english essay help

Logos, Ethos, and Pathos Whenever you read an argument you must ask yourself, “is this persuasive? And if so, to whom?” There are several

ways to appeal to an audience. Among them are appealing to logos, ethos, and pathos. These appeals are prevalent

in almost all arguments.

To Appeal to LOGOS

(logic, reasoning)

To Develop or Appeal to ETHOS

(character, ethics)

To Appeal to PATHOS (emotion)

: the argument itself; the reasoning

the author uses.

: how an author builds credibility &

trustworthiness

: words or passages an author uses

to activate emotions

Types of LOGOS Appeals

Ways to Develop ETHOS

Types of Pathos Appeals

 Theories / scientific facts

 Indicated meanings or reasons (because…)

 Literal or historical analogies

 Definitions

 Factual data & statistics

 Quotations

 Citations from experts & authorities

 Informed opinions

 Examples (real life examples)

 Personal anecdotes

 Author’s profession / background

 Author’s publication

 Appears sincere, fair minded, knowledgeable

 Concedes to the opposition

 Morally / ethically likeable

 Appropriate language for audience and subject

 Appropriate vocabulary

 Correct grammar

 Professional format

 Emotionally loaded language

 Vivid descriptions

 Emotional examples

 Anecdotes, testimonies, or Narratives about emotional

experiences or events

 Figurative language

 Emotional tone (humor, sarcasm, disappointment,

excitement, etc.)

Effect on Audience

Effect on Audience

Effect on Audience

Evokes a cognitive, rational

response. Readers get a sense of,

“Oh, that makes sense” or “Hmm,

that really doesn’t prove anything.”

Helps reader to see the author as

reliable, trustworthy, competent,

and credible. The reader might

respect the author or his/her views.

Evokes an emotional response.

Persuasion by emotion.

(usually evoking fear, sympathy,

empathy, anger,)

How to Talk About It

How to Talk About It

How to Talk About It

The author appeals to logos by

defining relevant terms and then

supports his claim with numerous

citations from authorities.

The author’s logos appeals of

statistics and expert testimony are

very convincing.

Through his use of scientific

terminology, the author builds his

ethos by appearing knowledgeable.

The author’s ethos is effectively

developed as readers see that he is

sympathetic to the struggles

minorities face.

When referencing 9/11, the author

is appealing to pathos. Here, he is

eliciting both sadness and anger

from his readers.

The author’s description of the

child with cancer was a very

persuasive pathos appeal.