Michael Smith only

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Raymond Cattell (1905- 1998)

& Hans Eysenck (1916- 1997)

Statistics + Genetics

Factor Analysis n Uses statistics technique n Based on probabilities and correlations

¨Correlation coefficient - a measure of the association between two variables n 0 = no association n +1 = perfect positive association n –1 = perfect negative association

Correlations

Positive Correlation Negative Correlation low high low high

high

low

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Factor Analysis n Correlation matrix

assert conf comp talk cheer alert thou IQ

assertive - 0.80 0.87 0.02 0.10 0.05 0.06 0.11

confident - 0.99 0.15 0.06 0.10 0.02 0.50

competitive - 0.14 0.03 0.20 0.04 0.02

talkative - 0.90 0.20 0.01 0.13

cheerful - 0.10 0.13 0.10

alert - 0.90 0.99

thoughful - 0.95

IQ -

n Cluster analysis ¨Factor - cluster of highly correlated measures

(another word for “trait”)

Descriptors of Low RangePrimary Factor Descriptors of High Range

Reserve, impersonal, distant, cool, reserved, impersonal, detached, formal

Warmth

Warm, outgoing, attentive to others, kindly, easy going, participating, likes people

Concrete thinking, lower general mental capacity, less intelligent, unable to handle abstract problems

Reasoning

Abstract-thinking, more intelligent, bright, higher general mental capacity, fast learner

Reactive emotionally, changeable, affected by feelings, emotionally less stable, easily upset

Emotional Stability Emotionally stable, adaptive, mature, faces reality calm

Deferential, cooperative, avoids conflict, submissive, humble, obedient, easily led, docile, accommodating

Dominance

Dominant, forceful, assertive, aggressive, competitive, stubborn, bossy

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The 16 Factor Theory: Cattell n Surface traits:

¨ traits that are correlated, but correlation is superficial (grouping them together does not really explain behavior)

n Source traits: ¨ basic, underlying grouping of personality traits that cause

behavior ¨ Found 16 source traits

¨ Constitutional source traits ¨ Environmental-mold traits

16 Source Traits Measured by Cattell’s Questionnaire “16PF” n Warmth n Reasoning n Emotional Stability n Dominance n Liveliness n Rule-Consciousness n Social Boldness n Sensitivity

n Vigilance n Abstractedness n Privateness n Apprehension n Openness to Change n Self-Reliance n Perfectionism n Tension

Comparison of Results

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PF 16 Personality test

n Used in many companies n https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3GIsm

o9oGFc n https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ouHiHj

IYSD4

Activity n Warmth n Reasoning n Emotional Stability n Dominance n Liveliness n Rule-Consciousness n Social Boldness n Sensitivity n Vigilance n Abstractedness n Privateness n Apprehension n Openness to Change n Self-Reliance n Perfectionism n Tension

n What would be the results you would obtain if you were taking the test?

n For each trait, rate yourself between 0 and 4

n Create your own chart

Homework for next session

n Take the 16 PF personality test (185 items).

n http://personality- testing.info/tests/16PF.php

n Write down or save the results n Compare the results with what you initially

thought to obtain

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Ability trait

n Fluid intelligence: ability to reason quickly & abstractly when facing totally new intellectual tasks

n Crystallized intelligence: Accumulated knowledge

Intelligence

Temperament Traits

n style and tempo of behavior n biological influence

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Dynamic Traits

n ergs: dynamic, constitutional source traits anger, fear, sex, etc.

n metaergs: environmental-mold (learned) dynamic source traits

Eysenck’s Views of Personality

n Superfactors or types a. Extroversion (vs Introversion)

b. Neuroticism (vs Emotional Stability)

c. Psychoticism https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DFtoATYeklY

Superfactors

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Eysenck’s chart

Extraversion/Introversion Test n 4 volunteers : 2 who are extravert and 2 who are

introvert n Procedure:

¨ Swallow 3 times your saliva and immediately put one end of the cotton swab onto your tongue. Hold it in your mouth for 30 seconds

¨ Drink a small amount of lemon juice. Keep it for few seconds in your mouth before swallowing.

¨ Place the other end of the swab in your mouth on the same spot in your mouth. Hold it for 30 sec.

¨ Let the swab hang

Biological Bases of Personality

¨Emphasized n the ascending reticular activating

system (RAS)

n visceral brain (VB)

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Role of Genetics

n Cattell: Some traits are heritable; others are environmental

n Eysenck: Superfactors are heritable

Psychopathology

Cattell: Two Approaches ¨Imbalance of normal traits ¨12 Abnormal traits

Eysenck ¨Abnormally high levels of the 3 superfactors

Psychotherapy

Cattell ¨ Personality testing should precede therapy ¨ Eclectic approach to therapy

Eysenck ¨ Personality testing should precede therapy ¨ Only scientifically demonstrated therapies

should be used (ie, behavior therapy okay, psychoanalysis not okay)

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OPENNESS CONSCIENTIOUSNESS EXTRAVERSION AGREEABLENESS NEUROTICISM

https ://www.y outube.c om/watc h?v =Ztc FOrhl7mw https ://www.y outube.c om/watc h?v =b9D6k 3T2s bE

"ocean"

The Big Five

openness

n original n imaginative n daring n has broad interests n aesthetically sensitive n needs variety n liberal in values

Conscientiousness

n careful n well-organized n punctual n ambitious n persevering

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Extraversion

n sociable n fun-loving n affectionate n Friendly n Active n Energetic n vigorous

Agreeableness

n forgiving n lenient n sympathetic n agreeable n Softhearted n Pleasant n Friendly n Accommodating n cooperative

Neuroticism

n worried n insecure n self-conscious n temperamental

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Take the big 5 test at home

n http://www.truity.com/test/big-five- personality-test