The partnership essay will cover Job Order Costing and Process Cost Systems. The written essay wil be approximately 1,100 words or more per individual student.

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Home >Business & Finance homework help >Management homework help >The partnership essay will cover Job Order Costing and Process Cost Systems. The written essay wil be approximately 1,100 words or more per individual student.

Prepared by: C. Douglas Cloud Professor Emeritus of Accounting Pepperdine University

© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

Job Order Costing

Chapter 17

Learning Objectives

Describe cost accounting systems used by manufacturing businesses.

Describe and illustrate a job order cost accounting system.

Describe the use of job order cost information for decision making.

Describe the flow of costs for a service business that uses a job order cost accounting system.

Learning Objective 1

Describe cost accounting systems used by manufacturing businesses.

Cost Accounting Systems Overview

Cost accounting systems measure, record, and report product costs. The two main types of cost accounting systems for manufacturing are:

Job order cost systems

Process cost systems

LO 1

A job order cost system provides product costs for each quantity of product that is manufactured.
Each quantity of product that is manufactured is called a job.
Manufacturers that use a job order cost system are sometimes called job shops.
Examples: an apparel manufacturer, such as Levi Strauss & Co, or a guitar manufacturer like Washburn Guitars

LO 1

Cost Accounting Systems Overview

A process cost system provides product costs for each manufacturing department or process.
Process cost systems are often used by companies that manufacture units of a product that are indistinguishable from each other and are manufactured using a continuous production process.
Examples: Oil refineries, paper producers, chemical processers, and food processors

Cost Accounting Systems Overview

LO 1

Learning Objective 2

Describe and illustrate a job order cost accounting system.

Job Order Cost System for Manufacturing

LO 2

(continued)

Job Order Cost System for Manufacturing

LO 2

Job Order Cost System for Manufacturing

LO 2

Materials

The materials account in the general ledger is a controlling account. A separate account for each type of material is maintained in a subsidiary materials ledger.

LO 2

The receiving report and the invoice are used to record the receipt of the merchandise and to control the payment for purchased items.

Supplier Invoice

$10,500

Receiving Report

No. 196

Materials

LO 2

Materials

LO 2

To Materials Requisitions

(continued)

Materials

LO 2

From Materials Ledger Account

Materials

LO 2

Supplier’s Invoice

$10,500

Receiving Report

No. 196

750 units of No. 8 Maple Wood

A receiving report is prepared when materials that have been ordered are received and inspected.

Materials

LO 2

If there are no discrepancies, a journal entry is made to record the purchase.

Materials

The storeroom releases materials to use in manufacturing when a materials requisition is received. A materials requisition for Job No. 71 is shown below.

LO 2

Materials

For direct materials, the quantities and amounts from the materials requisitions are posted to job cost sheets. Job cost sheets make up the work in process subsidiary ledger. Job No. 71 is shown below.

LO 2

Materials

A summary of the materials requisitions is used as a basis for the journal entry recording the materials used for the month.

LO 2

EE 17-1

Factory Labor

When employees report for work, they may use clock cards, in-and-out cards, or electronic badges to clock in. When employees work on an individual job, they use time tickets.

LO 2

Factory Labor

LO 2

Factory Labor

A summary of the time tickets is used as the basis for the journal entry recording direct labor for the month.

LO 2

(continued)

Factory Labor

LO 2

(concluded)

EE 17-2

Factory Overhead Cost

Factory overhead costs come from a variety of sources including the following:
Indirect materials comes from a summary of materials requisitions.
Indirect labor comes from the salaries of production supervisors and the wages of other employees such as janitors.
Factory power comes with the utility bills.
Factory depreciation comes from Accounting Department data.

LO 2

Factory Overhead Cost

LO 2

Legend Guitars incurred $4,600 of overhead in December. The $500 of materials consisted of $200 of glue and $300 of sandpaper.

EE 17-3

Allocating Factory Overhead

LO 2

The process by which factory overhead or other costs are assigned to a cost object, such as a job, is called cost allocation.
The factory overhead costs are allocated to jobs using a common measure related to each job. This measure is called an activity base, allocation base, or activity driver.

Predetermined Factory Overhead Rate

Factory overhead costs are normally allocated or applied to jobs using a predetermined factory overhead rate. The predetermined factory overhead rate is computed as follows:

LO 2

Predetermined Factory Overhead Rate

Estimated Total

Factory Overhead Costs

Estimated Activity Base

Predetermined Factory Overhead Rate

LO 2

Legend Guitars estimates the total factory overhead cost as $50,000 for the year and the activity base as 10,000 direct labor hours.

Estimated Total Factory Overhead Costs

Estimated Activity Base

Predetermined Factory Overhead Rate

$50,000

10,000 direct labor hours

Predetermined Factory Overhead Rate

= $5 per direct labor hour

Predetermined Factory Overhead Rate

Applying Factory Overhead

LO 2

Applying Factory Overhead

Using a factory overhead rate of $5 per direct labor hour, $4,250 of factory overhead is applied as follows:

LO 2

Applying Factory Overhead

On December 26, 2012, S. Andrews spent eight hours on Job 72 at an hourly rate of $15 for a cost of $120 (8 hrs. x $15). A total of 500 hours was spent by all employees who worked on Job 72 during December, for a total cost of $7,500.

A Closer Look at Job 72

LO 2

(continued)

A Closer Look at Job 72

LO 2

December Job 72 (500 hours) for a total cost of $7,500

to Job Cost Sheet

(continued)

A Closer Look at Job 72

LO 2

from materials requisitions

from time tickets

500 hrs. x $5

The factory overhead account is:

Increased (debited) for the actual overhead costs incurred.

Decreased (credited) for the applied overhead.

Applying Factory Overhead

LO 2

If the applied overhead is less than the actual overhead incurred, the debit balance is called underapplied factory overhead or underabsorbed factory overhead.
If the applied overhead is more than the actual overhead incurred, the credit balance is called overapplied factory overhead or overabsorbed factory overhead.

Applying Factory Overhead

LO 2

Applying Factory Overhead

LO 2

The factory overhead account for Legend Guitars shown below illustrates both underapplied and overapplied factory overhead.

(continued)

Underapplied balance

Overapplied balance

Applying Factory Overhead

LO 2

EE 17-4

Disposal of Factory Overhead Balance

If there is an ending debit balance (underapplied overhead) in the factory overhead account, it is disposed of by the entry shown below.

LO 2

Disposal of Factory Overhead Balance

If there is an ending credit balance (overapplied overhead) in the factory overhead account, it is disposed of by the entry shown below.

LO 2

The journal entry to dispose of Legend Guitars’ December 31, 2012, underapplied overhead balance of $150 is as follows:

Disposal of Factory Overhead Balance

LO 2

Work in Process

LO 2

During the period, Work in Process is increased (debited) for the following:

Direct materials cost
Direct labor cost
Applied factory overhead cost

Work in Process

LO 2

Work in Process

LO 2

During December, Job 71 was completed. Upon completion, the product costs are totaled. The job’s total cost of $10,250, divided by the 20 Jazz Series guitars produced as Job 71, provides a unit cost of $512.50. Job 71 is transferred from production to finished goods inventory by the following entry:

EE 17-5

Finished Goods

The Finished Goods account is a controlling account for the subsidiary finished goods ledger, or stock ledger.

LO 2

Sales and Cost of Goods Sold

LO 2

During December, Legend Guitars sold 40 Jazz Series guitars for $850 each, generating total sales of $34,000 ($850 x 40). Exhibit 7 (previous slide) indicates that the cost per guitar sold was $500 or a total cost of $20,000 ($500 x 40).

Two entries are required, one for the sale and one to record the cost of goods sold and to reduce the Finished Goods account.

LO 2

Sales and Cost of Goods Sold

EE 17-6

Period Costs

Period costs are used in generating revenue during the current period, but are not involved in the manufacturing process. They are recorded as either selling or administrative expenses.
Selling expenses are incurred in marketing and delivering the product.
Administrative expenses are incurred in managing the company, but are not related to the manufacturing or selling functions.

LO 2

Finished

Goods

Inventory

Work in

Process

Inventory

Materials

Inventory

Balance Sheet

Summary of Cost Flows for Legend Guitars

LO 2

Cost of goods manufactured

Direct

Labor

Direct

Labor

Factory Overhead

Materials

Purchases

Product Costs

Costs & Expenses

LO 2

Materials Factory Overhead Work in Process

a. Materials purchased during December

Materials Ledger

No. 8 Wood—Maple

Glue

Sandpaper

Dec. 1 6,000

Dec. 1 200

Dec. 1 300

Credit Accounts Payable, $10,500

(a) 10,500

Summary of Cost Flows for Legend Guitars

Dec. 1 6,500 Dec. 1 200 Dec. 1 3,000

LO 2

Materials Factory Overhead Work in Process

b. Materials requisitioned to jobs

(b) 13,000

20 Units of Jazz Series Guitars, Job 71

Dec. 1 3,000

60 Units of American Series Guitars, Job 72

Job Cost Sheets

(continued)

Summary of Cost Flows for Legend Guitars

Materials Ledger

No. 8 Wood—Maple

Glue

Sandpaper

Dec. 1 6,000

Dec. 1 200

Dec. 1 300

(a) 10,500

(b) 13,000

Dec. 1 6,500 Dec. 1 200 Dec. 1 3,000

LO 2

Materials Factory Overhead Work in Process

b. Update job cost sheets

(b) 13,000

20 Units of Jazz Series Guitars, Job 71

Dec. 1 3,000

60 Units of American Series Guitars, Job 72

Job Cost Sheets

(b) Direct materials 2,000

(b) Direct materials 11,000

(continued)

Summary of Cost Flows for Legend Guitars

Materials Ledger

No. 8 Wood—Maple

Glue

Sandpaper

Dec. 1 6,000

Dec. 1 200

Dec. 1 300

(a) 10,500

(b) 13,000

Dec. 1 6,500 Dec. 1 200 Dec. 1 3,000

LO 2

Materials Factory Overhead Work in Process

c. Factory labor used in production of jobs

(b) 13,000

Credit Wages Payable, $11,000

Summary of Cost Flows for Legend Guitars

Materials Ledger

No. 8 Wood—Maple

Glue

Sandpaper

Dec. 1 6,000

Dec. 1 200

Dec. 1 300

(a) 10,500

(b) 13,000

Dec. 1 6,500 Dec. 1 200 Dec. 1 3,000

(continued)

LO 2

(b) 13,000

20 Units of Jazz Series Guitars, Job 71

Dec. 1 3,000

(b) Direct materials 2,000

60 Units of American Series Guitars, Job 72

(b) Direct materials 11,000

Job Cost Sheets

Dec. 1 6,500 Dec. 1 200 Dec. 1 3,000

Summary of Cost Flows for Legend Guitars

c. Update the job cost sheets

Materials Ledger

No. 8 Wood—Maple

Glue

Sandpaper

Dec. 1 6,000

Dec. 1 200

Dec. 1 300

(a) 10,500

(b) 13,000

Materials Factory Overhead Work in Process

(continued)

d. Factory overhead incurred in production (indirect materials used, $500)

(b) 13,000

(d) 500

LO 2

Summary of Cost Flows for Legend Guitars

Materials Ledger

No. 8 Wood—Maple

Glue

Sandpaper

Dec. 1 6,000

Dec. 1 200

Dec. 1 300

(a) 10,500

(b) 13,000

(d) 500

Materials Factory Overhead Work in Process

Dec. 1 6,500 Dec. 1 200 Dec. 1 3,000

(continued)

(b) 13,000

(d) 500

(d) 900

credit Utilities Payable, $900

LO 2

Summary of Cost Flows for Legend Guitars

Materials Ledger

No. 8 Wood—Maple

Glue

Sandpaper

Dec. 1 6,000

Dec. 1 200

Dec. 1 300

(a) 10,500

(b) 13,000

d. Factory overhead incurred in production (utility bill, $900)

Materials Factory Overhead Work in Process

Dec. 1 6,500 Dec. 1 200 Dec. 1 3,000

(continued)

LO 2

Materials Factory Overhead Work in Process

(b) 13,000

(d) 500

(d) 900

(d) 1,200

credit Accumulated Depreciation, $1,200

Summary of Cost Flows for Legend Guitars

(d) 500

Materials Ledger

No. 8 Wood—Maple

Glue

Sandpaper

Dec. 1 6,000

Dec. 1 200

Dec. 1 300

(a) 10,500

(b) 13,000

d. Factory overhead incurred in production (depreciation on factory machinery, $1,200)

Dec. 1 6,500 Dec. 1 200 Dec. 1 3,000

(continued)

LO 2

Materials Factory Overhead Work in Process

(b) 13,000

(d) 500

(d) 900

(d) 1,200

(d) 2,000

credit Wages Payable, $2,000

Summary of Cost Flows for Legend Guitars

d. Factory overhead incurred in production (indirect labor, $2,000)

Materials Ledger

No. 8 Wood—Maple

Glue

Sandpaper

Dec. 1 6,000

Dec. 1 200

Dec. 1 300

(a) 10,500

(b) 13,000

(d) 500

Dec. 1 6,500 Dec. 1 200 Dec. 1 3,000

(continued)

LO 2

e. Factory overhead is applied to jobs according to the predetermined overhead rate

Summary of Cost Flows for Legend Guitars

(continued)

LO 2

Materials Factory Overhead Work in Process

(b) 13,000

(d) 500

(d) 900

Dec. 1 6,500 Dec. 1 200 Dec. 1 3,000

(d) 1,200

(d) 2,000

(e) 4,250

20 Units of Jazz Series Guitars, Job 71

Dec. 1 3,000

(b) Direct materials 2,000

60 Units of American Series Guitars, Job 72

(b) Direct materials 11,000

Job Cost Sheets

(e) Factory overhead 1,750

(e) Factory overhead 2,500

Summary of Cost Flows for Legend Guitars

Materials Ledger

No. 8 Wood—Maple

Glue

Sandpaper

Dec. 1 6,000

Dec. 1 200

Dec. 1 300

(a) 10,500

(b) 13,000

(a) 10,500

(d) 500

(b) 13,000

(d) 200

(d) 300

(continued)

LO 2

f. Closed underapplied factory overhead to cost of goods sold

Materials Factory Overhead Work in Process

(b) 13,000

(d) 500

(d) 900

Dec. 1 6,500 Dec. 1 200 Dec. 1 3,000

(d) 1,200

(d) 2,000

(e) 4,250

(f) 150

debit Cost of Goods Sold, $150

Summary of Cost Flows for Legend Guitars

Materials Ledger

No. 8 Wood—Maple

Glue

Sandpaper

Dec. 1 6,000

Dec. 1 200

Dec. 1 300

(a) 10,500

(b) 13,000

(a) 10,500

(d) 500

(b) 13,000

(d) 200

(d) 300

(continued)

LO 2

g. Job 71 completed in December

Materials Factory Overhead Work in Process

Materials Ledger

No. 8 Wood—Maple

Glue

Sandpaper

Dec. 1 6,000

Dec. 1 200

Dec. 1 300

(a) 10,500

(b) 13,000

(a) 10,500

(b) 13,000

(d) 500

(d) 900

Dec. 1 6,500 Dec. 1 200 Dec. 1 3,000

(b) 13,000

(d) 200

(d) 300

(d) 1,200

(d) 2,000

(e) 4,250

(f) 150

(g) 10,250

20 Units of Jazz Series Guitars, Job 71

Dec. 1 3,000

(b) Direct materials 2,000

(d) Factory overhead 1,750

10,250

Job Cost Sheets

Summary of Cost Flows for Legend Guitars

(continued)

LO 2

Materials Factory Overhead Work in Process

Materials Ledger

No. 8 Wood—Maple

Glue

Sandpaper

Dec. 1 6,000

Dec. 1 200

Dec. 1 300

(a) 10,500

(b) 13,000

(a) 10,500

(b) 13,000

(d) 500

(d) 900

Dec. 1 6,500 Dec. 1 200 Dec. 1 3,000

(b) 13,000

(d) 200

(d) 300

(d) 1,200

(d) 2,000

(e) 4,250

(f) 150

(g) 10,250

Dec. 1 20,000

(g) 10,250

Finished Goods

Dec. 1 20,000

(g) 10,250

Finished Goods Ledger

Jazz Series Guitars

Summary of Cost Flows for Legend Guitars

(continued)

LO 2

Work in Process

(b) 13,000

Dec. 1 3,000

(e) 4,250

(g) 10,250

Dec. 1 20,000

(g) 10,250

Finished Goods

Dec. 1 20,000

(g) 10,250

Finished Goods Ledger

Jazz Series Guitars

(f) 150

Cost of Goods Sold

h. Sold 40 units of Jazz Series guitars on account

Accounts Receivable XXX

Sales XXX

Summary of Cost Flows for Legend Guitars

(continued)

LO 2

Work in Process

(b) 13,000

Dec. 1 3,000

(e) 4,250

(g) 10,250

Dec. 1 20,000

(g) 10,250

Finished Goods

Dec. 1 20,000

(g) 10,250

Finished Goods Ledger

Jazz Series Guitars

(i) 20,000

(f) 150

Cost of Goods Sold

i. Cost of 40 units of Jazz Series guitars sold

(i) 20,000

Summary of Cost Flows for Legend Guitars

(continued)

LO 2

Summary of Cost Flows for Legend Guitars

(concluded)

LO 2

Summary of Cost Flows for Legend Guitars

Learning Objective 3

Describe the use of job order cost information for decision making.

Job Order Costing for Decision Making

A job order cost accounting system accumulates and records product costs by jobs. The resulting total and unit product costs can be compared to similar jobs, compared over time, or compared to expected costs.

LO 3

Job Order Costing for Decision Making

LO 3

Learning Objective 4

Describe the flow of costs for a service business that uses a job order cost accounting system.

Job Order for Professional Services

Since the “product” of a service business is service, management’s focus is on direct labor and overhead costs.
A job cost sheet is used to accumulate the costs for each client’s job. When the job is completed and the client billed, the costs are transferred to a cost of services account.

LO 4

Job Order for Professional Services

LO 4

Prepared by: C. Douglas Cloud Professor Emeritus of Accounting Pepperdine University

The End

Job Order Costing