final project paper

Nuclear Energy

Nuclear energy or nuclear power is a type of energy where the energy is formed by splitting the large atoms such as Uranium-235 called fission or where the isotopes of different atoms such as hydrogen unite under extreme pressure and a vast amount of heat is released during this process this is called fusion. There two different processes how nuclear energy is created such as fission and fusion. This both process great amount of heat which helps to heat the water from that water the energy is formed.

Nuclear energy do not release any greenhouse gases. But the only problem with this is it produces radioactive waste.

Energy density for various fuel sources

Material Energy Density (MJ/kg) 100W light bulb time (1kg)

Wood 10 1.2 days

Ethanol 26.8 3.1 days

Coal 32.5 3.8 days

Crude oil 41.9 4.8 days

Diesel 45.8 5.3 days

Natural Uranium (LWR) 5.7x105 182 years

Reactor Grade Uranium (LWR) 3.7x106 1,171 years

Natural Uranium (breeder) 8.1x107 25,700 years

Thorium (breeder) 7.9x107 25,300 years

ICS Devices

Industrial Control Systems control and monitor the systems through the isolated public networks. Also to monitor this ICS devices there is high demand to certain smart devices such as mobile phones to connect to these systems. One of the best encrypted smartphone, Iphone has also has certain applications in Apple store to connect these networks.

Network Diagram

Mobile Applications

Cloud

INTERNET

Nuclear Plant

Security Controls

For the critical safety and security concerns these nuclear facilities are isolated from the internet. According to the NRC (Nuclear Regulatory Commission) these systems are designed to shut down in any of their electrical grid failure.

First Line of Defence ISOLATION

The ICS systems are connected to the isolated internet.

Safety Measures

Certain measures to be taken from the cyber security protection.

Cyber security assessments are to be diagnosed in detail.

Defence against an insider threat.

Implement strict controls over the portable devices such as smart applications.

Vulnerabilities

The greatest vulnerability for the nuclear plant is the terror attack. The best example for this can be explained as the STUXNET where the US govt find out some illegal activities in the nuclear plant in Iraq, Which results in the shutdown of the plant with the help of the computer worm.

Also the failure of disposing radioactive waste which results in affect to environment.

Waste Management

Charge Discharge

Uranium 100% 93.4%

Plutonium 0.00% 1.27%

Enrichment 4.20% 0.71%

Fission products 0.00% 5.15%

Minor Actinides 0.00% 0.14%

References

Policy Briefs. (2016, July). Retrieved from https://www.nei.org/Master-Document-Folder/Backgrounders/Policy-Briefs/Cyber-Security-for-Nuclear-Power-Plants

SANS Institute

[Bringing the Nuclear Power Plant Control Room to the iPad.pdf]

Nuclear Energy. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://whatisnuclear.com/articles/nucenergy.html

Nuclear Waste. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://whatisnuclear.com/articles/waste.html