Describe an experience you have had that demonstrates the interaction of person and situation. Paper #2
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chapter_8.pptxChapter 8
Human Development and Socialization
Cross-Cultural Psychology
Man is born a barbarian, and only rises himself above the beast by culture.
Baltasar Gracian (1601–1658)—
Spanish Writer and Jesuit Priest
He who opens a school closes a prison.
Victor Hugo (1802–1885)—
French Poet and Novelist
Socialization is the process by which an individual becomes a member of a particular culture and takes on its values and behaviors.
Key definitions
Human development The changes in physical, psychological, and social behavior that are experienced by individuals across the life span—from conception to death.
Shiraev/Levy Cross-Cultural Psychology 5/e
Quality of life
Norms, customs,
and child care
Parental values and expectations
Key definitions
An individual’s
Development
Shiraev/Levy Cross-Cultural Psychology 5/e
Quality of life can include not only SES but also the conditions of the area and nation itself. For example access to healthcare may be the same in two places but the quality of that healthcare can vary dramatically.
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According to Piaget, the child’s cognitive growth is a stage-by-stage process, consisting of four stages.
Piaget Stages of Development
2. The preoperational stage- children develop the foundation for language acquisition. Here, children do not comprehend that other people may see things differently (egocentrism).
3. concrete operations- Children learn logic and realize that volume, amount, and weight may stay the same despite changes in the object’s physical appearance (the process is called conservation).
4. Formal operations- adolescents develop the ability to think abstractly.
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1. sensorimotor stage- infants learn about their interaction with their immediate environment.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gnArvcWaH6I&feature=related https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=amsqeYOk--w
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Erikson: Stages of Development
Erikson’s Psychosocial development
Stage 1. Preconventional level: Judgments about what is right and what is wrong are based on fear of punishment.
Stage 2. Preconventional level: Moral conduct produces pleasure, whereas immoral conduct results in unwanted consequences.
Stage 3. Conventional level: Any behavior is good if it is approved by significant others.
Stage 4. Conventional level: The existing laws determine what is moral and immoral.
Stage 5. Postconventional level: Moral behavior is based on individual rights and underlying social circumstances.
Stage 6. Postconventional level: Moral conduct is regulated by universal ethical principles that may rise above government and laws.
Kohlberg Stages of Moral Development
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Attitudes toward pregnancy also differ. In traditional collectivist countries, such as Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Philippines, and Thailand, pregnancy is more family centered with active participation and guidance from family. In individualist societies, childbirth tends to be a rather private affair. However, there are many exceptions from these trends. Could you suggest examples?
Prenatal Period
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Infant mortality, varies greatly from country to country and depends on the socioeconomic and political conditions of each particular nation. For example, infant mortality in Sierra Leone was 160 (this many deaths per 1,000 live births) and it was the highest in the world. The lowest rate was 2.9 in Iceland. In the United States, the rate was 6.3, and in China it was 23.0 (Source: UN Population Division, 2011).
Parental styles. Cultural traditions of collectivism are positively correlated with the authoritarian style of parenting, which is based on strict demands, behavioral control, and sanctions. In other words, in predominantly collectivist cultures more parents practice authoritarian methods than they do in individualist cultures.
During early childhood, children’s thinking is wishful and fantastic. Young children are often uncertain about the difference between reality and fantasy, and they often mix them together
During middle childhood, which lasts from approximately age 6–12 years, children continue to develop thinking and social skills.
Childhood
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Childhood
Adult distress threshold hypothesis, Behaviors that were discouraged in childhood will be seen in clinics more often than “acceptable” behaviors.
Suppression–facilitation hypothesis, behaviors that are discouraged in a culture will be seen infrequently in mental health facilities. For example, if parents punish children for being violent, there should not be many violent mental patients in this country’s mental facilities. The suppression–facilitation model also assumes that behaviors that are rewarded will be seen excessively.
Two competing
points of view
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Adolescence
Adolescence is both developmental and a cultural phenomenon. For instance, extended schooling in many developed countries stretches the period from childhood to adulthood.
Shiraev/Levy Cross-Cultural Psychology 5/e
Many non-industrialized cultures encourage their members to take on adult roles as early as possible.
Can you think of examples in which you or others had to take on more adult roles than others in your culture?
If you grew up outside of the US did you find that your adolescence was longer/shorter/ or melded into young adulthood?
Adulthood
In all cultures, adulthood represents maturity, responsibility, and accountability. This period is typically divided into three stages: early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood. The early adulthood stage is usually linked to formative processes, whereas the middle and late adulthood stages are associated with accomplishments of various kinds. However, the line separating these periods is unclear.
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What Stage are you in?
How have you come to this conclusion?
Are others your age in a different stag? What stage are they in?
Persistence Model:
The theoretical view that suggests that adults acquire attitudes and behaviors early in life and tend not to change them later.
Openness Model:
The theoretical view that suggests that adults change their attitudes and behaviors to adjust to changing life situations.
Adulthood
Shiraev/Levy Cross-Cultural Psychology 5/e
Shiraev/Levy Cross-Cultural Psychology 5/e
Adulthood is commonly linked to wisdom. In Western societies, speed of thinking is highly valued and fluid intelligence is interpreted as an indicator of success.
Adulthood
In many non-Western societies, speed of operations is valued less, because experience, or crystallized intelligence, is perceived as more important than quickness (Gardiner et al., 1998). Many mediating individual circumstances and social factors affect crystallized intelligence.
Shiraev/Levy Cross-Cultural Psychology 5/e
Life transitions in adulthood. How would
Specific cultural syndromes affect these transitions?
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Marriage
Divorce
Birth of a child
Migration
Retirement
Adult children
Career change
Shiraev/Levy Cross-Cultural Psychology 5/e
|
Stage |
Ego Crisis |
Age |
Positive Outcome |
|
1 |
Basic trust versus mistrust |
0–1 |
Hope |
|
2 |
Autonomy versus shame and doubt |
2–3 |
Will |
|
3 |
Initiative versus guilt |
3–5 |
Purpose |
|
4 |
Industry versus inferiority |
5–12 |
Competence |
|
5 |
Ego identity versus role confusion |
Adolescence |
Fidelity |
|
6 |
Intimacy versus isolation |
Young adult |
Love |
|
7 |
Generativity versus stagnation |
Adulthood |
Care |
|
8 |
Ego integrity versus despair |
Maturity |
Wisdom |
