10A1-08 - Analysis of a Ehtical Dilemma - Final Project Plan

· For the final project in this course, you will be required to examine in detail a public service ethical dilemma. It must be in the public sector, so it must involve government and its structure and functions. It can be one that you have faced yourself, or one that you believe you may face as you continue in your career, or something that you have perceived as an ethical dilemma that no one is addressing.

The assignments in this course will help you to explore the ethical dimensions of your dilemma. You will synthesize these components, incorporating feedback from your instructor and your peers, into your final project.

Project Objectives

To successfully complete this project, you will be expected to:

1. Analyze an ethical dilemma in public administration.

2. Evaluate traditional and contemporary theories of ethics in relationship to an ethical dilemma in public administration.

3. Devise a plan to aid in ethical decision making that leads to an ethical solution.

4. Illustrate the meaning of professional integrity.

5. Think critically and communicate effectively to explain personal and professional leadership in the public sector.

· To achieve a successful project experience and outcome, you are expected to meet the following requirements.

1. Describe an ethical dilemma that you will face, might face, or have faced in your career as a public administrator, including any competing ethical issues that add complexity to your dilemma.

2. Provide an analysis of your dilemma based on the theories you have identified in the units of this course.

3. Propose a plan that will help you maintain integrity in your ethical decision making. Include who you will consult and the resources available to assist you.

4. Describe and evaluate the ethical approach you will take to resolve your dilemma.

5. Reflect on the ways in which the ethical dilemmas described in this class have caused you to think differently about the field of public administration and role within it.

Further requirements include:

6. Written communication: Written communication is free of errors that detract from the overall message.

7. APA formatting: Resources and citations are formatted according to APA (6th ed.) style and formatting.

8. Number of resources: Minimum of 20 peer-reviewed resources and other sources as appropriate.

9. Length of paper: 15–20 typed double-spaced pages.

10. Font and font size: Arial, 12 point.

DEFINING AN ETHICAL DILEMMA – U2A1-08

OVERALL COMMENTS FROM PROFESSOR: You offer a helpful review and characterization of the dilemma in terms of your review of some of the ethical issues that relate to the area of transparency and honesty. With that said, you must remember to integrate the literature into your analysis in order to support your posits/claims. In this regard, you need to examine some of the key, ethical frameworks to align with this dilemma. For example, you may consider that the ethical framework offered by Kant for instance. I am unclear as to a remedy approach to this dilemma area. You may consider re-design/development of internal Code of Ethics for your department. Review of such an adjustment may help you to arrive at a remedy approach that incorporates ethical lessons learned from the literature as well as other organizations pertaining to this topical area.  Finally, you must include sub-headings throughout your narrative for organizational purposes.

Introduction

The nature of ethical dilemma is professional; Mary Ann is working on a major information technology project for the federal department. On a weekly basis gives her boss heads up on her progress on the project and hands out a portion of her work. She decides to take on a stand-alone endeavor, and in the next couple of months, the component will be needed to make a complete system together with the other components of the other people working in the other different offices. Though she is making progress, Mary is not meeting the deadlines as agreed for the project. Her boss trusts her and believes that she has everything under control and she will have her work complete by the deadline. She is aware she will not submit the complete project during the deadline, and this might result in her losing her face in the department if her boss discovers that she has been behind in her progress. Though is she assured her job is secure.

The situation Mary Ann is in, is an ethical dilemma as the choice she decides to make will not solve her problem in an ethically acceptable manner. She has a choice to let her boss know as early as possible, before the deadline that she is not progressing as she has been making him to believe and she may not provide complete work as other people from different offices. The other choice she has is to wait until the deadline and let her boss know that she is not done with her component of the system. Whatever the choice she makes, it will have a significant impact on the job though she is guaranteed she will not lose her job despite the choice she makes and her relationship with her boss.

Mary Ann can decide to let her boss know the truth about her work progress and that she might not provide her component at the deadline so as to avoid unnecessary confusion during the representation of the component from the different offices. By being honest with her boss can give her more time to finish up her work or even assign someone else to help to finish her component before the presentation. She can also let go her stand-alone endeavor and concentrate on completing the component of the system as she is expected to.

The dilemma Mary Ann will be facing is how to let her boss that she is not progressing as she has made him believe and he might not have a complete component during the deadline. She might also decide to keep quiet about the slow progress on the other parts of the job are brought together. Both the choices she decides to make will have the same impact, but she is guaranteed her job is secure. No matter the decision she makes dire consequences will follow, and her boss will be disappointed with her despite when she decides to reveal the truth about her progress. If her boss finds out her dishonesty about her work, she will lose the face of her department though her job is still secure.

Ethical dilemmas pop up on regular basis and occasionally in workplaces, according to an article by Don Rafler Common Workplace Dilemmas, with the use of common use, and a few analysis workers can solve work dilemmas without losing their jobs or bringing to their employers just as in Mary Ann’s case. She has a decision of letting her boss know about her late work and avoid any embarrassment from her boss during the deadline or even causing when her boss realize she will not have her work on time for the presentation. The result of her misdoing will cost her the position she has in her department.

Conclusion

Honesty is an essential virtue at workplaces, employees and employers often themselves in conflict with each other due to lack of open on certain issues. Mary Ann dishonesty about her progress and making her boss believe everything is alright will cost her position on the department and bring about confusion during the last day of the presentation.   

References

Allen., K. (2010). A taxonomy for teaching social work values. . Journal of Social Work Values and Ethics, 7 (2).

 

Reamer, F. (1995). Social work values and ethics. . New York:: Columbia University Press.

  Rohr, J. A. (1998). Public service, ethics and constitutional practice. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press.

CONSEQUENTIALISM AND NONCONSEQUENTIALISM – U5A1-08

OVERALL COMMENTS FROM PROFESSOR: You provide a helpful review of your topical area relating to the notions of consequential and nonconsequential theory bases that apply to the overall area concerning the area of abortion. With that said, you could have provided further analysis concerning your review of the sub-categories of the these two theory bases. In this regard, you could have further examined the areas of individual egoism, personal egoism and universal egoism as such. Also, you could have noted that it may not be possible to know the consequences of our actions as related to this theory base.

From the nonconsequentialist perspective, you appropriately highlight how actions are judged on whether they are right or wrong In this sense, you could have provided further insights in terms of providing further analysis to the areas pertaining to Act nonconsequentialism and Rule nonconsequentialism. You cold have also examind the areas relating to Divine Command Theory, Kant’s Duty Ethics, and Ross’ Prima Facie duty perspective. You also could have noted that the challenge with this ethical area, is that it is difficult, if not impossible, to know if you are right in terms of your decisions as you rely upon guidance from a divine entity.

In sum, such further analysis would have provided additional insights in terms of your review and application of the two theory bases. Finally, please attend to the edits as noted below.

Consequentialism and Nonconsequentialism in Solving Ethical Dilemmas

The consequentialism theory states that moral action is one that produces a positive outcome, and an immoral action creates a negative outcome. A common way to express the end justifies the means, so if something will ultimately be beneficial, the action is moral. In consequentialism, the morality of an action is based on its consequences, but how do you define a consequence as negative or positive?  There are a few basic divisions here.  The first is personal. If an action is personally financial, some say that makes it moral.  But what if that action hurts others?  More commonly, consequentialism is judged by a larger consequence, sometimes by the impact on society, or the state, or the greater good in general (Jacques P. Thiurox, Consequentialism Theory, 2014). The common belief is in utilitarianism, that is the greatest good for the greatest number of people. This idea recognizes that no action is universally beneficial, so the most moral action benefits the most number of individuals.

On the other hand, Non-Consequentialism, it can also be labeled as deontological ethics. The theory states that morality of an action is based on its adherence to accepted rules. So, the outcome of the action doesn’t matter; what matters is essentially the intention. The society is left to determine what is moral and immoral and up to an individual to obey that morality. It assumes that society itself is moral which is a different question entirely and still, requires an individual to take actions. This theory judges the action directly and not the consequences of that action (Jacques P. Thiurox, Consequentialism Theory, 2014).

Most ethical dilemmas can solve either apply the consequentialism, and non-consequentialism theories and the outcomes for whatever theory chosen are different and affect the people involved differently (Allen, 2015). In ethics, consequentialism theories tend to pay more attention while solving a dilemma if the consequences are for the common then the action is justifiable. While non-consequentialism while solving any dilemma judges the dilemma based on the action, not the consequences.  An example to illustrate the way these two theories work, supposing that killing an individual X an entirely innocent person, will save the lives of 10 other innocent people, in consequentialism, it is justified to kill the people and save the lives of the other ten individuals. On the other non-consequentialism, it is inherently wrong to murder people and to refuse to kill X, even though that will result in the death of 10 people.

Abortion is a serious ethical issue, and over the years they have the intense debate on whether the action can be justified or not. Abortion is the most challenging and controversial moral issues facing different societies, and there have been calls to make legalize the act and in some cases to make it illegal (Kaczor, 2011). The dilemma whether abortion is justified or not can be viewed from two perception one which is the moral status of the fetus and the rights of the pregnant woman. The argument can fall under the two-ethics theory, consequentialism, and consequentialism.

Under consequentialism, abortion can be justified when it’s meant for the great good of the mother. In the United States 49% of pregnancies were unintended (2006), and of the unintended pregnancies, about 40% ended in abortions. Unwanted pregnancies increased among poor women, decreased among financially well-off women. Unwanted pregnancies increased among black and Hispanic women (Hinman, 2014). Most women who terminate pregnancies attributed this to lack of capital to raise a baby, a baby will interfere with education and career paths and ability to care for dependents. Additionally, so, most have completed childbearing, and another baby will be a burden. As a result, the action of terminating the pregnancy can be justified if the overall performance favors the mother especially those in serious careers which the baby interferes with. If the consequences of abortion are more beneficial, the act is justified. Hence abortion as an action, in this case, is moral.

The moral status of the fetus on other should put into consideration. Non- consequentialism does not support termination of pregnancy. Terminating a pregnancy is committing murder, and that is morally wrong. Since under non-consequentialism the judgment is based on the consequences, not the action, abortion can be seen as immoral. There have been arguments that life starts at conception. Both a fetus and a newborn certainly are human beings and potential persons. The fetuses are not persons; they are potential persons because they can develop, thanks to their biological mechanisms. Those properties make them ‘persons’ in the sense of ‘subjects of a moral right to life’: that is, the point at which they will be able to make aims and appreciate their life (Cline, 2016). The theory, therefore, considers abortion immoral despite the benefits that come with terminating an abortion. If the pregnant mother had a good job or was pursuing her studies keeping the baby can lead to her losing her job or discontinued studies to take care of the baby. While terminating the pregnancies will be viewed as murder and immoral despite the overall good that comes with the act.

 

References

 

Allen, K. (2015, July 23). What is Ethical Dilemma? Retrieved May 16, 2017, from The New Social Worker: http://www.socialworker.com/feature-articles/ethics-articles/What_Is_an_Ethical_Dilemma%3F/

 

Cline, A. (2016, August 11). Ehhics of Abortion: Is It Moral or Immoral to Have an Abortion. Retrieved May 16, 2017, from ThoughtCo: https://www.thoughtco.com/ethics-of-abortion-248020

 

Hinman, L. M. (2014). Abortion: An Overview of The Ethical Issues. Ethics Matter, 6-8.

 

Jacques P. Thiurox, K. W. (2014). Consequentialism Theory. In K. W. Jacques P. Thiurox, Ethics: Theory and Practices (pp. 18-23). Boston: Pearson Publisher.

 

Jacques P. Thiurox, K. W. (2014). Non Consequentialism Theory. In K. W. Jacques P. Thiurox, Ethics: Theory and Practices (pp. 23-26). Boston: Pearson Publisher.

 

Kaczor, C. (2011). The Ethics of Abortion: Women's Rights, Human Rights and The Question of Justice. New York: Routledge Copyright.

PLAN FOR ETHICAL DECISION MAKING – U7A1-08

OVERALL COMMENTS FROM PROFESSOR: You offer effective, interesting analysis regarding your plan for ethical decision making that leads to an ethical solution. With that said, meaningful insights as to the role and import of of the utility of a decision making model in terms of the ethical decision making process. With that said, I am unclear as to what model (if any) that guides your overall plan from a framework perspective. You should have clarified this area as it is important that you align an overarching theory (model) framework that guides this important area of organizational decision making. In this regard, do you find that ASPA's Code of Ethics align with any aspects of your prescribed decision making approach? With that said, you should have provided explicit detail (in addition to experts) in terms of those entities and/or individual that you would consult to assist you in terms of your decision plan. From an editing perspective, you must edit your narrative as you are not consistently applying the APA formatting convention properly; you must apply the lower-case and upper-case lettering as aligned with the APA requirements accordingly (see example Agranoff example of a Journal citation and Barnard of a book below and your reference for alignment for corrective action purposes):

Book

Barnard, C. (1972). The functions of the executive. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Campbell, J. K., O'Rourke, M., & Shier, D. (2004). Freedom and Determinism. MIT Press.

Mahler, J. G. (2009). Organisational Learning at NASA: The Challenger and Columbia Accidents. Georgetown University Press.

Stillman, R. (2012). Public Administration: Concepts and Cases. Cengage Learning.

With that said, you should have provided explicit detail (in addition to experts) in terms of those entities and/or individual that you would consult to assist you in terms of your decision plan.

Plan for Ethical Decision Making

Establishment and Definition of the Problem

The first step in making an ethical decision is to state the specific problem in general terms and as such also state the relevant decisions that need to be made (Icheku, 2011). For the case of the Columbia accident, the problem was that there were some dangers identified and warnings made concerning the project.

Goals Identification

The next step is to establish and state both the short term as well as the long-term goals. In this case, it would be imperative to identify the main goals of the project as a whole.

Listing the Relevant Laws as well as Regulations

An ethical decision in one that goes by the set rules and regulations. As such it is critical to ensure that all the appropriate laws, as well as regulations, are well laid out.

Cleary lay out all the ethical values that are at stake.

An ethical decision must take into account all the relevant ethical values. In that connection. It is imperative that all the ethical values are clearly listed down before making any decision. As such, in the case of the Columbian Accident, the values such as accountability and transparency were to be laid out.

Establish All the Related Stakeholders

For one, the decision made in an organisation often affects various people. It is, therefore, important to identify the different persons who would be affected by the decision, moreover, it is also important to establish what is at stake for each of the established stakeholders. The engineers, the mission controllers, the crew.

Obtain More Information

It is always important to be well informed before making any decision. As such an ethical decision should be a well-informed one.in that case, the people involved must take time to gather all the required information, ask questions, ask for proof if need be, and check for any assumptions. They ought to have obtained more information from the relevant experts and technicians regarding the issue.

State All the Possible Solutions

In this case, list all the solutions that have surfaced. Come up with more solutions through critical brainstorming with others. Check the impact that each solution has on the stakeholders(loss/gain). Such eradicated the Group behavior and hence it reduces the effect of group thinking as was the case for the Columbia accident.

Eliminate All the Unethical Options

Some options would be clearly unethical; hence they need to be eliminated at this point. Also, eliminate all the solutions that have short term gains but are trouble in the long-term.as such suppressing the warning was an unethical option, that should have been eliminated at this point.

Ranking

Rank all the remaining solution in relation to their closeness to the set goals and solving the problem.

Comment

Commit to, and thereby choose the best solution

References

 

Campbell, J. K., O'Rourke, M., & Shier, D. (2004). Freedom and Determinism. MIT Press.

 

Mahler, J. G. (2009). Organisational Learning at NASA: The Challenger and Columbia Accidents. Georgetown University Press.

 

Stillman, R. (2012). Public Administration: Concepts and Cases. Cengage Learning.

THEORY BASES FOR ETHICAL DILEMMAS – 08A1-08

Introduction

The ethical dilemma involves a situation in which there is a mental conflict in the choice

of moral imperatives. It is evoked by the normal life situations that individuals

experience. Procurement of services, job specialization, nepotism, and tenders in

companies has exposed the management into many ethical dilemmas (Ferrell &

Fraedrich, 2012).

Analysis

Ethical dilemmas are challenging to the medical practitioners, direct support

representative and/or the social worker in the whole world.The emotional nature when

making these decisions and the personal involvement weighs the individual down when

such decisions are to be made since most at times they have to differ with other

colleagues who have different opinions. To ensure that the sources of the conflict is done

away with it is necessary to have all the ethical terms clarified and all the ethical theories

explained to those who work in a public administration environment (the health

practitioner, the direct support representative and the social worker) to help solve the

problem.Some of the ethical theories include; utilitarianism, moral relativism, Kantian

absolutism, Aristotle's virtue ethics and ethics of care.

Ethical Dilemmas and Possible Solutions

Ethical dilemmas so often emerge in sustenance bolster circumstances. In such cases, it

can appear that the nourishment bolster group, acclimated to prove based practice, is

wandering into new region, where choices are sincerely stacked and profoundly held

individual convictions may become an integral factor. Such convictions can be

unacknowledged impacts on basic leadership, bringing on strife between various moral

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points of view. Characterizing the wellspring of the contention and moving in the direction

of settling it can be less demanding if there is a familiarity with moral issues. An essential

comprehension of some moral terms and moral speculations might be useful for

nourishment bolster clinicians in illuminating and settling moral quandaries that emerge

in sustenance bolster circumstances. Receiving a well-ordered approach can improve the

way toward settling moral issues. In this paper, we will look at the possible solution to

these ethical dilemmas

Moral Relativism

Now and again seen as a feature of "political right ness," relativism is the position that

distinctive standards apply in various circumstances. Relativism can be merely a matter

of applying similar essential rules differently in individual cases, or, even more profoundly,

tolerating that there might be key differences in what is regarded right or wrong in different

cultural or situational settings. An ethical relativist may feel that the correct choice on

account of abortion would be distinctive if a similar circumstance happened in another

culture where there were diverse perspectives on the issue of abortion (Sulsky, Marcus,

& MacDonald, 2016).

Consequentialism

Consequentialism characterizes the integrity of an activity regarding its outcomes. The

most common case of a consequentialist theory is utilitarianism, which was first

formalized by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill in the eighteenth century. The

utilitarian theory demands that an activity is thought to be correct or wrong in view of the

outcomes of the activity and its consequences for the greater part of the individuals (West,

2004). Bentham recommended that we can look at changed advantages by evaluating,

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for everyone, its intensity, duration, sureness, closeness, virtue, degree (what number of

individuals are profited) and whether it prompts different advantages later (Magelssen,

Pedersen, & Førde, 2016).

Moral Absolutism

Absolutists contend that demonstrations are great or abhorrence independently of their

outcomes. A celebrated absolutist, Immanuel Kant, built up a standard called the

Categorical Imperative, which can be utilized to test the ethical soundness of an expected

activity. The Categorical Imperative expresses that a demonstration is permissible just if

its hidden standard could turn into an all-inclusive law without creating a disagreement.

In straightforward terms, this implies an activity is surveyed by considering the

ramifications of everybody doing moreover. Kant additionally underscored that individuals

ought to never be utilized just as an unfortunate obligation yet seen as "finishes in

themselves," with characteristic esteem (Rai, & Holyoak, 2013).

Goodness Ethics and Ethics of Care

Virtue morals goes back to old Greece and is highlighted in the works of Aristotle, among

others. Virtue morals recommends that it is insufficient just to make the best decision:

picking the proper behavior includes choosing to develop individual characteristics of

greatness (temperance, for example, astuteness, sympathy, and fearlessness).

Regardless of the possibility that we take after good standards precisely, we can't be

considered really great on the off chance that we are hesitant or angry about doing as

such. Rather, excellence morals recommend that true ethical quality implies that we

improve as a man and get satisfaction from doing the privilege thing. Ethics of care

comparably takes a gander at the individual's motivation and character, and stresses the

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significance of human warmth and affectability. Affected strongly by women's activist

considering, morals of care stresses sensitivity to the one of a kind needs of the

circumstance and the people included (Pols, 2015).

Rather than applying an inflexible rule equally to everybody, morals of care means

individualizing consideration and utilizing one's own subjective, emotional reaction as a

manual for action. This contrasts strongly with the goal and summed up approach of other

moral structures, in which reason n and obligation, as opposed to feeling, instruct us. An

excellence ethicist would ask, what ideals would I like to develop as a man and as a

medicinal services laborer? How might I develop these qualities by the way I act in this

circumstance? A care ethicist may ask, what does my heart reveal to me this person

needs from me? Both methodologies take into consideration us to concentrate on the

activities that we feel to be more agreeable or ideal for us in the individual circumstance.

In temperance morals, the interest is to the feeling of ethicalness and trustworthiness in

the bed officer (Pols, 2015).

Casuistry

Casuistry implies contending by cases, and includes alluding to comparable past

circumstances where there is agreement on the best system and utilizing these cases as

a manual for dealing with the current dilemma. Frequently, this approach is viewed as

practical and productive and even as a decent approach to abstain from including moral

speculations since individuals may not concur about these.

Principle Theory

Principle hypothesis holds that it is not important to underwrite a specific moral system

keeping in mind the end goal to understand moral situations. Rather, there are certain

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principles that can be conceded to by the individuals who hold diverse good convictions,

and these can be the premise of sound moral basic leadership. These key standards in

morals of medicinal services are self-sufficiency, advantage, non-maleficence, and

equity. Regard for self-rule implies enabling the patient to settle on his or her own choices.

The patient's capability to settle on choices is important here, and if this is weakened, at

that point past proclamations made when equipped, (for example, a living will or propel

order) might be considered. The current origination of patient-centered social insurance

implies that independence is presently thought to be the most imperative rule in medicinal

ethics. This has been censured as Western stubbornness in light of the fact that other

cultures may not esteem self-sufficiency to a similar degree. A patient's entitlement to

self-rule may still be abrogated when there are significant issues emerging from other key

moral standards. For instance, if a patient wants to get discharged when they are still sick

they are entitlement to self-governance would mean permitting him to discharge himself

on the off chance that he wishes; be that as it may, his competence to judge his own best

advantage may be questioned since he appears to be befuddled (Shapiro, & Stefkovich,

2016).

Whistle blowing

Persuaded by honesty, a person's response when called upon to be a shriek blower is

notice the call. It is a powerful method for uncovering moral infringement inside an

association. Such offenses would rather be hidden away from plain view by the culprits.

Making such infringement open empowers dependable and intense specialists to lash out

right disciplinary activities. Shriek Blowers regularly confront troubles subsequent to

making an uncover. The threats they are probably going to experience ranges from death

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toll to loss of protection. They are some of the time killed or bite the dust in puzzling

conditions. Propelled police examinations occasionally wind up to any great. Likewise,

they confront steady dangers, annihilation of property in their names, loss of work,

notoriety and division from family. Having a simple idea of experiencing through all these

agony ingrains extraordinary dread in shriek blowers. In any case, a few systems could

be executed to relieve antagonistic impacts that emerge from whistleblowing. Right off

the bat, maintain the namelessness of the informants. Personalities of the individuals who

uncover unscrupulous directs in association and government organizations ought to

remain a mystery. The individuals who are blameworthy would not know who uncovered

them. Consequently, informants stay safe. Besides, shriek blowers' insurance unit should

be made. It will offer security to informants whose characters have opened up to the world.

At the point when put under defensive authority no or less mischief can come to them.

Ultimately, all the blameworthy culprits together with their accessories must be put in a

correctional facility. Potential outcomes of arranging requital arranges in jail are right

around zero. At whatever point vindicate endeavors are made, the experts can

undoubtedly identify it and foil the arrangements. Accordingly, informants get the

opportunity to make the most of their flexibility and maybe get celebrated and granted for

a vocation well done (Miceli, Near, & Dworkin, 2013).

Conclusion

This paper has examined the various ethical and moral theories along with outlining

approaches that are very important when it comes to ethical leadership and business, for

example, the role of moral relativism (Sulsky, Marcus, & MacDonald, 2016).

Consequentialism the moral status of the actions of an individual be it right or wrong

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(West, 2004), and what are the advantages of such actions, what do they indicate

(Magelssen, Pedersen, & Førde, 2016).The Common Good Approach – which indicates

the benefit of all theories is meant to advance the normal qualities and moral or moral

standards found in a general public.This shifts from spot to place, taking into account

nations’ particular social or societal convictions (Makkreel & Luft, 2010).As each theory

is examined, we find that there are a number of scholarly writings that give a direction on

ethical dilemmas that showcase virtue, good approach to care, are we making the right

choices when it comes to decision making and the situations a leader has found him or

himself to be in.What is the ethical outcome to those involved?As I further my education

in the realm of a scholarly public administrator and the current job that I have.The ethical

theories and applications must be applied in all organizations that I come in contact with

as well as the stakeholders, the community, the employees and the various teams.We

must be flexible in our learning to come together as a collaborative team to solve the most

important issues in today’s changing world.

References

Ferrell, O. C. & Fraedrich, J. (2012). Business ethics: Ethical decision making & cases.

Cengage Learning. Connecticut.

Sulsky, L. M., Marcus, J., & MacDonald, H. A. (2016). Examining Ethicality Judgements

of Theft Behavior: The Role of Moral Relativism. Journal of Business and Psychology,

31(3), 383-398.

Ford, R. C., & Richardson, W. D. (2013). Ethical decision making: A review of the

empirical literature. In Citation classics from the Journal of Business Ethics (pp. 19-44).

Springer Netherlands.

Magelssen, M., Pedersen, R., & Førde, R. (2016). Four roles of ethical theory in clinical

ethics consultation. The American Journal of Bioethics, 16(9), 26-33.

Miceli, M. P., Near, J. P., & Dworkin, T. M. (2013). Whistle-blowing in organizations.

Psychology Press.

Pols, J. (2015). Towards an empirical ethics in care: relations with technologies in healthcare. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, 18(1), 81-90.

Rai, T. S., & Holyoak, K. J. (2013). Exposure to moral relativism compromises moral

behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(6), 995-1001.

Rasmussen, M. S. (2016). A Granularity Dilemma for Moral Absolutism.

Makkreel, R. & Luft, S. (2010). Neo-kantianism in contemporary philosophy. Indiana

University Press. Indiana.

Shapiro, J. P., & Gross, S. J. (2013). Ethical educational leadership in turbulent times:(Re)solving moral dilemmas. Routledge.

Shapiro, J. P., & Stefkovich, J. A. (2016). Ethical leadership and decision making in

education: Applying theoretical perspectives to complex dilemmas. Routledge.

West, H. (2004). An introduction to Mill’s utilitarian ethics. Cambridge University Press.

Cambridge.

Shaw, W. (2010). Business ethics: A textbook with cases. Cengage Learning.

Connecticut.

Mill, J. (2006). Utilitarianism: Easyread large edition. ReadHowYouWant. Sydney.

Thiroux, J. P., & Krasemann, K. W. (2016). Ethics: Theory and practice.