Personality Psyc Paper for movie Good Will Hunting
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sigmund_freud_revised_3.pptxCHAPTER ONE: Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalysis
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A. The Life of Freud
1. Freud was born in Moravia in 1856.
His father was a Jewish wool merchant. Since the age of five, Freud lived most of his life in Vienna, Austria.
Freud had a passionate, sexual attachment towards his mother and childhood hostility towards his meek father.
Many of his childhood experiences would influence his theories later in life.
There were eight children in the family, but Sigmund had special privileges, such as his own room.
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A. The Life of Freud (cont.)
Freud entered high school a year earlier and became fluent in several languages.
Freud trained to be a physician and researched fish and eels.
Freud also experimented with cocaine, before it became illegal. Freud unknowingly harmed a friend by prescribing cocaine and had used cocaine for himself.
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A. The Life of Freud (cont.)
2. Freud became convinced that sexual conflicts were the primary cause of all neurosis.
Freud claimed that childhood fantasies of sexual events were quite common for all children. Whether these memories are from true events or just sexual fantasies is controversial today.
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A. The Life of Freud (cont.)
3. Freud’s attitude toward sex was negative and felt that sex was degrading, because it contaminated the mind and body.
Freud, although having children, felt resentful toward his sex life with his wife. Freud diagnosed himself, as having an anxiety neurosis as he learned to psychoanalyze himself through the study of dreams. He was able to recall his dreams and interpret their meanings.
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A. The Life of Freud (cont.)
4. Freud began to publish articles and books and he also presented papers at scientific meetings.
His disciples or followers included Carl Jung and Alfred Adler.
Jung later broke with Freud in disputing Freud’s approach to psychoanalysis. Freud received an honorary doctoral degree at Clark University in the United States in 1909, where his theories were warmly welcomed.
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A. The Life of Freud (cont.)
By the 1920’s and 1930’s Freud was having much success, however he was to die several years later from cancer of the mouth. Freud’s books were burned by the Nazis and he fled to England where he died in 1939 by an overdose of morphine that was given deliberately by his physician.
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B. Instincts: The Propelling Forces of the Personality
1. Instincts are the basic elements of the personality, the motivating forces that drive behavior and determine its direction.
Instincts, such as hunger and thirst, are internal. These instincts motivate people to behave in a way that satisfies the need.
When the body is in a state of need, we become motivated to restore and maintain equilibrium by satisfying the need.
These instincts are the source of energy for human behavior, but this energy may be expressed in a variety of interests, preferences, and attitudes.
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B. Instincts: The Propelling Forces of the Personality (cont.)
2. The life instincts are oriented toward growth and development and the psychic energy manifested by the life instincts is the libido.
According to Freud, the most important life instinct is sex.
Sex becomes our primary motivation, such as in erotic wishes. Death instincts are the opposite of life instincts and one component is the aggressive drive which compels us to destroy, conquer, and kill.
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C. The Levels of Personality
There are two levels of personality, according to Freud.
The conscious corresponds to its ordinary everyday meaning.
The unconscious : a part of the personality that contains the memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, urges, drives, and instincts of which the individual is not aware; a “safe haven” for memories of threatening events.
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D. The Structure of Personality: Id, Ego, and Superego
The id is the reservoir for the instincts and the libido.
The id – the raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality; reduces tension created by primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses
is powerful in the structure of personality because it supplies all the energy for the other two components.
The id functions to increase pleasure and avoid pain, so id is driven by the pleasure principal.
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D. The Structure of Personality: Id, Ego, and Superego (cont.)
2. The ego is the part of personality that provides a buffer between the id and the outside world.
The purpose of the id is to obtain tension reduction in the personality.
Operates on the reality principles: instinctual energy is restrained to keep individual safe and to help integrate the person into society
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D. The Structure of Personality: Id, Ego, and Superego (cont.)
3. The superego: the final component of personality to develop, it represents the rights and wrongs of society as handed down by a person’s parent, teacher, and other important people
Includes the conscience: makes you feel guilty if you do something morally wrong
E. Anxiety: A threat to the Ego
1. Freud described anxiety as an objectless fear to a specific object that induced it. When we cannot cope with anxiety, when we are in danger of being overwhelmed by it; the anxiety is said to be traumatic.
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E. Anxiety: A threat to the Ego (cont.)
2. There are three types of anxiety:
Reality or objective anxiety involves a fear of tangible dangers in the real world.
Neurotic anxiety has its basis in childhood, in a conflict between instinctual gratification and reality.
Moral anxiety which results from a conflict between the id and the superego. This is a fear of one’s conscience.
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F. Defense Mechanisms Against Anxiety
If rational techniques to reduce tension do not work, then the person may resort to one or several defense mechanisms.
Freud believed that defenses must, to some extent, always be in operation. These mechanisms deny or distort reality and operate unconsciously.
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F. Defense Mechanisms Against Anxiety (cont.)
Repression is an involuntary removal of something from the conscious awareness.
Denial is related to repression and involves denying the existence of some external threat or traumatic event that has occurred.
One defense against a disturbing impulse is to actively express the opposite impulse, which is called reaction formation.
Another way of defending against disturbing impulses is to attribute them to someone else. This is called projection.
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F. Defense Mechanisms Against Anxiety (cont.)
Regression is the defense mechanism where a person retreats or regresses to an earlier period of life that is pleasant and free of frustration and anxiety.
Rationalization is a defense mechanism that involves reinterpreting our behavior to make it seem more rational and acceptable to us.
If an object that satisfies an id impulse is not available, the person may shift the impulse to another object. This is displacement.
Finally, sublimation involves the altering of the id impulses to more socially acceptable behaviors.
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G. Psychosexual Stages of Personality Development
Each of these stages are defined by an erogenous zone of the body.
In each developmental stage a conflict exists that must be resolved before the infant or child can progress to the next stage.
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G. Psychosexual Stages of Personality Development (cont.)
The Oral stage lasts from birth until some time in the second year of life. This stage is where the infant’s principal source of pleasure is the mouth. Since the infant is in the primary care of the mother, the infant loves the mother and is satisfied.
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G. Psychosexual Stages of Personality Development (cont.)
The Anal stage begins about the age of 18 months, when a new demand, toilet training is involved. Defecation, Freud believed, produces erotic pleasure for the child, but with the onset of toilet training the infant has to delay this pleasurable act.
In the fourth or fifth year, the Phallic stage begins. The focus shifts from the anus to the genitals, where the child again has to control their impulse in manipulating their genitals.
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G. Psychosexual Stages of Personality Development (cont.)
The Oedipus complex is used by Freud to describe a boy or girl who desires to have sexual relations with their opposite sex parent. The boy or girl sees the same sex parent as a rival for their affections, so they may become hostile or jealous of the parents’ love relationship. A girl would develop penis envy, because she believes she may have lost her penis.
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H. Assessment in Freud’s Theory
Freud considered the unconscious to be the motivating force in life.
He developed free association in which he would ask the patient express spontaneously every idea and image that came to the patient’s mind.
Freud would then analyze and interpret these associations. Some memories might have been too painful to recall. Freud called these moments, resistances.
Dream Analysis was used to assess what dreams represent, in symbolic form, along with repressed desires, fears, and conflicts.
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I. Extensions of Freudian Theory
Anna Freud was Sigmund’s youngest and most favored daughter.
At age 22, Anna began four years of psychoanalysis conducted by her father. He was later criticized for analyzing his own daughter.
Analyzing one’s child was a serious violation of Freud’s rules for the practice of psychoanalysis.
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I. Extensions of Freudian Theory (cont.)
She devoted her life to her father and his system of psychoanalysis.
Anna worked with children, expanded the role of the ego, and argued that the ego operates independently of the id. Anna Freud clarified the operation of the defense mechanisms, which may be her most significant contribution to psychoanalysis.
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