Current Event
manela4
chapter_5__8_slides.pptmChapter 5
Distributed Systems
Distributed Architecture-refers to how the organization distributes data and database processing physically among the computers in a network.
Distributed Computing – divides the processing work between 2 or more computers, using a network for connection. It offers flexibility and desirable system redundancy.
IT Architecture – a blueprint of how a system will look and how the parts interrelate
IT Infrastructure – the implementation of an architecture
The Evolution of Distributed Systems
Distributed Systems
Four Attributes of Distributed Systems
Where is the processing done?
How are the processors and other devices interconnected?
Where is the information stored?
What rules or standards are used?
Distributed Systems
When to distribute computing responsibilities
Are the operations interdependent?
Are the businesses really homogenous?
Does the corporate culture support decentralization?
Distributed Systems
Types of Distributed Systems
Host-based Hierarchy
Decentralized Stand-Alone System
Peer-to-Peer LAN-Based System
Hybrid Enterprisewide System
Client-Server System
Internet-Based Computing
Web Services
Cloud
Distributed Systems
Advantages of Distributed Systems
Allow data storage out of the way of online, real-time transactions
Allow less expensive media for data storage when all data are not needed all the time by all users
Lower equipment cost because not all system parts need to perform all functions
Lower equipment cost by permitting flexibility in choice of manufacturer
Less expensive than large systems initially because expansion can be planned for without actually purchasing hardware
Distributed Systems
Disadvantages of Distributed Systems
Difficulty in achieving a reliable system
Security concerns increase commensurately when more individuals have access to the system
Analysts must emphasize the network and the interactions it provides and deemphasize the power of subsystems
Choosing the wrong level of computing to support
The importance of good management
What’s new in operations?
1. Companies have “cleaned their operational house”
2. Managing open source
3. Getting serious with security
4. Large-scale data warehousing
5. Enforcing privacy
6. Dealing with talent shortage
7. More operations managers are managing outward
8. Operations are being simplified
9. Certain operations are being offloaded
Chapter 8 Managing Operations
Chapter 8 Managing Operations
How to solve operational problems:
1. Buy more equipment
2. Fight Fires
3. Document what you are doing
How do you measure operation?
External measures – what customers see
System and network uptime
Response time
Turnaround time
Program failure
Internal measures -what is people see
% Of capacity of computer usage
Disk storage utilization
# Of jobs run/rerun
Age of applications
# Of unresolved problems
Outsourcing
The driving forces behind outsourcing
Changing customer – vendor relationships
Outsourcing’s history
IT outsourcing
Transitional outsourcing
Best-of-breed outsourcing
Shared service
Business process outsourcing
E-business outsourcing
Utility computing
Chapter 8 Managing Operations
Outsourcing (con’t)
Managing outsourcing
Organizational structure
Governance
Day-to day working
Supplier development
Insourcing
Chapter 8 Managing Operations
Offshoring
Offshoring Options are broadening
Both parties need cultural training to bridge cultural differences
Communication issues need to be addressed from the outset
Communication issues continue throughout offshore relationships
Country laws need to be followed
Use Offshoring for advantage
Redefine services using offshoring, automation, and self- service
Chapter 8 Managing Operations
Chapter 8 Managing Operations
Outsourcing
Outsourcing Advantages
1. could reduce cost
2. reduces cost of fluctuation
3. makes cost/service tradeoffs
4. allows more rapid or timely development
5. consolidates operations
6. frees management to focus on business
7. offers improved reliability and stability
8. provides opportunity to learn from the contractor
Outsourcing Disadvantages
1. could increase cost
2. locks company into a provider
3. reduces control
4. removes knowledge of process from the company
5. decreases ability to use IT strategically
Chapter 8 Managing Operations
Outsourcing Disadvantages Con’t.
Shirking – occurs when a vendor deliberately underperforms, while claiming full payment
Poaching – occurs when a vendor develops a strategic application
for a client and then uses it for other clients
Opportunistic repricing – occurs when a client enters into a long-term contract with a vendor and the vendor changes financial terms at some point or over charges for unanticipated enhancements and contract extensions
Chapter 8 Managing Operations
Strategies for Outsourcing
1. Understand the project
2. Divide and conquer
3. Align incentives
4. Write short-period contracts
5. Control subcontracting
6. Do selective outsourcing
