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Write fout reflection response in Political science at least 200~250 words.

Write respond to the postings of a least four other students.

I uploaded four my friend's discuss, and please write respond to that.

each respond need 200 ~250 words

Then, before midnight, June 4, respond to the original threads of at least two other students, one from each of the two threads. Do you find their argument persuasive? How might their arguments be improved?

Q :Is economic development a "fundamental human right?" If so, should this "right" be enforceable under international law? So, where do you stand, with the poor countries or the rich?

If economic development is a fundamental human right, then efforts by interest groups in the rich countries to prevent the "outsourcing of jobs" and to erect protectionist barriers to trade might be construed as violation of fundamental human rights. Post your response in either "The Rich" thread or "The Poor" thread no later than midnight, June 2.

Classmate's answer A : The Rich

he Declaration on the Right of Development has argued that the right to development is a definite right of the human “which every human person and all peoples are entitled to participate in, contribute to, and enjoy economic, social, cultural and political development, in which all human rights and fundamental freedoms can be fully realized” (UN News Letter). Furthermore, deciding if development is a universal human right or not can be considered an issue of ethics. The laws of philosophy must also be considered in this argument. However, upon considering philosophy, it is important to realize that all arguments that are in favor of realizing development as a universal law, have even stronger arguments against them, proving why they are wrong.

Many philosophers argue that development is to be considered a fundamental human right that has to be enforceable under international law, by presenting the view of utilitarianism. Utilitarianism teaches that the option that causes the greatest quantity and quality of happiness for the satisfaction of the greatest amount people is the act that should be adhered to (iep, Act and Rule Utilitarianism). As such, utilitarian’s would argue that because most of the world’s population fall into the poor category, rather than the wealthy, its important that development is considered an undeniable right and international law, because that would causes the greatest amount of benefit for the most people in the end. However, this strategy may not be the best approach for this specific situation. In fact, being selfish, will actually then, unintentionally, benefit others.

For instance, ethical egoism argues that it is every individual's duty to look after themselves (since you, yourself, are the only person you can actually count on) and to do what is in their best, selfish interest, while expecting others to do the same for themselves (internetencyclopediaofphilosophy). Thinking in this way, the laws of development where everyone participates together in the social, cultural, and economic development to in the end all get a piece of the prize, is actually self defeating- it only demeans others and enables them. It enables the people with less skills and abilities to think its fine that they are less capable than their peers, because in the end, they still receive some sort of benefit, partly due to the success of the more capable people around them. If people can instead just worry about themselves and not be concerned about helping others in the process, then they will be creating the best possible scenario for themselves, and if everyone is doing that on their own personal terms, everything will fall into place.

By noticing how different philosophical perspectives view the justification of development, it becomes more clear that development should not be regarded as a universal right and an international law. Though there are many philosophical arguments for it, such as utilitarianism and absolutism, the arguments against them are stronger, as expressed by the ethical egoist argument and the relativism theory. Keeping the philosophy in mind, all nations and cultures have different beliefs and truths that they associate with themselves, so there is no way that development can be regarded as a universal truth that all nations should be forced to adhere to if it were to become an international law. With that aside, a system like development where everyone can participate and contribute to the well being of the nation, only enables the less skilled people, and various nations, to rely on the better off ones for assistance.

My reply to a friend discussion :

Classmate's answer B : The Rich

Economic Development is the process by which a nation seeks to improve the economic, political, and social well-being and quality of life for a community by creating and/or retaining jobs and supporting or growing incomes. Through economic development nations also adapt new technologies and transition from agriculture-based to an industry-based economy. The main use of economic development is the improvement and development of infrastructure, education, and the overall economy through import/export in places that require economic development like some Sub-Saharan African nations. Economic development is a goal, not a right and it should not be enforceable under international law. The right of Economic Development is something that should only be considered if we did not have a constant changing economy and is just a concept to profit the rich and make them richer.

The promise of improvement and change through economic development is not something that is always given. Despite the praise that it may receive, if one gets a job it does not assure them a life that will overcome poverty. The government implementing the creation of infrastructure like building a dam or bridge, increasing the job market, may not have the impact that is projected. The revenue made from this project is handed to the companies that were involved and very little to the people who work to get out of poverty or evade it entirely. The development of these projects impacts the way our economy is run and how the employees benefit or are impacted by what they helped create. In a statement given for the United States it says “Development is not a right. On the contrary, development is a goal that we all hold” we all hold the idea of development and improvement in our economy and everything that impacts it, but it is not something that should be given to all people internationally. Without the cooperation of the world's wealthiest nations like the United States, United Kingdom, Denmark, Germany, Japan, Israel, etc. then economic development cannot be used as a human right and can only be seen as a goal to be achieved.

The various projects put in place to help end poverty were derived and acted out by the nations with poverty issues and need the money. The issue that comes out of this is that these nations borrow funds to complete these projects adding more debt to the total and forcing more poverty on the people. Baltimore is just one area in the united states that is affected by the goal of economic development, the city has seen its crime rates spike while the funding for education and neighborhoods has been pummeling for years. In a way to counteract these from worsening, the city spent billions of dollars to rebuild and improve things such as hotels and harbors instead of spending that to fix what really needed that money. The failure seen in Baltimore is something that occurs all over the globe and at higher rates in places that do not have the same laws as the United States.

In conclusion, implementing things such as building new infrastructure to create jobs and end poverty is not a right, but a goal that we hope to achieve. This goal can result in failure like in Baltimore and countless other areas throughout the world. Showing that economic development is a right would not only be lying to the people but it would also be the cause of added struggle and false hope amongst the people. The true use of economic development is to make money while claiming to benefit the people and nation.

My reply to a friend discussion :

Classmate's answer C : The Poor

Developed countries have been on the lead towards advocating for the rights of the humankind, globally. This has not gone well with developing countries since they have not supported fully the idea of outsourcing for the reasons that are discussed below. These countries are opposed to the agenda because they are suspicious of developed nations. Development is a fundamental right of every person applicable without any form of coercion.

The right to development includes the humanity’s right to full sovereignty over natural resources, self-determination, the participation of all mankind in development, equal opportunity for all humanity. This right to development also entails the creation of a conducive environment for the full and equal enjoyment of civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights (Kumar, pg. 4). This means that under international law, every human being has the fundamental right to participate, contribute, and enjoy economic, social, cultural, and political development to the maximum provided it does not interfere with the rights of others. The human kind has been established as a beneficiary towards the right to development. This right was established to ensure that there was equality right from accessibility to essential resources as well as to promoting fair development policies and effective international cooperation. This raises the question as to why a number of developed countries oppose outsourcing.

It is common knowledge that outsourcing has its own benefits that include cutting costs, expansion of benefits, and quality of the end products. Laborers have often indicated disappointment at the falling standard of working conditions. They work numerous hours and get low wages, particularly in the assembling industry. Numerous manufacturing plants in China do not give great working conditions and they fail to submit to the norms of employment like the U.S. The strategies and standards of control with respect to specialists' wellbeing and security are not the same in China because of various land and work laws.

Apple Inc. begins in Cupertino, California in the U.S., where they utilize strict tenets for laborers and working conditions. Outsourcing their representative base abroad means work for a similar organization yet these workers do not have the same rights. This leads to the organizations in the outsourcing nations to rush for cheaper labor offered by the developing countries; therefore, creating an unemployment vacuum to the citizens of the developed countries. This arises from the fact that the outsourcing labor takes the working conditions of the developing nation as more flexible to the extent that they can bargain low wages, therefore, the laborers agree to work at cheaper rates (Mellahi, pg. 261). This trend has compelled the developed countries to come up with measures to curb this norm.

The proposed measures should be designed in such a way that they do not violate the fundamental rights to development and at the same time protect the rights of humanity. This is the reason why these countries have come up with measures to contain and control the free movement of people from developing countries to work in their countries such as raising the bar for migration regulations. They have added incentives to help develop the developing countries through such efforts as the eradication of global warming, driving industrialization, encouraging urbanization, and the introduction of efficient energy in the developing countries (Witthaus, pg. 129).

Development is an important human right that should be accorded to every person and nation. It can, therefore, be deduced that the reason as to why developed countries discourage outsourcing from developing or third world countries is entirely for the protection of its citizens against forms of unemployment arising from the cheap labor and workforce that can be provided by the third world countries. Development sometimes leads to an influx of cheap labor that frustrate domestic workers. The outsourcing firms, on the other hand, capitalize on the abundant cheap labor to deny workers fundamental rights such as good wages. Nations should come up with appropriate measures to counter the influx of cheap labor, as well as counter the violation of the right of workers by the outsourcing companies.

My reply to a friend discussion :

Classmate's answer D : The poor

In my opinion, economic development is a fundamental human right. Nowadays, almost three quarters of the world's population are suffering from malnutrition, disease and poverty, which should be a concern to all of us. In developing countries and least developed countries, poverty is one of the main obstacles to the enjoyment of human rights. Since their resources are used to pay external debts, and the inequality in international trade results in backward socio-economic conditions. All of above has not only hindered their economic development process, but also prevented the realization of their human rights. Economic development is not only a means of promoting economic growth, but also a process of expanding people's choice. A sustained long-term economic development process is conducive to meeting people's basic socio-economic needs and strengthening democracy. Therefore, economic development should be regarded as a fundamental human right and the concept should be promoted.

On the one side, economic development is of great importance, and it is equal to human dignity. Looking back at history, countries suffered miserable wars are mostly because of economic backwardness. For example, the old China was invaded by many power countries for the reason of economic backwardness, and the Chinese people also suffered great loss. However, since the foundation of new China, China’s economic outlook has undergone enormous changes. Now China plays an increasingly important role in the international arena for its economic development, and China’s international influence is increasingly growing. Therefore, the economic development pulls the Chinese people out of the troubles of war and brings peace and well-being to them. It can be seen that economic development will help people maintain dignity, and an essential part of human dignity is that people have the ability to make themselves and their families share the right to live as a person. Only with the right of economic development can the human rights of clothing, asylum, medical, employment and education be fully realized.

On the other side, economic development has a wide range of content. It can be said that there is no peace without economic development, and vice verse. Thus there is no universal enjoyment of human rights without peace and economic development. Economic development is a more neutral process to create wealth and ameliorate ethnic conflicts (Nau, 353). Some countries that deny the right of economic development are mostly rich developed countries, but it seems that they have forgotten their history. At the early stage, they have given high value to the right of economic development, and during the process of pursuing the right; they were subject to great sufferings.

In December 1986, the United Nations General Assembly passed the Declaration on the Right to Development and proclaimed that the right of development is an inalienable human right, and people of all countries have the right to participate in, and promote economic, social, cultural and political development in which all human rights and fundamental freedoms can be fully realized (Marks, 146). Thus we can draw a conclusion that the right of economic development is an inalienable human right and the extreme importance of economic and social development should be further recognized and emphasized. In order to achieve universal human rights, all countries must cooperate with each other in the important task of eradicating poverty. Since inadequate economic development is a major obstacle to the realization and enjoyment of human rights and a major source of poverty, the relationship between economic development and human rights should be given top priority. The rich countries must acknowledge that economic development is a fundamental human right; they can eradicate trade barriers to help poor countries realize economic development, and make our world a better place.

My reply to a friend discussion :