ENGL2311:Discussion 2 for nyanya

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Chapter 3

Working in Teams

Chapter Outline

The Stages of Teaming

Forming: Strategic Planning

Storming: Managing Conflict

Norming: Determining Team Roles

Chapter Outline (Cont.)

Help: Virtual Teaming

Performing: Improving Quality

The Keys to Teaming

The Stages of Teaming

Team Members Need Time to Set Goals and Adjust to Each Other’s Working Styles and Abilities

Teams Go through Four Stages that Include

Forming: Strategic Planning

Storming: Managing Conflicts

Norming: Determining Team Roles

Performing: Improving Quality

The stages are not rigid. Teams tend to move back and forth among the stages as the project evolves and moves forward.

Forming: Strategic Planning

Members Should Get to Know Each Other During the Forming Stage

Step 1: Define project mission and objectives

Step 2: Identify project outcomes

Step 3: Define team member responsibilities

Step 4: Create a project calendar

Step 5: Write out a work plan

Step 6: Agree on how conflicts will be resolved

Step 1: Define Project Mission and Objectives

Start forming by defining the rhetorical situation

Subject, Purpose (mission statement) Readers, Context

Step 2: Identify Project Outcomes

Outcomes are the tangible results of your project. To define outcomes, convert your objectives into measurable results and specify deliverables.

Step 3: Define Team Member Responsibilities

Everyone in the group is responsible for writing. Other roles may include

Coordinator, Researchers, Editors, Designer

Step 4: Create a Project Calendar

Project management software can be helpful for larger projects.

Project calendar keeps team on task, showing milestones for the project.

Step 5: Write Out a Work Plan

A work plan is a description of how the project will be completed. It should

Identify mission and objectives

Lay out a step-by-step plan

Establish a project calendar and budget

Summarize results/deliverables

Step 6: Agree on How Conflicts Will Be Resolved

Conflict is a natural part of the teaming process. Decide in advance on how to handle it.

What are outcomes?

The results of brainstorming

The physical format of your document

The response from your audience

Tangible results of your project

What are outcomes?

The results of brainstorming

The physical format of your document

The response from your audience

Tangible results of your project

Storming: Managing Conflict

Team Members Will Need to Negotiate, Adapt, and Compromise to Achieve the Team’s Mission

Conducting Effective Meetings Can Help Work through the Storming Phase

Storming: Managing Conflict (cont.)

Effective Meeting Strategies:

Choose a meeting facilitator

Set an agenda

Start and end meetings promptly

Address each agenda item separately

Encourage participation

Allow dissent

Reach consensus and move on

Record decisions

Recap each agenda item

Look ahead

Choose a meeting facilitator – rotate facilitator role to allow everyone to take on leadership.

Set an agenda – an agenda is a list of topics for discussion.

Start and end meetings promptly.

Address each agenda item separately – bouncing around between agenda items is inefficient.

Encourage participation – allow everyone on the team an opportunity to speak about each agenda item.

Allow dissent – it is fine to disagree. Debate will help everyone consider all issues.

Reach consensus and move on – vote on consensus to avoid endless debate.

Record decisions – someone should keep minutes and send them to everyone on the team after the meeting.

Recap each agenda item – summarize what action will be taken and who is responsible for the action.

Look ahead – discuss when the team will meet again, what will be done before the next meeting, and who will facilitate it.

Storming: Managing Conflict (cont.)

Use Methods Discussed During Forming and Conflict Resolution Methods

Choose a mediator

Ask both sides to state their positions

Identify the issues

Prioritize the issues

Address each issue separately

Write down an agreement

Choose a mediator – a mediator is like a referee to keep both sides focused and civil.

Ask both sides to state their positions

Identify the issues – once the issues are identified, it becomes easier to talk about them.

Prioritize the issues from most to least important – usually both sides can agree on something. By prioritizing the issues, both sides often begin to see room for negotiation.

Address each issue separately, trying to find a middle ground that is acceptable to both sides of the dispute – look for middle ground.

Write down an agreement that both sides can accept

If one team member fails to perform, what should the group do?

Follow the steps for conflict management agreed upon during the forming stage

Fire the team member

Ask another team member to complete his or her tasks

None of the above

If one team member fails to perform, what should the group do?

Follow the steps for conflict management agreed upon during the norming stage

Fire the team member

Ask another team member to complete his or her tasks

None of the above

Norming: Determining Team Roles

Norming: Members Begin to Accept Responsibilities and Their Roles in the Project

During this Stage

Revise objectives and outcomes

Identify team roles

Use groupware to facilitate work

Revising objectives and outcomes

Generally stay with your original plan. Just revise and refine it.

Identifying team roles

People oriented roles – responsible for managing the activities of the team members

Coordinator sets agenda and tracks objectives

Resource investigator goes out to find information

Team worker focuses on getting work done

Action-oriented roles – responsible for getting things done

Shaper focuses on team tasks, emphasizes completing the project

Implementer stresses “how to” nature of project

Completer/finisher stresses attention details and quality of project

Cerebral roles – responsible for planning, creating, and providing expertise

Monitor/evaluator keeps team on task

Plan thinks creatively

Specialist contributes special skills

Use groupware to facilitate work – software that helps move information and documents around.

Scheduling and calendaring

Discussing lists and instant messaging

Document posting and commenting

What does the monitor do?

Sets an agenda and tracks objectives

Stresses “how to” nature of the project

Goes out to find information

Keeps team on task

What does the monitor do?

Sets an agenda and tracks objectives

Stresses “how to” nature of the project

Goes out to find information

Keeps team on task

Help: Virtual Teaming

Teamwork Through E-networks, E-mail, Instant Messaging, Phones

Develop a work plan and stick to it

Communicate regularly

Hold teleconferences and videoconferences

Build trust and respect

Keep regular hours

Develop a work plan and stick to it

Members need a clear work plan to keep everyone moving in the right direction.

Work plan should define the mission, state objectives and measurable outcomes, spell out each stage and task in the project, specify who is responsible for each task, and lay out a project calendar.

Communicate regularly

Agree to communicate on a regular basis. Keep each other up-to-date.

Hold teleconferences and videoconferences

Virtual meetings should be preplanned and follow and agenda.

Build trust and respect

Trust is built by communicating effectively, meeting deadlines, and doing high-quality work. Be polite.

Keep regular hours

Office hours allow team members to know that they can reach one another.

Performing: Improving Quality

Performing: Members Are Comfortable with the Project and Their Roles

Develop Quality Feedback Loops

Regularly Review Performance of Members

Quality feedback loops – team regularly compares outcomes to project objectives.

Quality feedback loop should include methods to collect feedback on outcomes of the project.

The Keys to Teaming

Planning

Clear understanding of the mission and steps is important

Effective Communication

Keep communication lines open