary form of government. He became the leader in the drafting of federal system in the central government, and help the unmistakable dominance over the provincial governments. In this playing, His great constitutional expertise, ability and knowledge were quickly recognized by the imperial government. Lord Monck, who former governor general of the province of Canada, he nominate John Alexander Macdonald to be the prime minister of Canada on 1 July 1867.

In the first period of administration between 1867, Macdonald had become the nation builder. As the 《John Alexander Macdonald》 (1998) pointed out, in the period Manitoba, the North-West Territories, British Columbia and Prince Edward Island joined the original four province of confederation. Building a Intercolonial Railway between Quebec city and Halifax, and plans made for a transcontinental railway to the Pacific Coast.

The National Policy also is a key part of Macdonald 's life. National policy a promised changes in tariff policy in 1870, and it had a frequently revised in close collaboration with leading manufacturers. This is a system which protected Canadian Manufacturing by the imposition of high tariffs on foreign import, especially from the United States. Thereby, it Appealed to Canadian nationalist and anti-American sentiment, it became a permanent feature of Canadian economic and political life. Nevertheless, the economy as a whole continued to suffer slow growth, and the impact of policy were disequilibrium. (John Alexander Macdonald, 1998)

The most important project of Canada is the Canadian pacific Railway. This project will completion of the transcontinental Canadian pacific railway However, it is very difficult and expensive undertake for extensive government subsidization. Macdonald played a central role in making the railway a reality. As the book 《John Alexander Macdonald》 mentioned，Macdonald was involved in awarding the contract to a new syndicate headed by George Stephen, which called for a government subsidy of $25 million and 25 million acres of land, and on two occasions between 1884 and 1885, he agreed to introduce legislation for the further financial support of the railway. Its completion in November 1885 made possible the future settlement of the West.

By the way, Chinese Immigration has become a part during the build the Canadian pacific Railway. There are around 15000 Chinese labours come to Canada for helped build the Railway. They worked in harsh condition for a little pay. They suffered greatly and historian estimate that at least 600 died. This employment had caused a controversy, especially in British Columbia, where government worried about the potential economic and cultural impact of this influx of Chinese worker. However, Macdonald had defended the employment in constructing the railway.

Reference

Creighton, Donald, Creighton, Donald Grant, & Canadian Electronic Library. (1998). John A. Macdonald DesLibris. Books collection. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Ont.

Heritage Minutes, (2014). Sir John A. Macdonald. Related From: https://www.historicacanada.ca/content/heritage-minutes/sir-john-macdonald

Turner, J. (2002, Jan 12). Time to honour a national hero. The Globe and Mail (1936-Current) Retrieved from https://login.library.smu.ca/login?qurl=?url=http://search.proquest.com.library.smu.c a:2048/docview/1411883862?accountid=13908

Gray, C. (2004, Nov 25). Why I give sir john an A. The Globe and Mail (1936-Current) Retrieved from https://login.library.smu.ca/login?qurl=?url=http://search.proquest.com.library.smu.c a:2048/docview/1356887032?accountid=13908

Sheridan, R. B., & Macdonald, R. A. (2002). THE CONDITION OF THE SLAVES ON THE SUGAR PLANTATIONS OF SIR JOHN GLADSTONE IN THE COLONY OF DEMERARA, 1812-49. NWIG: New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids, 76(3/4), 243-269.