Hifsa shaukat

SOUND

in film

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What Sound does…

* Sets the general mood and pace

* Establishes time period and setting

* Comments on internal states of the character

* Emphasizes the narrative

* Goes against the narrative

* Bridges shots and scenes

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How It Got There…

Silent Films accompanied by music

1909- Edison was making music suggestions

By 1920s- whole range of sound- orchestras, pianos, sound machines (which added effects)

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How It Got There…

1927- The Jazz Singer

First example of synchronized dialogue.

1930’s early films hampered by stage mics

later films helped by development of portable mics

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How It Got There…

A standard frame rate is established– 24 fps.

By 1935- looping is common

Many scenes are filmed MOS- mit out sound

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How It Got There…

Double- system- independent film and sound recorders- hence need of clapper board/slate

Transferred/resolved onto sprocketed film/edited on a flatbed

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How It Got There…

By 1973- crystal- synch technology allowed for synched up sound without a cable.

Video now includes sound and picture within same housing- aka single system

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For a Double system shoot

At the beginning of each take, the following call will be made:

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For a Double system shoot

1st AD: "Roll Sound"

Sound Mixer: "Speed"

1st AD: "Roll Camera"

Camera Operator: "Rolling" or "Camera Speed" lst AD: "Marker"

2nd AC: "Scene 1, Take 1, Marker"

The 2nd AC then closes the clapboard sticks to create an audible clap for a sync point.

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People involved…

Sound designer

Sound recordist

Boom operator

Foley artist

Composer

Sound effects editor

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People involved…

Post-production team

voice-over artist

Playback singers

Copyright Clearance researcher

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Types of sound

Diegetic- within the frame/action

Non-diegetic – from outside the story

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Diegetic-

Dialogue

Sound effects

Music (ambient)

Room tone (the sound of the room)

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Diegetic-

Dialogue

- Often fixed or re-adjusted in studio in LOOPING SESSIONS- dubbing studios

- Automatic dialog replacement (ADR)

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Extra-Diegetic-

Narration

Music

Voice-over

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Extra-Diegetic-

Narration – aka voice of God. Often sets up the story or moves story along. Ex: beginning of Casablanca. Documentaries rely heavily on narration.

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Extra-Diegetic-

Music –

Can be theme for actor

Guides audience emotions

Signals action

Pre-recorded or original

Score session- recording music in studio with film playing and with cues and music.

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Voice-Over

Expresses character’s thoughts

Explains something in the story

Can be part of understanding a text- ex: vo of the text of a letter

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Properties of Sound

Attack and Decay- how a sound begins and ends

Timbre- tone and color qualities. Ex: ‘cello sounds warm and emotional

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Properties of Sound

Rhythm- regular or irregular patterns of sound.

Tempo- speed of sound patterns

Volume- loudness, softness

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The Four Dimensions of Film Sound

*Rhythm

*Fidelity

* Space

* Time

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Foley

*Sound Effects developed by human activity within the film frame.

Created by a Foley Artist

Comes from the first Foley Artist: Jack Foley

About Foley artists

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One way sound tracks are organized

V1

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

A6

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DEPARTURES (2008)