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American Government And Politics Today—The Essentials

Chapter 9

Campaigns and Elections

Learning Outcomes

Discuss who runs for office and how campaigns are managed.

Describe the current system of campaign finance.

Summarize the process of choosing a president of the United States.

Explain the mechanisms through which voting takes place on Election Day.

Discuss voter turnout in the United States and the types of people most likely to vote.

The Twenty-First-Century Campaign 1 of 5

Who Is Eligible?

President

Vice president

Senator

Representative

Who Runs?

Women as candidates

Professional status

Learning Outcome 1: Discuss who runs for office and how campaigns are managed.

Presidential Primary- A statewide primary election of delegates to a political party’s national convention, held to determine a party’s presidential nominee.

The Twenty-First-Century Campaign 2 of 5

Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton campaigns in Los Angeles.

What kinds of voters supported Clinton?

Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump campaigns in Virginia.

How was Trump different from past Republican nominees?

Joseph Sohm/Shutterstock.com

Mark Wilson/Getty Images

The Twenty-First-Century Campaign 3 of 5

Managing the Campaign

Primary election

General election

The changing campaign

Primary Election- An election in which political parties choose their candidates for the general election.

General Election- An election open to all eligible voters, normally held on the first Tuesday in November, that determines who will fill various elected positions.

The Twenty-First-Century Campaign 4 of 5

Managing the Campaign continued

The professional campaign

Political consultant

The use of opinion polls

Focus groups

Political Consultant-A paid professional hired to devise a campaign strategy and manage a campaign.

Focus Group- A small group of individuals who are led in discussion by a professional consultant in order to gather opinions on and responses to candidates and issues.

The Twenty-First-Century Campaign 5 of 5

Political consultant Paul Manafort was Donald Trump’s campaign manager for several months until he was fired in August 2016. Earlier, Manafort worked for pro-Russian Ukrainian leader Viktor Yanukovych, who was forced from power in 2014 by an anti-Russian popular movement. It was reported that Yanukovych’s party may have paid Manafort more than $12 million. This news did not result in Manafort’s dismissal, however. Rather, the cause was Manafort’s opposition to the “let Trump be Trump” campaign strategy.

What consequences could follow from Trump’s admiration of Russian President Vladimir Putin?

Tom Williams/CQ Roll Call

Financing the Campaign 1 of 4

The Evolution of the Campaign Finance System

Hatch Act

The Federal Election Campaign Act

Political action committees

Issue advocacy advertising

Soft money

The rise and fall of the McCain-Feingold Act

Learning Outcome 2: Describe the current system of campaign finance.

Political action committee (PAC)- A committee set up by and representing a corporation, labor union, or special interest group. PACs raise and give campaign donations.

Hatch Act- An act passed in 1939 that restricted the political activities of government employees. It also prohibited a political group from spending more than $3 million in any campaign and limited individual contributions to a campaign committee to $5,000.

Federal Election Commission (FEC)- The federal regulatory agency with the task of enforcing federal campaign laws. As a practical matter, the FEC’s role is largely limited to collecting data on campaign contributions.

Issue advocacy – Advertising paid for by interest groups that support or oppose a candidate’s position on an issue without mentioning voting or elections.

Soft money- Campaign contributions unregulated by federal or state law, usually given to parties and party committees to help fund general party activities.

Financing the Campaign 2 of 4

Charles Koch is head of Koch Industries. With his brother David, he runs one of the largest fundraising operations in American politics. The brothers consider themselves libertarians and contribute to Republicans.

Are super PACs a problem in American politics? Why or why not?

Bo Rader/Wichita Eagle/MCT/Tribune News Service/Getty Images

Financing the Campaign 3 of 4

The Current Campaign Finance Environment

Independent expenditures

Citizens United v. FEC

Super PACs

Hedge fund manager Tom Steyer opposes a California proposition supported by oil companies. Steyer is one of the Democrats’ largest donors.

Why might a billionaire Democrat be more interested in the environment than, say, the minimum wage?

Anne Cusack/Getty Images

Independent Expenditures- Nonregulated contributions from PACs, organizations, and individuals. The funds may be spent on advertising or other campaign activities, so long as those expenditures are not coordinated with those of a candidate.

superPAC – A political organization that aggregates unlimited contributions by individuals and organizations to be spend independently of candidate committees.

Financing the Campaign 4 of 4

The Current Campaign Finance Environment continued

The 527 organization

The 501(c)4 organization

Candidate committees

The decline and fall of public financing

Running for President: The Longest Campaign 1 of 8

Reforming the Presidential Primaries

The power of elected delegates

The role of the superdelegates

The Invisible Primary

Learning Outcome 3: Summarize the process of choosing a president of the United States.

Superdelegate- A party leader or elected official who is given the right to vote at the party’s national convention. Superdelegates are not selected at the state level.

Invisible Primary- The pre-primary campaign to win supporters among elected officials, fund-raisers, interest groups, and opinion leaders.

Running for President: The Longest Campaign 2 of 8

Primaries and Caucuses

Direct and indirect primaries

Proportional and winner-take-all primaries

Closed primary

Open primary

Direct Primary- A primary election in which voters decide party nominations by voting directly for candidates.

Indirect Primary- A primary election in which voters choose convention delegates, and the delegates determine the party’s candidate in the general election.

Closed Primary- A type of primary in which the voter is limited to choosing candidates of the party of which he or she is a member.

Open Primary- A primary in which any registered voter can vote (but must vote for candidates of only one party).

Running for President: The Longest Campaign 3 of 8

Supporters of presidential candidate Senator Ted Cruz (R., Tex.) at a rally in Las Vegas the night before the 2016 Nevada presidential caucuses.

Do rallies really help a candidate? Why or why not?

Joseph Sohm/Shutterstock.com

Direct Primary- A primary election in which voters decide party nominations by voting directly for candidates.

Indirect Primary- A primary election in which voters choose convention delegates, and the delegates determine the party’s candidate in the general election.

Closed Primary- A type of primary in which the voter is limited to choosing candidates of the party of which he or she is a member.

Open Primary- A primary in which any registered voter can vote (but must vote for candidates of only one party).

Running for President: The Longest Campaign 4 of 8

Primaries and Caucuses continued

Blanket primary

Run-off primary

The “top-two” primary

Conventions

Caucuses

UC Davis students line up at a campus polling place in Davis, California, on Election Day. Should students vote where they attend school or where their parents live? In either case, why?

Autumn Payne/Sacramento Bee/MCT/Getty Images

Caucus- A meeting of party members to select candidates and propose policies.

Running for President: The Longest Campaign 5 of 8

Supporters of Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump recite the Pledge of Allegiance at the 2016 Western Conservative Summit in Denver.

What kind of conservatism does Trump represent?

Jason Connolly/Getty Images

Running for President: The Longest Campaign 6 of 8

Front-Loading the Primaries

The rush to be first

The national parties seek to regain control

A Texas delegate at the 2012 Democratic National Convention in Charlotte, North Carolina.

What kinds of Americans tended to support the Democratic candidate?

Lucian Perkins/Washington Post/Getty Images

Front-Runner- The presidential candidate who appears to be ahead at a given time in the primary season.

Front-Loading- The practice of moving presidential primary elections to the early part of the campaign to maximize the impact of these primaries on the nomination.

Running for President: The Longest Campaign 7 of 8

On to the National Convention

Seating the delegates

Credentials committee

Convention activities

Credentials Committee- A committee used by political parties at their national conventions to determine which delegates may participate. The committee inspects the claim of each prospective delegate to be seated as a legitimate representative of his or her state.

Running for President: The Longest Campaign 8 of 8

The Electoral College

The choice of electors

The electors’ commitment

Problems with the electoral college system

Elector- A member of the electoral college, which selects the president and vice president. Each state’s electors are chosen in each presidential election year according to state laws.

How Are Elections Conducted? 1 of 4

Office-Block and Party-Column Ballots

Massachusetts ballot

Party-column ballot

Indiana ballot

Coattail effect

Voting by Mail

Learning Outcome 4: Explain the mechanisms through which voting takes place on Election Day.

Australian Ballot- A secret ballot prepared, distributed, and tabulated by government officials at public expense. Since 1888, all states have used the Australian ballot rather than an open, public ballot.

Office-Block, or Massachusetts, Ballot- A form of general election ballot in which candidates for elective office are grouped together under the title of each office. It emphasizes voting for the office and the individual candidate, rather than for the party.

Party-Column, or Indiana, Ballot- A form of general election ballot in which all of a party’s candidates for elective office are arranged in one column under the party’s label and symbol. It emphasizes voting for the party, rather than for the office or individual.

Coattail Effect- The influence of a popular candidate on the success of other candidates on the same party ticket.

How Are Elections Conducted? 2 of 4

A badly marked ballot for a very close local race in Colorado.

Would you count this ballot as a vote for Myers? Why or why not?

Aaron Ontiveroz/Getty Images

How Are Elections Conducted? 3 of 4

Voting Fraud and Voter ID Laws

Voter ID requirements

Voting restrictions

The impact of restrictive voting laws on voter turnout

How Are Elections Conducted? 4 of 4

Senator Charles Schumer (D., N.Y.) points to a blowup of a flyer with misleading voting information. Schumer cosponsored a bill to make the distribution of fraudulent election material a federal offense.

How likely is it that a voter would be misled by such a flyer?

Tom Williams/CQ Roll Call/Getty Images

Turning Out to Vote 1 of 5

Voter turnout

Midterm election

Voting-age population

Vote-eligible population

Learning Outcome 5: Discuss voter turnout in the United States and the types of people most likely to vote.

Voter Turnout- The percentage of citizens taking part in the election process; the number of eligible voters that actually “turn out” on election day to cast their ballots.

Midterm Elections- National elections in which candidates for president are not on the ballot. In midterm elections, voters choose all members of the U.S. House of Representatives and one-third of the members of the U.S. Senate.

Voting-Age Population- The number of people of voting age living in the country at a given time, regardless of whether they have the right to vote.

Vote-Eligible Population- The number of people who, at a given time, enjoy the right to vote in national elections.

Turning Out to Vote 2 of 5

Factors Influencing Who Votes

Age

Educational attainment

Income level

Minority statue

Ideology

Voter Turnout for Presidential and Midterm Elections, 1910–2014

Note: Prior to 1948, the voting-age population is used as a proxy for the population eligible to vote.

Figure 9-2 Voter Turnout for Presidential and Midterm Elections, 1910–2014

The peaks represent voter turnout in presidential election years; the troughs represent voter turnout in off-presidential election years.

Why might voter turnout have picked up in recent years?

Sources: Historical Data Archive, Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research; Michael P. McDonald and Samuel L. Popkin, “The Myth of the Vanishing Voter,” American Political Science Review, Vol. 95, No. 4 (December 2001), p. 966, and the United States Elections Project.

Voting in the 2014 Elections by Age Group

Figure 9-3 Voting in the 2014 Elections by Age Group

Turnout is given as a percentage of the voting-age citizen population.

What could be done to make young people more likely to vote?

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, July 2015.

Voting in the 2014 Elections by Education Level

Figure 9-4 Voting in the 2014 Elections by Education Level

Turnout is given as a percentage of the voting-age citizen population.

Are there steps we could take that would encourage the less well educated to vote?

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, July 2015.

Turning Out to Vote 3 of 5

Legal Restrictions on Voting

Property requirements

Further extensions of the franchise

Is the franchise still too restrictive?

Ex-felons in Baltimore celebrate a new Maryland law that has restored their right to vote.

Which party are these people likely to support?

The Washington Post/Getty Images

Turning Out to Vote 4 of 5

Legal Restrictions on Voting continued

Current eligibility and registration requirements

Voter-registration drives

Changes in the voting rights act

Registration- The entry of a person’s name onto the list of registered voters for elections. To register, a person must meet certain legal requirements of age, citizenship, and residency.

Turning Out to Vote 5 of 5

In Washington, D.C., Republican presidential candidate Dr. Ben Carson greets Georgetown University students. Carson, a retired pediatric neurosurgeon, was unsuccessful as a candidate.

Should persons who have never held elected office run for president?

Why or why not?

Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images