Synthesis of Articles-7 Pages due in 13 hours

Hall, C. S., & Lindzey, G. (1957). Social psychological theories: Adler, Fromm, Horney, and Sullivan. In Theories of personality (pp. 114-156). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc. doi:10.1037/10910-004 https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/login .aspx?direct=true&db=pzh&AN=2006-03537-004&site=ehost-live&scope=site

This article defines and explains the different theories of personality and social psychological theories. The contributions of Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, and Harry Stack Sullivan in the development of the ideas are discussed in the article. These psychologists agreed with previous works of Freud but incorporated their ideas and theories to develop new theories. These theories aim at answering questions and explaining concepts that previous theories could not explain. Adler developed a theory that had social interest and striving for superiority as its primary pillars. Horney and Fromm insisted on the relevance of social psychological variables in the development of the personality theories. Later, Harry Stack developed the theory of interpersonal relationships and provided insight on its relationship with the personality theory. Despite different assumptions and concepts are shown by the different theories, some concepts complement each other in explaining certain behaviors.

Weaver, Y. (2009). Mid-life - A time of crisis or new possibilities? Existential Analysis, 20(1), 69–78. https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/login .aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=37585685&site=ehost-live&scope=site

This article offers insight on the different views held by various psychologists concerning mid-life crises. There are two groups holding views from the various schools of thought. One group believes that the cause of the mid-life crisis is rooted in childhood difficulties that cause disorders of the ego. They argue that psychoanalysis is the only solution that allows the disturbed individuals to revisit their childhoods and deal with issues emanating from the same. The other group views mid-life as a normal stage of human development. This stage, according to this panel, is characterized by a time for people to re-evaluate their achievements and gauge their accomplishments. This period involves critiquing of one's abilities at this stage is also a feature of this period. It also entails conflicts between who an individual is and what they are aiming to be or what they expected to achieve at their age. These psychologists argue that these conflicts can occur at any age and are not specifically characteristic of mid-life.

Axelrod, S. D. (2012). "Self-awareness: At the interface of executive development and psychoanalytic therapy. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 32(4), 340–357. https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/login .aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=77657662&site=ehost-live&scope=site

This article seeks to define the relationship between effective leadership development and the process of psychoanalytic therapy. Both processes employ the same stages in their actualization. The first concept utilized is self-awareness. In psychoanalytic therapy, it is the first step applied before an individual can deal with issues affecting them. This is also a key aspect of the development of effective executive leadership. Other common subsequent processes include self-reflection and self-observation. The understanding of self is essential for both processes’ success. Both processes involve dealing with one’s emotions and inner feelings. The processes enable individuals to maximize their potential after they deal with issues that hinder them from becoming their best.

Eagle, M. N. (2007). Psychoanalysis and its critics. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 24(1), 10–24. https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/login .aspx?direct=true&db=pdh&AN=2007-00135-002&site=ehost-live&scope=site

This article analyses and discusses the changes that occur and develop in the field of psychoanalysis. It also shows the relationship between research and clinical studies and practice. It suggests that the discipline of psychoanalysis be open to changes emerging in the field of psychology. The role of clinical studies should be integrated into this field too to increase its relevance as a treatment option for various psychological disorders. Changes in the theories that explain psychoanalytic therapy gear towards widening the scope of psychoanalysis and making it a considerable option for the treatment of more conditions and disorders. There must be an end to the rigidity of the previous theory of psychoanalytic theory to incorporate new ideas and concepts. Other disciplines must also be considered when practising psychoanalysis as a treatment option.

Overskeid, G. (2007). Looking for Skinner and finding Freud. American Psychologist, 62(6), 590–595. https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/login .aspx?direct=true&db=pdh&AN=2007-13085-004&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Freud and Skinner are considered opposites in the field of psychology and propagate different views that are usually contradictory. This article analyses the insight Freud offered Skinner in the development of his work and vies in psychology. The article examines the views of these two people in fields such as civilization, behaviorism, and conflict and harmony. The article also explains the contributions of different events in the development of the views they hold dear. The diverse views of these people mask any similarities that developed over time in the field of psychologists.

Skinner, despite his development of contradictory opinions, cited Freud in a majority of his works and pays credit to him. Freud was a mentor to Skinner and played a role in the development of the views the latter holds. They both agreed that two different systems govern human behavior and that these systems may contradict each other. Conflict and differences should not come in the way of appreciating the work and the lessons provided by people with varied views. Outline

1. Introduction

Change and challenges are a part of life but the way we prepare ourselves to brace these changes has an impact on our life. These articles focus on the difference that self-awareness and individuation can make to one's personal as well as professional life.

2. Common themes

a. The first important common theme- Self Awareness and understanding of self

i. First theme explained- understanding personal motivates, meanings and desires.

ii. Importance- aiding a person to discover satisfaction and confidence.

iii. Evidence from all related articles regarding the presence of this theme

Axelrod (2012) looks at ways in which self awareness among executives aids the person and the company they work for. Weaver (2009) discusses the ways in which self-awareness can lead to a better contentment in life..

b. The second theme- Individualism

i. Explanation- achieving ones dreams.

ii. Importance- support how a person may attain more satisfiction and confidence. Individualism unifies the psyche.

iii. Evidence from related articles as it relates to the presence of this theme

Axelrod (2012) looks at ways where individualism assists in the quest to acheive a deeper meaning of life. Weaver (2009) explores ways in which a person needs a better development of self-awareness to achieve more.

3. Conclusion

Looking at all of these articles as a single unit, allows for a deeper analysis and aids in the conclusions relating to having a better knowledge of oneself. This allows a person opportunities to better understand a lot of differences in the way people face challenges. This level of self knowledge may aid in personal as well as professional life.