minimum of three (3) typed pages
mood0099
cj450d_sex_offender_presentation_rev.pptxPresented by
John Lynch, Yamhill Co. Juv. Dept.
SUPERVISION & TREATMENT OF SEXUAL OFFENDERS
1
Almost every hand you’ve shaken has touched a penis.
THINK ABOUT THIS FOR A SECOND…
To gain knowledge regarding the broad range of considerations when supervising offenders who have committed sexual offenses and to examine effective intervention strategies.
LEARNING GOAL
Myths about sex offenders
Common characteristics of sex offenders
Sexual offense recidivism rates
Risk factors that are/are not associated
with recidivism
Common tactics of sex offenders
WE WILL COVER…
“Success-oriented” supervision model
The importance of communication
Specialized supervision conditions and
success-oriented goals
How to respond to violations
WE WILL COVER…
Effective interventions
Common treatment goals
Use of the polygraph
Doing your job better & reducing your
stress
WE WILL COVER…
SEX OFFENDER VERSION
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Most sexual offenses are committed by strangers.
Most sexual offenses are committed by someone known to the victim or victim’s family, regardless if the victim is a child or an adult.
Approximately 60% of boys and 80% of girls who are sexually victimized are abused by someone known to the child or the child’s family.
From 2005 to 2010, 78% of sexual violence involved an offender who was a family member, intimate partner, friend, or acquaintance.
Debunking the Myths
Bullet 2 – (60% boys / 80% girls) is from Lieb, Quinsey, and Berliner, 1998.
In a 2009 study conducted by the US Dept. of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 13,471 juvenile sex offender cases were evaluated which revealed that in 88.2% of reported incidents, the victim was either a family member or acquaintance.
Only 2.5% involved a victim who was considered a stranger to the offender.
Victim Relationship
Rape and sexual assault victimizations against females by victim-offender relationship 1994–1998, 1999–2004, and 2005–2010
| Victim-Offender Relationship | 1994-1998 | 1999-2004 | 2005-2010 |
| Stranger Non-stranger | 21% 79% | 25% 75% | 22% 78% |
| Intimate Partner (includes former spouse, BF, GF) | 28% | 30% | 34% |
| Relative | 9% | 3% | 6% |
| Acquaintance | 42% | 42% | 38% |
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 1994–2010.
Female Victims of Sexual Violence, 1994-2010 (March 2013). Special report published by the US Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Sexual offense rates are higher than ever and continue to climb.
Despite the increase in publicity about sexual crimes, from 1995 to 2010, the estimated annual rate of female (age 12 or older) rape or sexual assault victimizations has declined 58%.
Debunking the Myths
Only a fraction of those who commit sexual offenses are apprehended and convicted for their crimes.
Debunking the Myths
Debunking the Myths
This figure taken from the Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network (RAINN) website, accessed on Sept. 9, 2014.
Justice Department, National Crime Victimization Survey: 2008-2012
2. FBI, Uniform Crime Reports: 2006-2010
3. National Center for Policy Analysis, Crime and Punishment in America, 1999
4-5. Department of Justice, Felony Defendants in Large Urban Counties: average of 2002-2006
Public awareness and education about sexual offenses has lead to an increase of reporting such incidents.
Debunking the Myths
That’s crap!
Rape and sexual assault victimizations against females reported and not reported to police 1994–1998, 1999–2004, and 2005–2010
| Reporting to Police | 1994-1998 | 1999-2004 | 2005-2010 |
| Not Reported | 71% | 59% | 64% |
| Reported | 29% | 41% | 36% |
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 1994–2010.
Female Victims of Sexual Violence, 1994-2010 (March 2013). Special report published by the US Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Few females commit sex offenses.
According to the 2012 FBI Uniform Crime Report, females made up 0.9% of total arrests for forcible rape or other sex offenses, which is down from 1.18% in 2008.
In this same report, juvenile females represented 1.5% of all juvenile sex offense arrests in 2012 which remained the same since 2008.
Debunking the Myths
Males- forcible rape was 98% males and other sex offenses were committed by 91% males. Females do commit sexual offenses as juveniles, but most of the research and information that exists is for male juvenile sex offenders.
Have fewer criminal offenses
Are less antisocial
Are more likely to have been sexually abused
Are more likely to have been exposed to sexual violence
SEX OFFENDER CHARACTERISTICS
Seto & Lalumière (2010) meta analysis of 59 studies
Bullets #3 and #4 – Let participants know that more info. to follow regarding these topics of sexual abuse and sexual violence.
Are more likely to experience early exposure to pornography
Most began offending before age 12
Have atypical sexual interests
Tend to be more socially isolated, anxious, and have lower self-esteem
SEX OFFENDER CHARACTERISTICS
Seto & Lalumière (2010) meta analysis of 59 studies
Deny committing the offense
Understate offense information
Understate numbers of victims
Most victims are known to the offender
(Over 90%)
Victim median age is 7 years
SEX OFFENDER CHARACTERISTICS
Seto & Lalumière (2010) meta analysis of 59 studies
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Under 5% are actively psychotic
Are a heterogeneous group, spanning the entire social spectrum
Many achieve average or higher grades
Median age is 14-15 years
SEX OFFENDER CHARACTERISTICS
*
Seto & Lalumière (2010) meta analysis of 59 studies
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Most sex offenders re-offend…once a sex offender, always a sex offender.
Those who commit sex offenses are highly unlikely to commit another sexual offense.
2003 study of 9,691 adult male sex offenders found a sexual recidivism rate of 5.3% for the entire sample, based on an arrest during the 3-year follow-up period.
Treatment vs. No Treatment 5.17% vs. 17.8% (Worling and Curwen, 2000).
Debunking the Myths
Perhaps the largest single study of sex offender recidivism to date was carried out by Langan, Schmitt, and Durose (2003). The study examined the recidivism patterns of 9,691 male sex offenders released from prisons in 15 states in 1994. The researchers found a sexual recidivism rate of 5.3 percent for the entire sample of sex offenders, based on an arrest during the 3-year follow-up period. The violent and overall arrest recidivism rates for the entire sample were much higher: 17.1 percent and 43 percent, respectively. Nearly 4 out of every 10 (38.6 percent) sex offenders in the study were returned to prison within 3 years of their release due to the commission of a new crime or a technical violation of their release conditions.
As part of their study, Langan, Schmitt, and Durose (2003) conducted a comparative analysis of sex-offender and non-sex-offender recidivism. They found that the sex offenders in the study had a lower overall re-arrest rate than non-sex offenders (43 percent compared to 68 percent), but their sex crime re-arrest rate was four times higher than the rate for non-sex offenders (5.3 percent compared to 1.3 percent).
Recidivism rates in Oregon for youth who sexually offend remain relatively low.
Fiscal year 2013 – 36 month follow up on juvenile sex offenders under OYA supervision:
SO Probation youth – 7.4% recidivism (person crimes = 21.7% / property crimes = 20.4%)
SO Parole youth – 11.1% recidivism (person crimes = 31.4% / property crimes = 35.5%)
5.3% recidivism among 1123 OYA registered Juvenile SO’s with 16 year follow-up.
RECIDIVISM
OYA recidivism information accessed on April 19, 2017. OYA definition of recidivism is conviction for adult felony sex offense. (https://www.oregon.gov/oya/docs/RecidivismFY01-FY15.pdf)
Meta-analysis of 63 data sets that included 11,219 juvenile sex offenders (Caldwell 2010).
# of Studies Sex. Recidivism % Follow-up months
Recidivism type
Arrest 52 7.5 57.7
Conviction 11 8.2 43.9
Population
Community 24 7.3 54.8
Residential 21 7.1 54.2
Secured 18 7.9 45.5
Recidivism Time
Juv. recidivism 15 9.9 30.5
Adult recidivism 20 6.5 73.8
Mixed 28 7.6 57.6
RECIDIVISM
Study Characteristics and Recidivism Base Rates in Juvenile Sex Offender Recidivism. Michael F. Caldwell, University of Wisconsin-Madison. International Journal of Offender Therapy & Comparative Criminology. April 2010 vol. 54 no. 2 197-212.
Current public safety laws (registration, notification, residency/premises restrictions) have not been effective in reducing the number of sex crimes committed.
A 2007 study conducted by the Minnesota Dept. of Corrections found that only 27 out of 224 (12%) sex offenders had contact with their victim(s) within one mile of the offenders’ home.
NOT ONE offender had contact with a victim near a school, park, or playground.
Sex offender registries and premises restrictions are designed to target repeat offenders.
Nearly 96% of all sex crimes are committed by first-time offenders.
Debunking the Myths
Bullet #5-6 – Legislative Trends in Sex Offender Management (November 2008). CSOM, US DOJ, Office of Justice Programs.
Sex offenders typically are victims of child sexual abuse who grow up to be adult sex offenders.
Results from recent studies vary, but most report that about 50% of sex offenders have a reported childhood abuse history.
Although a history of sexual abuse may increase the risk for a person to commit a sex offense as an adult, the majority of children who are victims of abuse never go on to sexually offend.
Debunking the Myths
Potentially Misleading Risk Factors
Sexual abuse during childhood
Denial of sexual crime
Lack of victim empathy
Use of force/violence in offending
Low motivation for treatment at intake
Neglect or physical abuse during childhood
Low self-esteem / loneliness
These risk factors were taken from Karl Hanson’s article “The characteristics of persistent sexual offenders: A meta-analysis of recidivism studies” published in the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, January 2006. (https://www.icmec.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Characteristics-of-Persistent-Sex-Offenders-Meta-Analysis-of-Recidivism-2005.pdf)
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Factors Associated with Recidivism Among Sexual Offenders
The strongest predictors of sexual recidivism:
Sexual drive/preoccupation (deviant sexual interests, stranger or multiple victims, continued offending despite being sanctioned)
Antisocial orientation (antisocial personality, antisocial traits, history of rule violations, general self-regulation problems / impulsivity)
These risk factors were taken from Karl Hanson’s article “The characteristics of persistent sexual offenders: A meta-analysis of recidivism studies” published in the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, January 2006. (https://www.icmec.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Characteristics-of-Persistent-Sex-Offenders-Meta-Analysis-of-Recidivism-2005.pdf)
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Factors Associated with Recidivism Among Sexual Offenders
Significant relationship to sexual recidivism:
Attitudes supportive of sexual offending / antisocial behaviors
Intimacy deficits (intimate relationship conflicts / emotional identification with children)
Incomplete offense-specific treatment
These risk factors were taken from:
Karl Hanson’s article “The characteristics of persistent sexual offenders: A meta-analysis of recidivism studies” published in the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, January 2006. (https://www.icmec.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Characteristics-of-Persistent-Sex-Offenders-Meta-Analysis-of-Recidivism-2005.pdf)
Worling, J.R., & Langstrom, N. (2003) Assessment of criminal recidivism with adolescents who have offended sexually: a review. Trauma, Violence & Abuse 4. 341-362
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Most sex offenders rely on some type of force or aggression in the commission of a sexual offense.
National statistics regarding non-injury to the victim during offense:
Juvenile SO’s under 12 – 88.8%
Juvenile SO’s 12 & over – 86.9%
Juvenile female SO’s – 87.6%
Juvenile male SO’s – 87.0%
Debunking the Myths
Juveniles Who Commit Sex Offenses Against Minors (Dec. 2009), David Finkelhor, Richard Ormrod, and Mark Chaffin. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
2004 stats gathered by US Dept. of Justice, FBI, and National Incident-Based Reporting System.
Juvenile SO’s <12 yoa – N=2,104
Juvenile SO’s 12 yoa and older – N=11,367
Juvenile Female SO’s – N=979
Juvenile Male SO’s – N=12,450
With the following tactics, rely on your
instincts; consult with treatment
provider and/or supervisor
Denial
Minimization
Justification/Rationalization
Blaming
SEX OFFENDER TACTICS
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Manipulative intent (false trust)
Sharing intimate/personal secrets
Convincing of their goodness
Giving impression of responsibility
Befriending physically/emotionally
vulnerable people
Triangulation
SEX OFFENDER TACTICS
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Discussing sexual scenarios
Boundary violations
Invading body space
Horseplay
Demands time/attention
Attempts to discredit others
SEX OFFENDER TACTICS
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Blackmail
Bribery or trickery
Ingratiation
Targets with demeaning comments,
sexual put downs, or sexual profanity
Attempts to verbally control interviews
Rallies support
SEX OFFENDER TACTICS
*
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It is less expensive to provide a sex offender with one year of treatment than one year of incarceration.
One year of intensive treatment (2 individual sessions and 1 group session per week) in the community would cost around $10,400 per year.
The cost for holding a youth in a detention facility for one year would be about $54,750 (at $150 per day) and no treatment would be done.
Debunking the Myths
For sex offender treatment to be most effective, it should be empirically based, offense-specific, and comprehensive.
Such treatment should address:
Victimization awareness and empathy training
Cognitive restructuring
Sexual abuse cycle and relapse prevention
Interpersonal skills development
Changing deviant sexual arousal patterns
Treatment Works!
CSOM (2000). Myths and facts about sex offenders. Silver Springs, MD: Author.
Treatment Works!
As stated earlier, research has shown a strong link between failure to complete sex offender treatment and increased risk to re-offend.
Research has also consistently shown that for those offenders who have completed treatment, their risk of committing another crime (sexual or otherwise) is lower than those who have not received treatment.
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Bullet #2 – Becker & Murphy (1998). What we know and do not know about assessing and treating sex offenders. Psychology, Public Policy, and law 4(1/2), 116-137.
Berlin, F.S. (2003). Sex offender treatment and legislation. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 31, 510-513.
CSOM (2000). Myths and facts about sex offenders. Silver Springs, MD: Author.
A 2002 meta-analysis on the effectiveness of current treatment methods for sex offenders showed, for the first time, a significant difference between recidivism rates for sex offenders who were treated and those who were not.
Sexual Recidivism – no treatment = 17.4%
Sexual Recidivism – treatment = 9.9%
General Recidivism – no treatment = 51%
General Recidivism – treatment = 32%
Treatment Works!
Hansen, R.K., et al., First Report of the Collaborative Outcome Data Project on the Effectiveness of Psychological Treatment for Sex Offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment (Vol. 14, No. 2). 43 studies (combined n = 9,454).
SUCCESS-ORIENTED APPROACH TO SUPERVISION
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Ensure that offenders meet expectations
Hold offender accountable for behaviors
Collaborate with others to improve
functioning and promote stability of
offender
WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO “FOCUS ON SUCCESS”?
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Demonstrate the desire to work
collaboratively…
IT IS ON US AS JUVENILE JUSTICE PROFESSIONALS TO…
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Access key information from multiple
sources
Cover all bases
Increased awareness of changes over
time
COLLABORATION ENHANCES SUPERVISION PLANNING
Bullet #1 – Dr. Righthand (co-author of the J-SOAP-II) emphasizes the importance of contacting a youth’s school as they have access to a plethora of valuable information in an educational file, which will often include behavioral testing info.
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Demonstrate the desire to work
collaboratively
Ask for participation and help from the
outset
Solicit family perspectives and goals
Reinforce the positive outcomes that
we are working towards
IT IS ON US AS JUVENILE JUSTICE PROFESSIONALS TO…
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Educate others about the system
Explain risk/protective factors
Develop trust over time through…
Follow through
Mutual accountability
Communication
IT IS ON US AS JUVENILE JUSTICE PROFESSIONALS TO…
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Keep in mind your role and your goal!
Most of us are good at addressing a conflict,
but this may be different.
You must constantly be assessing!
Assessing what????
Sex offender-specific risk factors
General criminogenic needs
Protective factors and strengths
Responsivity
COMMUNICATION… IS IT DIFFERENT?
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Communication is key
Focus on rapport building
More listening – less talking
Utilize your active listening skills
Emphasize congruence:
Your tone of voice, body
language and content of your
message should fit together
COMMUNICATION
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Ask open ended questions
Employ active listening skills -
Paraphrase, clarification, and feedback
Provide positive reinforcement
Take your time
Expect denial
COMMUNICATION
Watch for facial and non-verbal cues
Learn to be comfortable with silence
Note inconsistencies – challenge now or
later?
Ask for help with any confusion
COMMUNICATION
As hard as it may be to say, or for
families to hear, tell them the truth
Be genuine – demonstrating honesty in
what you say, feel, and do
Be respectful
And never forget Dalton’s advice from
The Double Deuce…
THE IMPORTANCE OF CANDOR
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BE NICE
!
!
!
BE NICE
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Participate in pro-social recreational
and leisure activities
Achieve and maintain positive community adjustment
Establish positive peer groups
Secure appropriate employment
SUCCESS-ORIENTED GOALS
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Technology restrictions - we will ALWAYS
be behind!
Internet accessible devices, such as…
No internet in bedrooms
Internet blocks and monitoring programs
(i.e. Net Nanny, Covenant Eyes)
Check My-Space, Facebook accounts
SPECIALIZED SUPERVISION CONDITIONS
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Be aware of “hidden vault” apps where pictures and videos can be stored on cell phones
Limits on movies, TV programming, and
video games
Prior approval of extracurricular and
employment activities
Restrictions on contact with victims or other
vulnerable individuals
Follow all treatment recommendations
SPECIALIZED SUPERVISION CONDITIONS
Bullet #1 related articles –
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-3233731/Parents-warned-dangers-smartphone-secrecy-app-looks-like-calculator-used-conceal-photos-video.html
http://www.thv11.com/news/local/parents-beware-new-app-hides-pictures-behind-calculator/188827629
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Polygraph
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CURRENT EQUIPMENT
To help break denial
To help complete a sexual history
Usually administered after several months of initial treatment
Used to verify accuracy and veracity of written sexual history
DISCLOSURE POLYGRAPHS
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Used to determine compliance with treatment or probation conditions
Generally administered every 3-6 months
Individual polygraph examiners will vary in test administration
MAINTENANCE POLYGRAPHS
58
Entire test covers one specific issue or
detail:
Did you insert your penis into Sally’s
vagina?
Did you touch Sally’s bare breast?
SPECIFIC-ISSUE POLYGRAPHS
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USE OF THE POLYGRAPH
Polygraph results should never be the sole factor in making case decisions.
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Victims disclosed pre-polygraph:
63 (avg. of 2.5 per offender)
Victims disclosed post-polygraph:
403 (avg. of 16 per offender)
Gender of victims:
Male - 63 (15%)
Female - 340 (85%)
POLYGRAPH DATA
Source: Data from 25 youth who passed disclosure polygraphs at MacLaren Youth Correctional Facility, OR (1995/1996)
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Age range of victims:
Male: 1-19 (Median age: 10)
Female: 1-25 (Median age: 13)
Hands-on offenses pre-polygraph: <700
Hands-on offenses post-polygraph: 8351
Average # of offenses post-polygraph: 334
POLYGRAPH DATA
Source: Data from 25 youth who passed disclosure polygraphs at MacLaren Youth Correctional Facility, OR (1995/1996)
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Age of offender at time of first offense:
5 - 8 yrs: 36%
9 -12 yrs: 48%
13-15 yrs: 16%
Offenders who claimed to be victims of sexual abuse: 92%
84%
POLYGRAPH DATA
Source: Data from 25 youth who passed disclosure polygraphs at MacLaren Youth Correctional Facility, OR (1995/1996)
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# of victims
Sexually abused as child
Sexually abused others as child
HINDMAN STUDIES (ADULTS)
Self-Reported Polygraphed Average (347) (454)
Analysis of three studies conducted by
Jan Hindman 1978-1999
2.4 11.5
64% 30%
24% 72%
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# of victims 2.1 11.6
Sexually abused 83% 17%*
*Another study of 87 outpatient juveniles indicated a rate of 40%.
6 Juveniles Pre-poly Post-poly
Nampa Boys Home, Nampa, ID, 1994
Study conducted by Jan Hindman
HINDMAN STUDIES (JUVENILES)
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Child under 12
Offenders with an I.Q. under 80
Actively psychotic offenders
Those sleep deprived/exhausted
People suffering recent trauma
Offenders taking certain medications (may not be able to respond)
CAN’T/SHOULDN’T TEST
*
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Be Clear
Don’t create confusion with words or
phrases offender may not understand
Avoid the use of jargon
Be Consistent – families and offenders
should KNOW what to expect from you
Repeat themes and concepts
BEING BETTER AT YOUR JOB & REDUCING YOUR STRESS
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Confront…when necessary
And remember it’s NOT
personal, so don’t make
it so!
BEING BETTER AT YOUR JOB & REDUCING YOUR STRESS
68
NEXT WEEK…
Crimes of Violence & Terrorism
