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inselbr14_ppt_ch01.pptxChapter 1
Taking Charge of Your Health
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Describe the dimensions of wellness.
Identify major health problems in the United States today.
Describe the influence of gender, ethnicity, income, disability, family history, and environment on health.
Explain the importance of personal decision making and behavior change in achieving wellness.
List some available sources of health information and explain how to think critically about them.
Describe the steps in creating a behavior management plan to change a health-related behavior
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Wellness: New Health Goals (1)
Health: overall condition of body or mind
Wellness: optimal health and vitality
Making conscious decisions that affect risk factors
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Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Wellness: New Health Goals (2)
Dimensions of wellness:
Physical
Spiritual
Environmental
Emotional
Financial
Intellectual
Occupational
Interpersonal
Cultural
The nine dimensions of wellness are interrelated and may affect each other.
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The Wellness Continuum
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© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Table 1.1 Examples of Qualities and Behaviors Associated with the Dimensions of Wellness
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New Opportunities for Taking Charge
1900s versus today
Morbidity and mortality rates
Infectious disease: a disease that can spread from person to person
Life expectancy has nearly doubled
Impaired life
Chronic disease: a disease that develops and continues over a long period of time
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Public Health Achievements of the Past Century
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Leading Causes of Death in the United States, 2011
| RANK | CAUSE OF DEATH | NUMBER OF DEATHS | PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL DEATHS | LIFESTYLE FACTORS THAT PLAY A PART |
| 1 | Heart disease | 596,339 | 23.7 | Diet, Inactivity, Smoking, Excessive alcohol use |
| 2 | Cancer | 575,313 | 22.9 | Diet, Inactivity, Smoking, Excessive alcohol use |
| 3 | Chronic lower respiratory diseases | 143,382 | 5.7 | Smoking |
| 4 | Stroke | 129,180 | 5.2 | Diet, Inactivity, Smoking, Excessive alcohol use |
| 5 | Unintentional injuries (accidents) | 118,043 | 4.9 | Inactivity, Smoking, Excessive alcohol use |
| 6 | Alzheimer’s disease | 83,308 | 3.8 | |
| 7 | Diabetes mellitus | 68,905 | 2.8 | Diet, Inactivity, Smoking |
| 8 | Influenza and pneumonia | 53,667 | 2.1 | Diet, Inactivity, Smoking, Excessive alcohol use |
| 9 | Kidney disease | 45,731 | 1.8 | Smoking |
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Leading Causes of Death in the United States, 2011 (continued)
| RANK | CAUSE OF DEATH | NUMBER OF DEATHS | PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL DEATHS | LIFESTYLE FACTORS THAT PLAY A PART |
| 10 | Intentional self-harm (suicide) | 38,285 | 1.5 | Excessive alcohol use |
| 11 | Septicemia (systemic blood infection) | 35,539 | 1.4 | Excessive alcohol use |
| 12 | Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis | 33,539 | 1.3 | Excessive alcohol use |
| 13 | Hypertension (high blood pressure) | 27,477 | 1.1 | Diet, Inactivity, Smoking, Excessive alcohol use |
| 14 | Parkinson’s disease | 23,107 | 0.9 | |
| 15 | Lung inflammation due to solids and liquids | 18,090 | 0.7 | Excessive alcohol use |
| All other causes | 512,723 | |||
| All causes | 2,512,873 | 100.0 |
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Quantity of Life versus Quality of Life
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Lifestyle and Environmental Contributors to Death among Americans
| LIFESTYLE OR ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR | NUMBER OF DEATHS PER YEAR | PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL DEATHS PER YEAR |
| Tobacco | 467,000 | 19.1 |
| Obesity | 216,000 | 8.8 |
| Alcohol consumption | 64,000 | 2.6 |
| Toxic agents | 55,000 | 2.3 |
| Microbial agents | 50,003 | 2.0 |
| Illicit drug use | 40,239 | 1.3 |
| Motor vehicles | 34,677 | 1.1 |
| Firearms | 30,867 | 0.9 |
| Sexually transmitted infections | 20,000 | 0.8 |
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Leading Causes of Death among Americans Ages 15–24, 2011
| RANK | CAUSE OF DEATH | NUMBER OF DEAHS | PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL DEATHS |
| 1 | Accidents: Motor vehicle All other accidents | 12,032 6,984 5,048 | 40.6 23.6 17.1 |
| 2 | Suicide | 4,688 | 15.8 |
| 3 | Homicide | 4,506 | 15.2 |
| 4 | Cancer | 1,609 | 5.4 |
| 5 | Heart disease | 948 | 3.2 |
| 6 | All causes | 29,605 | 100.0 |
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Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Promoting Health and Preventing Disease
Health promotion: the process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants (WHO)
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
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The Healthy People Initiative
Healthy People 2020
Increase quality and years of healthy life
Eliminate health disparities among Americans
Create social and physical environments that promote good health
Promote healthy development and behaviors
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Select Healthy People 2020 Objectives
| OBJECTIVE | BASELINE (% MEETING GOAL IN 2008) | MOST RECENT PROGRESS (% MEETING GOAL IN 2012) | TARGET (% BY 2020) | PROGRESS |
| Increase proportion of people with health insurance | 83.2 | 83.1 | 100.0 | Insignificant or no change |
| Increase proportion of people with a primary care provider | 76.3 (2007) | 77.3 (2011) | 83.9 | Insignificant or no change |
| Help adults with hypertension get blood pressure under control | 43.7 | 48.9 | 61.2 | Improving |
| Reduce proportion of obese adults | 33.9 | 35.3 | 30.5 | Getting worse |
| Reduce proportion of adults who drank excessively in past 30 days | 27.1 | 27.1 | 24.4 | Insignificant or no change |
| Increase proportion of adults who exercise | 18.2 | 20.6 | 20.1 | Target met |
| Reduce proportion of adults who use cigarettes | 20.6 | 18.2 | 12.0 | Improving |
| Increase daily intake of vegetables (age adjusted, cup equivalents per 1,000 calories) | 0.8 (2001–2004) | 0.8 (2007–2010) | 1.1 | Insignificant or no change |
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Health Issues for Diverse Populations
Sex and gender
Ethnicity
Income and education
Disability
Geographic location
Sexual orientation
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Self-Rated Health Status and Quality of Care
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Factors that Influence Wellness
Health habits
Heredity/family history
Environment
Access to health care
Behavior can make a difference
Take personal responsibility for your wellness
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Reaching Wellness through Lifestyle Management
Behavior change: cultivating healthy behaviors and working to overcome unhealthy ones
Getting serious about your health:
Examine current health habits
Choose a target behavior
Learn about your target behavior
Find help
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Building Motivation to Change
Examine the pros and cons of change
Boost self-efficacy
Locus of control
Internal locus of control versus external locus of control
Visualization and self-talk
Role models and supportive people
Identify and overcome barriers to change
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Enhancing Your Readiness to Change
The transtheoretical, or “stages of change,” model Developed by Carl DiClemente and James Prochaska (1991)
What stage are you in?
Precontemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
Termination
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The Stages of Change: A Spiral Model
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Sample Health Journal Entries
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Dealing with Relapse
Don’t give up
Forgive yourself
Give yourself credit for the progress you have already made
Move on
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Developing Skills for Change: Creating a Personalized Plan (1)
Monitor your behavior and gather data
Analyze the data and identify patterns
Be “SMART” about setting goals
Specific
Measurable
Attainable
Realistic
Time-frame specific CONTINUED…
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Developing Skills for Change: Creating a Personalized Plan (2)
Devise a plan of action
Identify resources that can help
Modify your environment
Control related habits
Reward yourself
Involve the people around you
Plan for challenges
Make a personal contract
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Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
A Sample Behavior Change Contract
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Putting Your Plan into Action
Commitment to stick with the plan
Remember that you are in charge
Make sure your environment is change-friendly
Keep track of your progress
Congratulate yourself
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Being Healthy for Life
Maintaining good health is an ongoing process
Keep informed about the latest health news
Help create an environment that supports wellness for everyone
What does the future hold?
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Appendix: Long Descriptions for Visuals
© 2010 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
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Long Description for Self-Rated Health Status and Quality of Care
Percentage of Americans self-reporting health status as fair/poor:
Asian American: 10.4
White: 12.9
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander: 14.8
Black: 21.1
American Indian/Alaska Native: 24.5
Hispanic/Latino: 31.1
Percentage of ethnic groups receiving worse health care than white Americans, based on key core measures:
Asian American: 6
American Indian/Alaska Native: 9
Hispanic/Latino: 14
Black: 50
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Long Description for A Sample Behavior Change Contract
1. I, Tammy Lou, agree to increase my consumption of fruit from 1 cup per week to 2 cups per day.
2. I will begin on 10/5 and plan to reach my goal of 2 cups of fruit per day by 12/7.
3. To reach my final goal, I have devised the following schedule of mini-goals. For each step in my program, I will give myself the reward listed.
On 10/5, I will begin to have ½ cup of fruit with breakfast. Reward: see movie.
On 10/26, I will begin to have ½ cup of fruit with lunch. Reward: new CD.
On 11/16, I will begin to substitute fruit juice for soda 1 time per day. Reward: concert.
My overall reward for reaching my goal will be a trip to the beach.
4. I have gathered and analyzed data on my target behavior and have identified the following strategies for changing my behavior:
Keep the fridge stocked with easy-to-carry fruit.
Pack fruit in my backpack every day.
Buy lunch at place that serves fruit.
5. I will use the following tools to monitor my progress toward my final goal:
Chart on fridge door, and a health journal
I sign this contract as an indication of my personal commitment to reach my goal.
I have recruited a helper who will witness and sign my contract and also increase his consumption of fruit, and eat lunch with me twice a week.
Jump back to slide containing original image
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