FOR PHYLLIS YOUNG ONLY
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nicholas_loper_pp_presentation.pptxNicholas Loper
Physical Activity
Goal-Setting and Self-Monitoring
Utilizing Self-Management Techniques to Increase Physical Activity
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Literature Review
Physical activity is an extremely important contributor to noncommunicable diseases worldwide (Addy, 2012, p. 979).
Regular exercise and physical activity can decrease the chances of cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, and psychological disorders (Duncan et. Al, 2015, p. 595).
Eating more fruits and vegetables, decreasing fast food, and increasing physical activity can help sustain weight loss (Blackman, 2014, p. 2).
An important factor that contributes to an individual's success in maintaining physical activity goals is having the necessary tools to set their goals (Johnston, 2009, p. 167).
Setting very specific and challenging, yet achievable, goals are more likely to be successful (Blackman, 2014, p. 2).
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Baseline Phase
Target behavior definition: Physical activity included cardiovascular exercise such as utilizing a treadmill, elliptical, briskly walking, or running/jogging outdoors.
Observation: Naturalistic observations about physical activity was recorded during normal daily routine. The three metrics that were recorded included the number of calories burned, the number of minutes of exercise, as well as the number of hours spent standing for at least one minute. This period lasted for approximately eight days.
Average number of calories burned: 171.25
Average number of hours spent standing for one minute: 11.125
Average number of minutes of exercise: 19
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Baseline Phase Graphs
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Baseline Phase Graphs
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Baseline Phase Graphs
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Treatment Method
Treatment Method: Self-Management
The two types of self-management techniques that were utilized included self-monitoring and goal setting by use of an Apple Watch Activity feature.
Research Design:
An experimental research design was used in which a hypothesis was tested.
The hypothesis was that the use of self-monitoring and goal setting using the Apple Watch would result in an increase in physical activity.
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Results
The use of the Apple Watch for self-management of physical activity seemed to be an effective tool during the treatment period.
Self-management was especially effective for increasing the average number of calories burned, from 171.25 per day during the baseline phase to 358.5 per day during the treatment phase.
The number of hours spent standing did not increase significantly.
Average number of calories burned: 358.5
Average number of hours spent standing for one minute: 11.9
Average number of minutes of exercise: 29.9
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Results Graphs
Results Graphs
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Results Graphs
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Limitations and Recommendations
It could be helpful to add another level to the treatment, such as utilizing the "Friends" application in the Activity feature of the Apple Watch or another type of accountability.
One limitation of using the Apple Watch for self-monitoring is that it only allows the measurement of very specific metrics such as calories burned, exercise, and standing time.
The baseline observation included outliers that increased the averages for the metrics that were recorded.
The standing metric was probably unnecessary since it only needed to be slightly improved.
It could be useful to utilize a Chi-Square test to determine whether there is a significant increase in physical activity from the baseline to the treatment phase.
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References
Addy, D. (2012). The importance of physical activity. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 97(11), page 979-985.
Duncan, M., Eyre, E., Bryant, E., Seghers, J., Galbraith, N., Nevill, A. (2017).
Autonomous motivation mediates the relation between goals for physical activity and physical activity behavior in adolescents. Journal of Health Psychology, 22(5), pages 595-604).
Johnston, S., Nguyen, H., & Wolpin, S. (2009). Designing and testing a web-based interface for self-monitoring of exercise and symptoms for older adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Journal of Computers, Informatics, and Nursing, 27(3), pages 166-174.
Miltenberger, R. G. (2008). Behavior modification, principles and procedures (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Ries, A., Blackman, L., Page, R., Gizlice, Z., Benedict, S., Barnes, K., Kelsey, K., & Carter-Edwards, L. (2014). Goal setting for health behavior change: Evidence from an obesity intervention for rural low-income women. Journal of Rural and Remote Health Research, Education, Practice, and Policy, 14(1), page 2682.
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