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American Government And Politics Today—The Essentials

Chapter 8

Political Parties

Learning Outcomes

Cite some of the major activities of U.S. political parties, and discuss how they are organized.

Explain how the history of U.S. political parties has led to the two major parties that exist today.

Summarize key differences between the policies and supporters of the major parties.

Give reasons why the two-party system has endured in America, and evaluate the impact of third parties on U.S. politics.

Discuss some of the ways in which support for the parties can change, and explain the increasing importance of independents.

Political Parties in the United States 1 of 8

Functions of Political Parties in the United States

Recruit candidates

Organize and run elections

Present alternative policies to the electorate

Accept responsibility for operating the government

Act as organized opposition to party in power

Learning Outcome 1: Cite some of the major activities of U.S. political parties, and discuss how they are organized.

Political Party - A group of political activists who organize to win elections, operate the government, and determine public policy.

Policy Demanders- Individuals or interest group members who participate in political parties with the intent to see that certain policies are adopted or specific groups favored.

Political Parties in the United States 2 of 8

Republican Party supporters at the Republican National Convention.

What does it take to become a member of a U.S. political party?

Emmanuel Dunand/Getty Images

Political Parties in the United States 3 of 8

The Three Faces of a Party

Party-in-the-electorate

Party organization

Party-in-government

The Party-In-The-Electorate

In June 2016, House members undertook an overnight sit-in on the House floor in an attempt to force a vote on gun control legislation. From left to right are John Lewis (D., Ga.), James Clyburn (D., S.C.), Maxine Waters (D., Calif.), and Charles Rangel (D., N.Y.).

Why is gun legislation so hard to pass?

Allison Shelley/Getty Images

Party-In-The-Electorate- Those members of the general public who identify with a political party or who express preference of one party over another.

Party Organization- The formal structure and leadership of a political party, including election committees; local, state, and national executives; and paid professional staff.

Party-In-Government- All of the elected and appointed officials who identify with a political party.

Political Parties in the United States 4 of 8

The Party Organization

The national party organization

National convention and party platform

Convention delegates

The national committee

The national chairperson

Reince Priebus is the chairperson of the Republican National Committee.

Do you think he’s like the head of a big corporation?

Christopher Halloran/Shutterstock.com

National Convention- The meeting held every four years by each major party to select presidential and vice-presidential candidates, write a platform, choose a national committee, and conduct party business.

Party Platform- A document drawn up at each national convention, outlining the policies, positions, and principles of the party.

National Committee – A standing committee of a national political party established to direct and coordinate party activities between nation party conventions.

Political Parties in the United States 5 of 8

The Party Organization continued

The state party organization

State central committee

Local party machinery: the grassroots

Patronage and city machines

Local party organizations today

State Central Committee- The principal organized structure of each political party within each state. This committee is responsible for carrying out policy decisions of the party’s state convention.

Patronage- The rewarding of faithful party workers and followers with government employment or contracts.

Political Parties in the United States 6 of 8

Donna Brazile became the interim chair of the Democratic National Committee during the July 2016 Democratic National Convention. The previous chair, Representative Debbie Wasserman Schultz of Florida, resigned after Russian hackers released committee emails that suggested bias against Bernie Sanders.

The Washington Post/Getty Images

Political Parties in the United States 7 of 8

The party-in-government

Divided government

Party polarization

Blocking tactics

Senator Amy Klobuchar (D., Minn.) participates in the Twin Cities Gay Pride Parade in Minneapolis.

What positions do leaders of the major parties usually take on gay rights?

miker/Shutterstock.com

Divided government – A situation in which one major political party controls the presidency and the other controls one or more chambers of Congress, or in which one party controls a state governorship and the other controls part or all of the state legislature.

Political Parties in the United States 8 of 8

Republican Nikki Haley is the governor of South Carolina. Her parents immigrated from India, but she was born in the United States.

How can Republicans maximize their support among Asian Americans?

State of South Carolina

A History of Political Parties in the United States 1 of 6

The Formative Years: Federalists and Anti-Federalists

Federalists and Republicans

The one-party interlude

Democrats and Whigs

Thomas Jefferson was particularly adamant about his dislike of political parties. Nonetheless, he helped create a new party that we call the Jeffersonian Republicans.

Why did he find it necessary to engage in party politics?

Everett Historical/Shutterstock.com

Learning Outcome 2: Explain how the history of U.S. political parties has led to the two major parties that exist today.

Two-Party System- A political system in which only two parties have a reasonable chance of winning.

Democratic Party- One of the two major American political parties evolving out of the Republican Party of Thomas Jefferson.

Whig Party- A major party in the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century, formally established in 1836. The Whig Party was anti-Jackson and represented a variety of regional interests.

A History of Political Parties in the United States 2 of 6

The Civil War Crisis

Republican Party

The Post-Civil War Period

Cultural politics

The triumph of the Republicans

GOP – Grand old party

Republican Party- One of the two major American political parties. It emerged in the 1850s as an antislavery party and

consisted of former northern Whigs and antislavery Democrats.

A History of Political Parties in the United States 3 of 6

Andrew Jackson earned the name “Old Hickory” for his exploits during the War of 1812. In 1828, Jackson was elected president as the candidate of the new Democratic Party.

What policies held the new party together?

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division

Washington, D.C. 20540 USA

A History of Political Parties in the United States 4 of 6

Abraham Lincoln ran on the Republican ticket for president in 1860.

What political groups banded together to form the modern Republican party?

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division

Washington, D.C. 20540 USA

A History of Political Parties in the United States 5 of 6

The Progressive Interlude

The New Deal Era

The Era of Divided Government

The parties in balance

Red state, blue state

A History of Political Parties in the United States 6 of 6

President Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921) at baseball opening day in 2016. Wilson considered himself a progressive.

How did he change Democratic policies?

Everett Historical/Shutterstock.com

The Two Major U.S. Parties Today 1 of 6

A Series of Wave Elections

Wave elections sweep out the Republicans

Wave elections threaten the Democrats

Two electorates?

Learning Outcome 3: Summarize key differences between the policies and supporters of the major parties.

Wave election An election in which voters display dissatisfaction with one of the major parties through a “wave” of support for the other. In contrast to a realigning election, the results of a wave election are not permanent.

The 2016 Presidential Elections

Figure 8-2 The 2016 Presidential Elections

In the 2016 presidential elections, Donald Trump received a majority of the electoral college votes, outdoing Hillary Clinton

by a convincing margin. The map is somewhat different than in the presidential election years 2000 through 2012 because of

Trump’s breakthrough in the Midwest. Why might Trump have done so well in that region?

Source: Cengage Learning

The Two Major U.S. Parties Today 2 of 6

The Parties’ Core Constituents

Core Democratic groups

Core Republican values

Divisions within the Parties

Different kinds of Democrats

Obama verses Clinton in 2008

Clinton verses Sanders in 2016

The Two Major U.S. Parties Today 3 of 6

Donald Trump and Mike Pence with their families behind them after accepting the Republican nominations for president and vice president at the Republican National Convention in Cleveland in July 2016.

Can a candidate for vice president really help the ticket? Why or why not?

Samuel Corum/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images

The Two Major U.S. Parties Today 4 of 6

Divisions within the Parties continued

Different Kinds of Republicans

Business-oriented Republicans

Libertarian Republicans

Conservative nationalists

Radicals and Moderates

The Two Major U.S. Parties Today 5 of 6

Democratic presidential nominee Hillary Clinton and her running mate Senator Tim Kaine (D., Va.) celebrate at the Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia in July 2016.

In what ways do the national conventions serve the parties?

Tom Williams/CQ Roll Call

The Two Major U.S. Parties Today 6 of 6

Cultural Politics and Party Loyalty

Changing points of view

Motivated reasoning

Motivated reasoning – The process of beginning with the conclusion you want, and only then assembling data and arguments to back up your conclusions.

Why Has the Two-Party System Endured? 1 of 5

The Historical Foundations of the Two-Party System

Political Socialization and Practical Considerations

Learning Outcome 4: Give reasons why the two party system has endured in America, and evaluate the impact of third parties on U.S. politics.

Why Has the Two-Party System Endured? 2 of 5

The Winner-Take-All Electoral System

Plurality

Presidential voting

Popular election of the governors and the president

Proportional representation

Plurality- A number of votes cast for a candidate that is greater than the number of votes for any other candidate but not necessarily a majority.

Why Has the Two-Party System Endured? 3 of 5

State and Federal Laws Favoring the Two Parties

The Role of Minor Parties in U.S. Politics

Ideological third parties

Splinter parties

The impact of minor parties

Influencing the major parties

Affecting the outcome of an election

Third Party- A political party other than the two major political parties (Republican and Democratic).

Splinter Party- A new party formed by a dissident faction within a major political party. Often, splinter parties have emerged when a particular personality was at odds with the major party.

Why Has the Two-Party System Endured? 4 of 5

Congressional pages carry the electoral college votes to the House chamber where the election of Barack Obama as the forty fourth president of the United States was certified on January 8, 2009.

What effect does the electoral college have on the political system?

Bill Clark/Roll Call/Getty Images

The Most Successful Third-Party Presidential Campaigns since 1864

Year	Major Third Party	Third-Party Presidential Candidate	% of the Popular Vote	Electoral Votes	Winning Presidential Candidate & Party
1892	Populist	James Weaver	8.5	22	Grover Cleveland (D)
1912	Progressive	Theodore Roosevelt	27.4	88	Woodrow Wilson (D)
	Socialist	Eugene Debs	6.0	-
1924	Progressive	Robert LaFollette	16.6	13	Calvin Coolidge (R)
1948	States’ Rights	Strom Thurmond	2.4	39	Harry Truman (D)
1960	Independent Democrat	Harry Byrd	0.4	15*	John F. Kennedy (D)
1968	American Independent	George Wallace	13.5	46	Richard Nixon (R)
1980	National Union	John Anderson	6.6	-	Ronald Reagan (R)
1992	Independent	Ross Perot	18.9	-	Bill Clinton (D)
1996	Reform	Ross Perot	8.4	-	Bill Clinton (D)

*Byrd received fifteen electoral votes from unpledged electors in Alabama and Mississippi.

Source: Dave Leip’s Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections at www.uselectionatlas.org.

Table 8-1 The Most Successful Third-Party Presidential Campaigns since 1864

Why Has the Two-Party System Endured? 5 of 5

Eugene V. Debs was the nation’s most popular socialist ever—at least until Senator Bernie Sanders (D., Vt.). Debs ran for president five times from 1900 to 1920, the last time from a prison cell. He had been convicted of speaking out against World War I.

Why would such a conviction be impossible today?

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA

Mechanisms of Political Change 1 of 3

Realignment

Realignments in American politics

Is realignment still possible?

Learning Outcome 5: Discuss some of the ways in which support for the parties can change, and explain the increasing importance of independents.

Realignment- A process in which a substantial group of voters switches party allegiance, producing a long-term change in the political landscape.

Mechanisms of Political Change 2 of 3

Dealignment

Independent voters

Party identification

Straight-ticket voting

Split-ticket voting

Not-so-independent voters

Swing voters

Dealignment- A decline in party loyalties that reduces long-term party commitment.

Party Identification- Linking oneself to a particular political party.

Straight-Ticket Voting- Voting exclusively for the candidates of one party.

Split-Ticket Voting- Voting for candidates of two or more parties for different offices, such as voting for a Republican presidential candidate and a Democratic congressional candidate.

Swing Voters- Voters who frequently swing their support from one party to another.

Party Identification from 1944 to the Present

Why would people who usually support one of the two major parties still call themselves independents?

Sources: Gallup Report, August 1995; New York Times/CBS poll, June 1996; Gallup Report, February 1998; The Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, November 2003; Gallup polls, 2004 through 2016.

Figure 8-3 Party Identification from 1944 to the Present

Mechanisms of Political Change 3 of 3

Tipping

Tipping in Massachusetts and California

Tipping in the Twenty-First century?

Tipping- A phenomenon that occurs when a group that is becoming more numerous over time grows large enough to change the political balance in a district, state, or country.