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Introduction

This study will analyze M.K medical history and lab results to examine if the clinical findings are related to chronic bronchitis and the appropriate treatment. From the clinical findings the paper will the type of heart failure the patient is suffering from and its causes. The paper will discuss M.K’s health risk according to the lipid panel and the risks associated with different lipid panel results. Finally the study will discuss the lab value for HbA1 and how it is related to a normal or abnormal body.

Chronic bronchitis and treatment

Symptoms of chronic bronchitis include chronic cough which is more severe in the morning with sputum and smoking. Smoking is a major cause of chronic bronchitis and its treatment requires a stronger medication than antibiotics. Her treatment requires medication and also lifestyle change in order to improve he condition. She will be required to quit smoking, avoid air pollution and always keep her hands clean to lower the chances of infecting the lungs. Avoiding environmental irritants will assist in controlling severe cough with sputum, and pulmonary rehabilitation will assist in informing her benefits of nutrition and learn breathing techniques. She might be limited to physical exercise due to her body weight but she can start with small physical activities in order to improve her lungs’ condition. She can use bronchodilator medications both inhaled and oral to relieve the symptoms by opening up and relaxing her air passage into the lungs. Also flu and pneumonia vaccines are useful in preventing further lung infections therefore improving the current condition of her lungs.

Heart failure diagnosis

A distended neck vein is a symptom of congestive cardiac failure where fluids accumulate in neck veins caused by poor functioning of the heart. Distended neck veins causes edema. Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart does not pump blood to different body tissues as required. The coronary heart disease narrows arteries in the heart leaving. Treatment and lifestyle changes can assist in improving the heart condition and help her live longer. The most suspicious heart failure condition with M.K is the cardiovascular disease; smoking, high level of cholesterol and being overweight are the major predisposing factors to this heart complication. Fatty deposits on the wall of arteries make them narrower reducing blood flow to the heart.

Hypertension diagnosis

A BP of 159/98 mm Hg indicates that the patient is at stage 1 hypertension resulting into a high blood pressure in the arteries. Systolic reading of 159 and diastolic reading of 98 shows that M.K is in stage 1 hypertension which can lead to stroke or a heart attack (Gotto & Toth, 2016). Lasix is a diuretic medication that assists the kidney to remove excess sodium and water from the body. Diuretics lower blood pressure by reducing the volume of blood passing through the patient’s blood vessels (Sigurdsson, 2014). Lasix is categorized in thiazide group of diuretics, they are taken early blood pressure and they have fewer side effects to the patient. M.K was using Lasix in treating early high blood pressure but the condition has deteriorated and she needs a more advanced treatment and lifestyle change in order to improve the condition. According to CDC (2016), every 1 in 3 adults or about 75 million in the United States have prehypertension but they have not reached the high blood pressure range. In 2014, hypertension contributed to more than 410,000 deaths which can be translated to more than 1,100 deaths daily (CDC, 2016). High blood pressure has also an economic impact costing the government $48.6 billion annually. This cost includes health care services, absence from job due to hypertension related conditions, and medications cost.

Lipid panel

Cholesterol level for a healthy individual should be below 200 mg/dL, M.K has a cholesterol level of 242 mg/dL is above the borderline and it is more than double of the desired cholesterol level. Her cholesterol level is posing her to high chances of suffering from heart attack and stroke. HDL measure is used to assess the risk of M.K suffering from heart disease and also acute heart attack. HDL lowers the chances of suffering from stroke and heart attack. High level of HDL in the blood reduces the risk of heart related diseases and low levels of HDL increases chances of suffering heart attack and stroke (Komoda, 2013). M.K has HDL of 32 mg/dL and this put her in high risk of heart diseases. For a woman a HDL of lower than 50mg/dL increases the risk of an individual suffering from heart attack and stroke. M.K’s HDL level is less than the required level of over 40 mg/dL. The patient’s HDL level can be improved by lifestyle changes such as reducing obesity, quit smoking and intake of less fat Increase in LDL increases the risk of an individual in suffering from heart related diseases. There is a positive correlation between LDL and risk of stroke and heart attack. With a LDL of 173 mg/dL, M.K is at a high risk of heart diseases. The LDL level should range below 159 mg/dL in order to reduce the risk of narrowed blood vessels. High LDL levels cause health complications such as chest pains, coronary heart disease, heart attack and stroke. On the other hand triglycerides are fats present in the bloodstream, M.K has a triglycerides level of 1000 mg/dL which is very high and increases the risk of heart diseases. Triglycerides should range below 199 mg/dL, between 200 to 499 mg/dL is described as high while the level above 500mg/dL is very high. To reduce triglycerides the patient should limit the intake of simple carbohydrates (Komoda, 2013). Hypertension often affects individuals with Type II diabetes mellitus and both diseases are associated with obesity, inactivity and high intake of sodium.

HbA1c results

HbA1 test shows an individual glucose level over a period of last two to three months, it shows to test the changes in blood glucose in diabetic patients. HbA1 results are used to diagnose diabetes; a normal person has HbA1c of below 6%, pre-diabetes have HbA1c results of 6.0% to 6.4% and diabetic individuals results are over 6.5% (McDermott, 2013). With HbA1 results of 7.3%, M.K is at risk of micro vascular complications and is important to reduce it to a manageable level. HbA1 is useful in giving information about fluctuations in blood glucose in blood cells.

Conclusion

M.K’s health risk is getting more complicated due to her lifestyle. It is recommendable that she adjusts her lifestyle and quit smoking. Smoking is increasing her complications from chronic bronchitis, hypertension and also Type II diabetes mellitus. By quitting smoking she will have greatly improved her condition from these three conditions. Another factor that is contributing to her complications is obesity according to her BMI index, she need to reduce her body in order to stop overworking her heart by reducing fat in her arteries. Reducing body weight will improve he condition from hypertension and diabetes. She is recommended to combine medication and change in her lifestyle to improve her health condition.

Reference

Antonio M. Gotto, P. P. (2016). Comprehensive Management of High Risk Cardiovascular Patients. New York: CRC Press.

CDC. (2016). High Blood Pressure Fact Sheet. Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, 1-3.

Komoda, T. (2013). The HDL Handbook: Biological Functions and Clinical Implications. New York: Academic Press.

McDermott, M. T. (2013). Endocrine Secrets. Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Sciences.

Sigurdsson, A. F. (2014). HDL Cholesterol – The “Good” Cholesterol Explained. Doc's Opinion, 2-3.