POLITICS - SHORT ANSWERS. BE VERY DETAILED

Political Science 1 - Government of the U.S. and California

Midterm Review Notes

Students should know the meaning and application of these terms, as well as the relationship to other terms:

Politics Suffrage Natural law Majority rule Voter initiative, recalls, referendums Democracy

- Direct and representative - Constitutional

Republic Other forms of government

- Monarchy - Oligarchy - Theocracy - Anarchy

Distribution of power: - Federalism - Centralism (Unitary)

Separation of Powers Checks and Balances Judicial Review – Marbury vs. Madison Articles of Confederation Shay’s Rebellion Constitutional Convention

- Virginia Plan - New Jersey Plan - Bicameralism - Connecticut Compromise - North-South Compromise (three-fifths) - Great Compromise

Popular sovereignty Federalists and Anti-federalists Outline of Constitution

- Article I (Legislature) - Article II (Executive) - Article III (Judicial) - Article IV( States)

o Full faith & Credit o Extradition o Interstate compact

- Article V,VI, VII Sections and clauses

- Commerce - Supremacy - War Powers - Tax and Spend (borrow) - “necessary and proper”

Express Powers Implied Powers Inherent Powers Concurrent Powers Reserved Powers State Rights – McCulloch vs. Maryland Federal Grants

- Block grants - Project grants - Categorical Formula grants

Federal Mandates Bill of Rights Amendments XI to XXVII Electoral College Civil Liberties

- Freedom of expression – Political Rights - First Amendment freedoms

o Religion  Free exercise  Establishment

o Speech  Clear and present danger  Bad tendency test  Preferred position doctrine  Protected & nonprotected speech  Libel  Seditious libel  Slander  Obscenity  Fighting words (hate speech)

o Press  Libel

o Assembly o Petition

- Habeas Corpus - Ex Post Facto law - Bill of attainder

Civil Rights – Equal Protection - Due Process - Fifth and 14

th Amendments

- Substantive - Procedural

Civil disobedience Selective Incorporation Equal Protection Clause Citizenship rights

Naturalization Dual citizenship Property rights

- Contract clause - Police powers - Eminent domain - Regulatory taking

Equality of Access (opportunity) Equality of Results Equality of starting condition Equality between groups

- Gender gap Exclusionary rule Search warrants Miranda Warning Double jeopardy De jure segregation

- Jim Crow laws - Poll tax, literacy tests - White primaries - Restrictive covenants

De facto segregation Racial gerrymandering Affirmative action Political ideology Political Culture Political Socialization Liberals Conservatives Social Conservatives Libertarians Socialists Public Opinion

- Attentive Public - Latency - Saliency

Public Opinion polling Political Participation Social movements Interest groups (factions)

- Types: Economic o Business, Trade, professional associations o Labor

 Open shop  Closed shop  Free riders

o Ideological or Single issue o Public interest groups o Other interest groups

Federal Register Amicus Curiae

Lobbying - Quid pro quo - Iron triangle

Political Action Committees (PAC) Issue Advocacy 527 organization Civic duty Voter registration

- National Voter Registration Act (1993) Voter turnout

- Demographic & geographic factors - Compulsory voting & automatic registration

Party identification Political Party

- Winner-take-all system - Single-member district - Proportional representation - National party convention - Minor parties

o Ideological o Protest o Single Issue o Splinter o Libertarian o Green o Reform

Primaries - Direct - Open - Closed

Caucus Party realignment

- Gerrymandering - Malapportionment

Campaign financing Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA 2002)

- Hard money - Soft money - Bundling - Independent expenditure

Federal Election Commission (FEC) Incumbency

- Safe seats - Coattail effect - Candidate appeal

Mass Media – newspaper, radio, TV, internet - “Objective journalism” - Investigatory journalism - Agenda setting - Issue framing

Here are possible short response questions. Students should be able to answer these in a

minimum of one 4 to 5 sentence paragraph.

1. Identify four continuing problems with campaign finance. 2. What are three factors that limit media influence on public opinion? 3. Identify and discuss three reasons why voter turnout in the United States is lower than

in other democracies.

4. Identify and discuss three institutional characteristics of political parties. 5. Should corporations and unions be unlimited in funding political parties and running ads?

Why or why not? What is the Supreme Court’s position on this issue?

6. Define the term political culture and explain how families are a significant source for political learning.