ECE 430 week 2 discussion 2 (Due in 5 hours) Do not ask to change the price.
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Chapter 4
Making Curriculum Integra�on Work
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Learning Objec�ves
A�er reading this chapter, you should be able to:
Explain the importance of 12 key issues in crea�ng a curriculum for young children.
Explain the differences between the five models of curriculum design.
Demonstrate ways to enrich a single‐subject curriculum by nes�ng knowledge and skills.
Create a curriculum focused on a theme.
Create a cross‐curricular unit.
Explain how a project can evolve from a unit or be created based on children's interests.
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Introduc�on It is now �me to put together what has been discussed in Chapters 1 through 3. The first sec�on of this chapter will remind curriculum planners of the many issues that are important to consider during the planning process. Then, the five models of curriculum design that were presented in Chapter 3 (Table 3.1) will be discussed in depth: fragmented, nested, themed, webbed, and immersed. An actual curriculum pertaining to each model is outlined for you so that you can see how each approach would work in a classroom se�ng. In addi�on, a brief exercise is provided to give you some prac�ce in planning the model. As you engage in the exercises, think about how you might apply them in your own professional planning.
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4.1 Issues to Consider When Crea�ng a Curriculum In upcoming sec�ons, designs for curriculum planning will be described and examples given. While these designs are, for the most part, fairly straigh�orward and easy to follow, the actual complexity of the planning process must be a�ended to first. Without considering certain elements, such as the diverse needs of the children in your classroom or the classroom's physical environment, the most interes�ng curriculum may not be successful. Whether you are planning a single‐subject curriculum or one of the integrated models, these elements must be taken into considera�on. Where and when you begin to make these considera�ons will differ depending on your plans. The issues are presented below in alphabe�cal order. A checklist is provided at the end of the sec�on that should prove prac�cal for your future planning.
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Curriculum planning is a complex process requiring teachers to consider the diverse needs of students and the classroom's physical environment.
Assessment
Before beginning to teach any curriculum, it is important to know, and state, the level of knowledge, skills, and understanding that each child already possesses. This not only provides a baseline for going forward, but it also helps in determining what needs to be done in terms of differen�a�on. There may be assessments throughout the teaching of the curriculum, and there are usually plans for some sort of summa�ve assessment. For example, you might be planning a unit on poetry and need a pre‐assessment that will tell you which children know what a poem is. Throughout the curriculum, informal observa�on will tell you if everyone is ge�ng the idea. A post‐assessment might include an ac�vity in which children write poems of their own, or in which the class engages in group poetry composi�on. Chapter 5 will address assessment in more depth.
Connec�ons to Early Childhood Models
You have read about specific early childhood models such as Montessori, Reggio Emilia, forest schools, and the project approach, and elements of these models may be posi�ve addi�ons to your own teaching. For example, it might be possible to consider taking some of your ac�vi�es outside when you would ordinarily do them in the classroom, thus gaining the advantage of the forest schools model. The three phases of the project approach might provide needed structure, even if the curriculum you are planning does not contain the research of a project.
Curriculum Context and Long‐Term Goals
Curriculum context gives an overview of the environment or learning site, the ages of the children and their applicable stages of development, and how the plans fit into the larger picture of what the children are learning over the next weeks or months. Goals are longer term than the objec�ves for the specific curriculum being designed are. Two‐year‐olds, for example, would have much to learn from basic lessons in how to sit at the lunch table and how to serve themselves from the big bowls of food. Primary grade children in their cafeteria are assumed to have these skills, and such a lesson would usually be unnecessary. A long‐term goal for the 2‐year‐olds would be to know how to engage appropriately in ea�ng e�que�e and to transfer their new skills to other situa�ons.
Developmentally Appropriate Prac�ce (DAP)
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Preschool director Rita Palet gives a tour of a preschool classroom.
Cri�cal Thinking Ques�ons
Can you think of other materials like the large rug that could double as an instruc�onal aid as well as a means to manage behavior?
Why do you think it might be important to offer the same kinds of ac�vi�es outside of the classroom as are offered inside?
Rita Palet talks about how to use the classroom environment to establish rules and structure.
Cri�cal Thinking Ques�ons
What benefits for behavior management might be provided by having inten�onal ac�vi�es in each center?
Most of the items on this list of considera�ons are referenced in NAEYC's Developmentally Appropriate Prac�ce in Early Childhood Programs Serving Children from Birth through Age 8 (Copple & Bredekamp, 2009). Because NAEYC's posi�ons in this document are based on sound theory and research, they can offer further direc�on during curriculum planning. Keeping this book handy can help any teacher determine if he or she is crea�ng a curriculum that is appropriate for children's development. When crea�ng a toddler curriculum, for example, a teacher might believe that keeping new materials out of children's reach will be the safest plan. However, one DAP statement argues that play materials should be stored on open shelves at children's eye level and within their reach. Some caregivers, NAEYC says, "are unaware that how they arrange toys and materials can affect how children interact with the items" (p. 100).
Diverse Needs
Not every child will respond to every ac�vity or learning experience in the same way. Youngsters who are at different stages of learning English may need help with vocabulary or culturally unfamiliar concepts. Children who are academically ahead in one or more subjects may need addi�onal or different things to study or do. Those with cogni�ve challenges might require more basic materials or extra help to stay on track. Extra thought might need to be given to physical challenges for some children, or to social challenges for others. Planning in advance for children's diverse needs will make for smoother teaching and learning. According to NAEYC's posi�on concerning toddler learning and availability of materials, caregivers are cau�oned against making materials inaccessible to children with mobility challenges. Toys and other materials should be easily within reach, and should not be "too unwieldy for children to access on their own" (Copple & Bredekamp, 2009, p. 100).
Environment
Considera�on in planning needs to be given to all aspects of the child's environment, whether this refers to the physical, social, or affec�ve world surrounding the child.
ECE in Mo�on: Touring an Early Childhood Care Classroom
The Physical Environment
Some otherwise excellent plans might not work if the available space is too small, crowded, or inconveniently designed. Furniture might need to be reposi�oned, removed, or added. Certain ac�vi�es might work well, or not work at all, on the exis�ng flooring or carpe�ng. Some physical environments may be especially suited to new and interes�ng ac�vi�es that could be added to the curriculum. Use of the outdoors needs to be considered whenever possible. One example of a physical layout that reflects curriculum design is a room divided into centers. For younger children, that might mean semi‐permanent or permanent centers, such as those for books, blocks, art, drama�c play, and small manipula�ves. As children move into the primary grades, centers might be based on a study unit. For example, a study of rep�les might include a terrarium for observa�on, a reading sec�on within a more permanent book center, and an art center for making clay models.
The Social Environment
Ac�vi�es and learning experiences can be planned based, in part, on the social climate of the class. They might include a large number of small group ac�vi�es, or focus more on the full class or individual work, depending on what would best develop the children's skills. In the pre‐primary years especially, dividing into small groups can o�en be done by providing a limited number of places at any one center, or by pos�ng a sign on each center that tells how many children are allowed there at one �me. Teachers retain more direct control when they divide children into groups or commi�ees for research and other assignments (usually in the primary grades). At such a �me, it is important to consider what the social interac�ons will be: Placing children of similar abili�es into each group will have a very different dynamic than crea�ng groups of cross‐abili�es will. The same might be true, depending on the individual class, if genders are separated.
ECE in Mo�on: Using the Physical Environment
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What are some other ways you could mold classroom behavior through the physical environment?
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Teachers should evaluate each lesson individually to determine what method of instruc�on will provide the greatest benefit to
The Affec�ve Environment
Closely related to the social environment, the affec�ve environment takes into account the psychological needs of the children. Some of the same decisions might be applied to social needs. In general, the affec�ve, or psychological, environment of any center or classroom should be suppor�ve of all children. There might be children with specific needs to be a�ended to, and flexibility required for some learning experiences. If there is unusual chaos at home, for example, any child from infancy onward can bring disturbed feelings to the classroom. Finding a quiet, and perhaps solitary, ac�vity for the child to do for a while might prove helpful.
Family Involvement
Families o�en provide wonderful resources as they share life experiences, materials, cultural informa�on, and crea�ve ideas. It is a good idea to do more than simply inform them of an upcoming curriculum project. They might be invited to do presenta�ons or to help prepare materials at home, such as folding easy reader books. If new centers are to be set up that require more supervision than the teaching staff can comfortably provide, extra help from families will be welcome. The same will be true for any field trips.
Goals and Objec�ves of the Specific Curriculum
In curriculum design, goals refer to the overarching or umbrella expecta�ons for the plan as a whole. Objec�ves are more specific and are usually listed as needed as they pertain to each ac�vity or lesson. They should state outcomes that can be observed and possibly measured (see the beginning of each chapter in this book as examples).
Instruc�onal Materials
Before deciding to carry out any ac�vity or lesson, you should ensure it is prac�cal based on the availability of materials. Materials should be chosen for their developmental appropriateness and their contribu�on to children's learning. They should be listed if they need to be acquired; they should be created in advance if possible. Adults who work with young children quickly learn that they cannot take �me to look for or complete last‐ minute prepara�ons when those children are ready to be ac�ve now. If they are to move to music while holding and waving scarves, or do a group pain�ng on a large sheet of butcher paper, or go outside to gather leaves into baskets, then the correct number of scarves or paintbrushes or baskets should be ready in advance.
Legal Requirements or Mandates
Teachers of kindergarten or the primary grades no doubt will need to a�end to state or local guidelines, as will some caregivers of younger children. School and center administrators will ensure that teachers are aware of the requirements and are following them. While incorpora�on of these government requirements may seem like an extra burden, NAEYC posi�ons are o�en referenced and adhered to by these requirements, thus providing one more check on developmental appropriateness. Teaching geometry concepts in kindergarten provides one example of how NAEYC and the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) complement each other. NAEYC says that teachers "engage children in thinking about and working with geometric/spa�al rela�onships (describing shapes and space, ordering and comparing lengths of two objects)" rather than providing low‐level experiences such as "iden�fying common two‐dimensional shapes (circle, triangle, square)" (Copple & Bredekamp, 2009, p. 240). The CCSS emphasizes iden�fying shapes as two‐ or three‐dimensional, being able to name the shapes no ma�er what posi�on they are in, and using formal language to describe their similari�es, differences, and parts (Na�onal Governors, 2010).
Management and Guidance
As plans are created for a curriculum, the teacher needs to keep in mind the actual children in his or her class. Some experiences may call for special guidance to keep chaos at bay, whereas others may present challenges for specific children. A�ending to such concerns should be a proac�ve part of the planning process. Introducing a new pain�ng center, for example, requires a�en�on to expected behavior and use. Le�ng children know in advance that there is room for only three children at the new easels, there is a paintbrush located in each separate color and it should be returned to its original jar a�er use, and only an adult will remove a picture when finished will make for a much smoother experience for everyone. Without such management planning, any resul�ng chaos cannot be deemed the fault of the children.
Methods of Teaching
As the content of the curriculum is chosen, each lesson or ac�vity should be viewed according to the way in which children will gain the knowledge and skills pertaining to the content. Will the teacher instruct the children directly? Will the lesson allow the children to prac�ce their group skills, or will they be working individually? Has play been incorporated? At different �mes and under different circumstances, children (and for that ma�er, adults) may prefer one method of learning over another, so there should be a balance of approaches.
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students.In the following curriculum design sec�ons, reference will be made to these planning issues as appropriate. The curriculum planning checklist (see Template 4.1 (h�ps://media.thuze.com/MediaService/MediaService.svc/constella�on/book/AUECE430.13.1/{pdfs}temp_4.1.pdf) ) is one that you can use as you develop your own curricula.
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4.2 Models of Curriculum Design We are now ready to make an in‐depth explora�on of five different methods, or models, of crea�ng a curriculum. As you will recall from Chapter 3, Table 3.1 showed a progression from single subjects to integra�on so complete that the iden�ty of the subjects became of li�le or no importance. We have reproduced the table here to refresh your memory regarding the five curriculum models.
Table 3.1: Models of Single‐Subject and Integrated Curriculum
Method Descrip�on Early Childhood Examples
Fragmented or Dispersed
Focus is on a single subject. Children listen to a musical recording. Children recite the alphabet.
Nested Skills are inserted into a single academic subject.
To promote social skills, children are divided into groups to solve math problems.
Themed
A collec�on of learning experiences relate to a single theme. This may, or may not, include integra�on of more than one academic subject.
A preschool class engages in a week of ac�vi�es focused on fall leaves.
Webbed A single theme or topic is integrated across two or more subjects.
A teacher expands a science study of a nearby creek to include experiences in art and music.
Immersed The class (or a single child) focuses on a topic of inquiry that o�en incorporates more than a single subject.
Two or three children choose to delve more deeply into a topic the rest of the class has completed. The teacher helps them find resources, but they research primarily on their own.
Source: Adapted from Krogh, S. & Morehouse, P. (2008). The early childhood curriculum: Inquiry learning through integra�on. New York: McGraw‐Hill.
We will spend the rest of the chapter looking at these models. For four of the models, we present an example of a "web" or "mind map" that can be used for planning purposes. As will soon be seen, these are graphic organizers, reminiscent of spider webs, as opposed to ver�cal lists or outlines. None of these should be considered appropriate only to that model of curriculum design. They are reasonably interchangeable, and you might wish to experiment with them in different ways. You should also feel free to invent your own. In the sec�on on Thema�c Curriculum, we use an outlined schedule instead of a web. Some teachers may find this more structured mode of planning easier to work with. Here is a sugges�on: If you are someone who does like more structure, challenge yourself to work at least once from a web; if your thinking works best in a web or mind map format, give yourself the challenge of an outline or schedule.
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By nes�ng skills within a single subject, teachers can provide a focus on skills without having to drill students.
4.3 Enriching a Single Subject by Nes�ng Skills In this first design sec�on, we combine the first two models of curriculum integra�on shown in Table 3.1: fragmented curriculum model and nested curriculum model. The underlying inten�on of the plan that follows is to provide children an opportunity to explore a topic over an adequate period of �me. In Chapter 3, emphasis was placed on in‐depth explora�ons and repea�ng a few topics in different ways, rather than simply touching on a variety of ideas. The following curriculum focuses on a single folk tale and contains repeated experiences (young children love repe��on!). More typical folk tale curricula delve into numerous stories. One middle‐aged man of the author's acquaintance s�ll remembers with great fondness the many �mes his kindergarten class engaged in reading and ac�ng out the story of The Three Billy Goats Gruff. Perhaps the children you teach can grow up with the same fond memory; we have chosen this very story for our nested curriculum.
To demonstrate how the considera�ons previously discussed can be applied in planning, we will create a fic��ous class. Descrip�ons are provided below. The format for this design is one that has been used previously by teachers, and you may find that it is a prac�cal one for you as well.
CASE STUDY: Designing a Lesson Plan for Single‐Subject and Nested Curriculum Integra�on
The Three Billy Goats Gruff
Subject: Oral Language, Literacy
Nested skills: Physical
Age: Older preschool (ages 4–5)
Curriculum context and long‐term goals: This curriculum is part of a year long plan to give preschool children the confidence to speak up, the ability to speak clearly, and the opportunity to enlarge their vocabularies. It also fits into literacy plans that include listening, repe��on of phrases, and awareness of the printed word. We are now in October of a year that started at the end of August.
Pre‐assessment: We have previously studied The Li�le Red Hen, and the children enjoyed listening to the story repeatedly, although they were mostly shy about ac�ng out the parts and stumbled a bit when trying to say the lines of the story. S�ll, they liked trying. Now that they have some experience and are a bit more comfortable in school, they should be ready for the next steps provided by a new story.
Goals: At the comple�on of this study, children should be able to
par�cipate in drama�c play with enjoyment and confidence.
engage in oral story repe��ons with some accuracy.
iden�fy some wri�en words in the context of a teacher‐read story.
Objec�ves: These are (or would be) listed with each learning ac�vity. (See Figure 4.1.)
Post‐assessment: Informal observa�on of children during the final ac�vi�es will determine whether goals and objec�ves have been met. The degree to which this is the case will influence lesson plans for other studies of folk tales or fairy tales throughout the year.
Special needs:
Of 15 children, 5 are English language learners. To help them with oral repe��on, we will speak slowly and with addi�onal prac�ce. During teacher‐read stories, physical responses will be used.
One child can already read with some fluency. He will be invited to read other versions of the story on his own and to help the teacher with the full‐group readings of the story if he likes.
Management and guidance: The basic classroom rules will be sufficient for all experiences except for role play. Safety needs will include specific rules for climbing on and off the bridge.
Instruc�onal materials:
Several copies of the Norwegian folk tale The Three Billy Goats Gruff (available online, in libraries, or in bookstores)
Large kindergarten blocks for building a bridge
One long and fairly wide board for the bridge top (short enough to be safe)
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Books about real goats, including both wild and farm‐raised
Experiences: See Figure 4.1 for a planning web that includes the ac�vi�es, descrip�ve language, and a desire to help the child. Again, also present the message embedded within a larger view of the child's overall posi�ve characteris�cs and behaviors. (Sailor, 2004)
Beginning teachers o�en find it useful to make extensive plans for individual learning experiences, although the process is �me consuming. Doing so ensures that objec�ves are clear, special needs are a�ended to, and ac�vi�es are at a developmentally appropriate level. Including a list of needed materials provides a quick reminder for the teacher so that nothing is forgo�en during a busy or distrac�ng day. See Case Study: Drama�c Play Lesson Plan: The Three Billy Goats Gruff for an example of one of the ac�vi�es from the planning web.
Figure 4.1: Planning web for The Three Billy Goats Gruff
CASE STUDY: Drama�c Play Lesson Plan for The Three Billy Goats Gruff
Objec�ves:
1. Children will enact plot with some accuracy as teacher reads.
2. Children will recall dialogue with increasing accuracy during free play.
Materials:
Pre‐built bridge of blocks
Storybook: The Three Billy Goats Gruff
Pre‐Assessment:
1. Successful prac�ce session demonstra�ng safe use of bridge
2. Two or more readings of story to full class, during which children demonstrate understanding by beginning to repeat dialogue
Instruc�onal Sequence:
1. Volunteers are chosen to play parts of goats and troll.
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2. Full class listens as, for the first �me, single children recite dialogue as they act it out. Teacher helps as needed.
3. Story and drama are repeated un�l everyone who wants to take part has had a chance.
Post‐Assessment:
1. Teacher observes as children engage in drama for the first �me.
2. Children recall dialogue during free play opportuni�es.
You are now invited to give this kind of planning a try. Use the Your Turn: Planning Single‐Subject Curriculum with Nested Skills box to guide you.
YOUR TURN: Planning Single‐Subject Curriculum with Nested Skills
The Story of The Li�le Red Hen
Taking your cues from the informa�on presented, see if you can create a curriculum based on the story The Li�le Red Hen. Several versions of this classic story are easily available online if you do not have access to a book.
Instead of nes�ng physical skills, try nes�ng social skills. What aspect of development do you think children of this age need to focus on the most? Refer to Chapter 2 for ideas. This story, with its focus on sharing and caring, should provide plenty of inspira�on. Although it is perfectly acceptable to incorporate or adapt ac�vi�es that were used for The Three Billy Goats Gruff curriculum, be crea�ve and add ideas of your own.
When you have completed a curriculum web, choose one ac�vity and make a lesson plan for it. You will no doubt find the in‐depth thinking beneficial and may be a bit surprised at the �me such planning requires. Template 4.2 (h�ps://media.thuze.com/MediaService/MediaService.svc/constella�on/book/AUECE430.13.1/{pdfs}temp_4.2.pdf) and Template 4.3 (h�ps://media.thuze.com/MediaService/MediaService.svc/constella�on/book/AUECE430.13.1/{pdfs}temp_4.3.pdf) can be printed or worked with online.
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4.4 Thema�c Integra�on A themed curriculum model integrates a collec�on of learning experiences that relate to a single theme. A preschool class engaging in a week of ac�vi�es pertaining to fall leaves was given as an example of this curriculum design. In this sec�on, we demonstrate how that theme might work in a class of 3‐ to 4‐year‐old children. Much of what these children find interes�ng would be appropriate for younger children as well. However, 2‐year‐ olds are generally too young to understand, or even care about, the fact that what they are doing may be called "themes of learning." The whole world is their curriculum; thus, they are not yet ready for such focus. In addi�on, most children are 3 years old or older before they can be depended on to resist tas�ng whatever plant looks interes�ng to them. Tas�ng trees is not, of course, typically a good idea.
This thema�c curriculum is designed, like that of The Three Billy Goats Gruff, to give children an opportunity to focus in depth on a topic over a period of �me, rather than having to cover more material broadly. Here it is designed to cover one week, but it could easily go longer if the children find it enjoyable. We will use a weekly schedule rather than a curriculum web. The ac�vi�es in this theme build on one another, so that this format, which is more like an outline, might be more appropriate. Again, we have created a fic��ous classroom.
One a�ribute of a thema�c curriculum, as men�oned previously, is that it is quite obvious to anyone entering the classroom. As you check out the ac�vi�es listed in the weekly schedule, see if you can imagine what the room would look like. It should also be noted that because readers come from many different climates, specific names of trees are not men�oned, and you should feel free to insert your favorites. Readers in warmer zones with li�le or no change in seasons are encouraged to adapt such a curriculum for their own area, using what is available to them. For young children, this is preferable to introducing a curriculum about seasonal changes in faraway places when they have yet to understand their own.
CASE STUDY: Designing a Lesson for Thema�c Curriculum Integra�on
Fall Leaves
Subjects: Art, Movement, Music, Mathema�cs
Age: Younger preschool (ages 3–4)
Curriculum context and long‐term goals: There are 12 children in the class, all of them na�ve English speakers, all of them from the neighborhood. In addi�on to the trees in the schoolyard, there are similar trees around their houses and apartments. The long‐term goals are to encourage the children to no�ce the trees both at home and at school and appreciate their beauty, as well as the changes they make.
Pre‐assessment: Several children started picking up yellow and red leaves off the playground in the past several days, and two children picked up leaves on the way to school as gi�s for the teacher. This encouraged others to pick up leaves also, leading to some friendly compe��on as well as hurt feelings when more than one child claimed to be the original finder. Expanding children's interest and apprecia�on appears appropriate now. Notes will be sent home explaining the upcoming theme and asking family members to par�cipate in gathering and apprecia�ng leaves with their children.
Objec�ves: During the week of this theme, children should be able to
learn to iden�fy the names of the three trees that the leaves come from.
learn the colors of the fallen leaves.
dance the mo�ons of falling and flying leaves.
create artwork related to fall leaves.
count leaves.
Post‐assessment: This is an informal curriculum without a need for formal assessment. Teacher will observe children's interest and par�cipa�on, altering plans as appropriate. In addi�on, informal feedback from family members will be sought.
Special needs:
One child is visually impaired and, although she wears glasses, s�ll sees very li�le. Ac�vi�es that incorporate touch and hearing will be helpful.
One child is physically challenged, although without a specific diagnosis yet. During most ac�ve experiences, it is important to give him extra �me or to have experiences that do not call a�en�on to his slowness.
Management and guidance: All three trees are within the walled‐in area, so no management plans beyond those already in existence will be necessary. Because a few children have fought over ownership of their first discoveries, proac�ve discussions about finding and sharing will be helpful.
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© iStockphoto/Thinkstock
The inclusion of art projects can be a useful tool to enhance curriculum based on a theme.
Instruc�onal materials:
Fallen leaves from the playground's three trees
Baskets for carrying leaves to classroom
Crayons and paper for rubbings
Yellow, gold, orange, and red tempera paints
Glue and paper for leaf collages
Recording of "Autumn Leaves" for dancing
Experiences: See Case Study: Thema�c Lesson Plan for Fall Leaves.
CASE STUDY: Thema�c Lesson Plan for Fall Leaves
Monday
Before children arrive, drape windows with yellow, gold, and red fabric as available.
Carry baskets outside to gather fallen leaves.
Pile collected leaves on several tables to be sorted by color.
Dance to recording of "Autumn Leaves."
Tuesday
Carry baskets outside to gather fallen leaves. While there, note their varying sizes, their smells, the sounds they make when crunched near the ear, and their feel against the chil dren's arms. Emphasize that some leaves are for ea�ng, but that these are not.
Place leaves in art center with paper and glue to make collages.
Sort leaves by color and size on one table in the science center; count leaves in piles with teacher's help or es�mate greater and fewer.
Dance to "Autumn Leaves."
Wednesday
Carry baskets outside to gather fallen leaves and other interes�ng natural objects.
Experiment with leaves and other found objects at water table (what sinks and what floats?).
Con�nue collages and sor�ng during free choice �me.
Mix tempera colors to create shades similar to those of leaves.
Dance to "Autumn Leaves."
Thursday
Carry baskets outside to gather fallen leaves.
Confine easels' colors to those created yesterday.
Con�nue water table, collages, and sor�ng ac�vi�es.
Make rubbings from today's leaves.
Dance to "Autumn Leaves."
Friday
Children wear shirts, or other clothing, to match colors of fall leaves (have several clothing items on hand for children who
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do not arrive as planned).
Carry baskets outside to gather fallen leaves.
As a class, classify leaves according to color, then size, then shape.
Place leaves in science center for free choice classifica�on.
Con�nue all other ac�vi�es.
Dance to "Autumn Leaves."
Children take home whatever products they choose to.
It is now your turn to create a thema�c curriculum. See Your Turn: Crea�ng a Thema�c Curriculum for instruc�ons.
YOUR TURN: Crea�ng a Thema�c Curriculum
One Week Theme: One Color
In the theme just described, preschool children learned to differen�ate colors that are more subtle than those usually studied at this early age. This decision was based on the colors' presence in nature. More typically, study of color begins with the primary colors of red, yellow, and blue and then expands to the secondary colors of purple, green, and orange. For your thema�c study, make one‐ week plans focused on a single color. Choose any age you like, referring back to developmental informa�on in Chapter 2 to ensure appropriateness of your curriculum choices. Use Template 4.4 (h�ps://media.thuze.com/MediaService/MediaService.svc/constella�on/book/AUECE430.13.1/{pdfs}temp_4.4.pdf) as your planning guide.
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© Peter Dazeley/Photographer's Choice/Ge�y Images
Teaching children fundamental skills like how to tell �me should be both meaningful and engaging.
4.5 A Webbed Curriculum Design As noted in Chapter 3, curriculum units are more structured than themes are, though on the surface they might appear to be iden�cal. Units are o�en planned far in advance, some�mes carried over from one academic year to the next. Although we have already made use of curriculum webs, the webbed curriculum model referenced in Table 3.1 is most closely related to units. As subjects are "spun" together to form a cohesive whole, they are designed to not only focus on the learning theme, but to take into account any applicable state and local objec�ves. While this can make planning complex, it also helps ensure that learning experiences are developmentally appropriate, meaningful, and engaging for children.
The following example of a unit is for children who are learning to tell �me, read a calendar, and understand sequences of events. Historical periods and the remote future are just beginning to make sense. For most children, a true understanding of these concepts does not emerge un�l a few years later, so this unit is designed to be prac�cal rather than fully scien�fic or philosophical. It is based on learning requirements from several state departments of educa�on.
The curriculum web that accompanies this unit is perhaps the most common of all models. It incorporates each of the academic subjects included in the unit. It will be seen that About Time lacks experiences in music and physical educa�on. A unit does not need to cover every subject, only those that are important for the study being undertaken. However, the visual feedback provided by the web reminds the teacher that other subjects need to be remembered and a�ended to. In the primary grades, incorpora�ng physical ac�vi�es is some�mes a challenge, and a way to address this deficit will be discussed in an upcoming sec�on.
CASE STUDY: Designing a Lesson Plan for a Webbed Curriculum
About Time
Subjects: Science, Literacy, Movement, Mathema�cs
Ages: Early primary (ages 6–7)
Curriculum context and long‐term goals: This first grade class, with its 20 children, is in its second half of the year. By the end of the year, the children are expected to be able to name the days of the week and the months of the year in order, use a calendar to determine the day and date, and tell �me using a non‐digital clock, at least to the half hour.
Pre‐assessment: This learning has taken place informally since the beginning of the year. Most, but not all, children have a prac�cal understanding of the concepts of �me. The unit will bring into focus each of the state's required long‐term goals to ensure that everyone is prepared for more advanced concepts in second grade.
Goals: At the conclusion of this unit, all children will have an understanding of �me sufficient for mee�ng state standards.
Objec�ves: Children will be able to
create a �me line of their school days that is prop erly sequenced (Calendar Time Line).
match calendar words and numbers from one cal endar to another (Matching and Reading).
make a calendar that accurately matches the real one in use (Personal Calendar).
read and define words associated with �me (Date Game).
make and accurately work with individual clocks (Paper Plate Clocks).
use Paper Plate Clocks and a United States map to iden�fy �me zones (Time Zones).
use Paper Plate Clocks to predict and record classroom ac�vi�es (Daily Events).
use Paper Plate Clocks in conjunc�on with a classroom clock to determine finish �mes for proj ects such as cleanup (Race against Time).
work coopera�vely in pairs or groups to finish projects such as cleanup, using a sand �mer (Sand Timer).
use a simple stopwatch in conjunc�on with the sand �mer to see the consistency of each (Sand Timer and Stopwatch).
observe the difference in perceived amounts of �me when they sit in silence versus engaging in conversa�on or ac�vity (Time Flies or Crawls).
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Post‐assessment: Built into several ac�vi�es are materials, available from the district's curriculum, that assess the level of student understanding. This unit will use or adapt all those that are related to state standards.
Special needs:
Three children have advanced capabili�es in most areas of the curriculum. For differen�a�on purposes, they will be provided with more complex instruc�ons for ac�vi�es that lend themselves to such: Calendar Time Line, Personal Calendar, Time Zones, Sand Timer, and Stopwatch.
One boy has been diagnosed as having obsessive‐compulsive disorder. This some�mes means difficulty with new, unfamiliar experiences. He will be observed with each new ac�vity, but he has already learned several coping techniques, which generally work for him.
Management and guidance: We have spent the year learning to work together and have created a viable learning community. Everyone understands expected behaviors, and no special adjustments need to be made.
Instruc�onal materials:
Butcher paper
Glue
Three copies of an 8 × 11 calendar
Pocket envelopes
Paper plates
Marking pens
Large United States map
Sand �mer
Simple stopwatch
Experiences: See Figure 4.2 for a planning web that includes the ac�vi�es.
Figure 4.2: Planning web for About Time
Crea�ng a curriculum unit is a major undertaking. Each learning experience requires considerable thought to ensure it is developmentally appropriate, meets state or local requirements if applicable, and is meaningful and engaging to children. In Your Turn: Planning a Unit Learning Experience, you will be asked to create such an experience.
YOUR TURN: Planning a Unit Learning Experience
Char�ng Birthdays
One ac�vity that could extend this unit is to record the days and months of each child's birthday. One approach that works well is to use a large piece of chart board with the names of the months wri�en across the top. There should be ver�cal lines between each.
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Then, children paste on colored paper squares (star�ng at the bo�om) indica�ng the month in which they were born. The result is a basic bar graph.
Assume that you are teaching the same class described for the About Time unit. Use Template 4.5 (h�ps://media.thuze.com/MediaService/MediaService.svc/constella�on/book/AUECE430.13.1/{pdfs}temp_4.5.pdf) to guide you in making a lesson plan for this ac�vity. You will note that it is a bit more complex than your earlier lesson planning template. One hint: In addi�on to the state's requirements listed in About Time, there is another requirement that first graders learn about bar graphs.
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An immersed curriculum grows from children's interests and curiosity, allowing them to study a topic in a focused and deep way.
4.6 An Immersed Curriculum Design The immersed curriculum model enables the study of a topic in a focused and deep way. At the preschool level, the best‐known version of this can be found in the Reggio Emilia schools of Italy and in those inspired by them. For the primary grades, and as a more recent addi�on in preschools, there is the project approach inspired by John Dewey, the best‐known version of which was created by Lilian Katz and Sylvia Chard (1989).
Here now is another opportunity to see how such an immersed curriculum might work. Projects, whether designed for preschool or the primary grades, provide teachers with less guidance and security than units do. Because they grow from children's interests and curiosity, it is not o�en that a project's materials and lesson plans can be saved from one year to the next. For example, one group of children might be intensely interested in dinosaurs, while the students the following year might be excited to learn about wildflowers. The following project is one that grew from the curiosity of a second grade class in a Southern state. They could not have par�cipated in a thema�c study of fall leaves, but they did have access to a semi‐tropical rain tree just outside their classroom door. Rain trees, some�mes known as "monkey pod trees," are na�ve to northern South America but have spread throughout the semi‐tropical world. They can grow to 80 feet and are happiest in low eleva�ons. Their enormous umbrella‐shaped canopy makes them welcome as shade trees, no doubt a considera�on when the one outside the second grade room was planted.
The curriculum in this school was highly structured, almost never allowing �me for something that could be called a project. All year long, the children had been marching single file into their classroom a�er every bell, recess, and lunch, marching right past the rain tree and scarcely looking at it. But one morning as they were filing into the classroom, the children stopped dead in their tracks. Overnight, the tree had broken out in a cover of beau�ful pink flowers. The teacher tried to keep them going forward to their usual intense math lesson, but the children refused to move. "It's just so beau�ful," one girl objected.
The teacher realized that it was necessary to find �me to admire the tree but also felt the pressures to start class. The children understood this but were unwilling to let their sudden discovery of the tree go. Over the next few days, they began to ask the teacher ques�ons that she was unable to answer. Finally, she began to write the ques�ons on the whiteboard so she would remember them when she researched the answers. Somehow, she never found �me to do the research, and finally one exasperated boy asked, "Why can't we look up the answers?"
"Why not, indeed," the teacher thought. That day, in spite of all the pressures to cover the mandated curriculum, the teacher found �me for what the children were interested in. What followed in the next weeks came directly from the project approach philosophy. She had been aware of it but had not believed it could be done in her situa�on. This is a common problem in many places for primary grade teachers. What this teacher found was that the en�re class moved much more efficiently through the regular curriculum now that they had something truly engaging to look forward to. Sufficient �me for the project emerged on its own. Following the descrip�on of the project is a model of a web that can be used for planning purposes but is especially helpful as a check on whether
the interests and needs of the whole child have been met.
CASE STUDY: Designing a Lesson Plan for Immersed Curriculum
The Rain Tree Project
Subjects: Science, Literacy, Oral Language, Geography, Art (presumed; actual subjects will be determined by children's research)
Ages: Second grade (ages 7–8)
Curriculum context and long‐term goals: There are 25 children in the class, some of them bused by up to eight miles, the rest from the neighborhood. The area is semi‐rural, but there have been no other rain trees seen by the class. Test scores over the past two years have been low, leading to the more intense curriculum. The long‐term goal for this project, as stated by the children, is "just to learn everything there is."
Pre‐assessment: This is accomplished in Phase One, which follows.
Post‐assessment: This is accomplished in Phase Three, which follows.
Objec�ves: These are listed by the children in the "W" sec�on of a K‐W‐L Chart. K=what we know, W=what we want to know, L=what we actually learned.
Special needs: The class has no children with outstanding special needs other than a fairly wide spread in academic performance. As children are placed in research commi�ees, ability levels will be mixed. They have already experienced such grouping and are
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competent at helping each other and in dividing work assignments.
Management and guidance: The children are unaccustomed to the independence required of project learning. To avoid possible chaos at the beginning, expecta�ons of behavior will be discussed each day un�l no longer necessary.
Instruc�onal materials:
Computers for internet research
Library books
Classroom encyclopedia
Chart paper and markers
Clipboards and paper for commi�ee note taking
The rain tree itself
Experiences (in three phases):
Phase One
A class‐created K‐W‐L Chart in which children list, under the "K," everything they (think they) know about a rain tree. Then, they list everything they want to know under the "W." The "W" list can be added to over �me.
In‐class "memory" drawings of what the tree looks like. These can then be compared with the tree's actual appearance.
Phase Two
Children are divided into commi�ees to research the most important ques�ons from the K‐W‐L Chart. Ques�ons can be grouped by similarity. Computers, the library, and encyclopedias can all be used for research. Much, or most, of the reading required will be difficult for these second graders. Generally, picture cap�ons and first sentences under headings will provide sufficient informa�on. When more is needed, the teacher can read to the children.
For research at the tree itself, a daily journal of its appearance can be kept, including illustra�ons. Comparisons between the tree's appearance and the trees found in research can be described in wri�ng and illustra�ons.
Phase Three
Each commi�ee will share with the rest of the class the findings of their research.
The "L" sec�on of the K‐W‐L Chart will be completed as a whole class experience.
A book or por�olio will be made for the classroom collec�on that includes the materials created during the research.
See Figure 4.3 for a web design that provides a check on mee�ng the interests and needs of the whole child. What do you see as well covered, and what needs to be a�ended to through other school experiences? You will be asked to remedy the curriculum lack in Your Turn: Working with the Whole Child Web, using Template 4.6 (h�ps://media.thuze.com/MediaService/MediaService.svc/constella�on/book/AUECE430.13.1/{pdfs}temp_4.6.pdf) .
Figure 4.3: Whole child web
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YOUR TURN: Working with Whole Child Web
It is not always necessary to address a missing, or underused, sec�on of the Whole Child Web during a single theme, unit, or project. As long as the teacher is aware of the lack, the need can be met in some other area of the curriculum. In this case, the second graders had very few opportuni�es for physical ac�vity or music experiences. Because this project offers a way to give children what they have been missing, perhaps some a�en�on to their physical or musical needs could be made.
Figure 4.4 below and its template (Template 4.7 (h�ps://media.thuze.com/MediaService/MediaService.svc/constella�on/book/AUECE430.13.1/{pdfs}temp_4.7.pdf) ) will allow you to insert some physical or music ac�vi�es or expand on those already suggested so that they become more physical or include music.
Our final model of integra�on returns us to the nested curriculum, but in this case, it involves nes�ng one subject or skill across the en�re curriculum. In other words, rather than nest a skill or subject within a single curriculum, the teacher inserts it across most, or all, subjects. Assessment of children's skills during the teaching of a theme or unit, or as the result of required tes�ng, might be responsible for iden�fying a widespread need. Nes�ng in this manner can be a powerful way to address any subject or skill that is in need of emphasis or strengthening, par�cularly because it can be seen as a natural part of learning. For example, oral language and literacy are employed in this way when teachers
read stories related to any topic currently under study.
foster drama�c play related to a study topic.
assign math problems that require reading.
have children dictate science stories, or let them write on their own.
sing with children.
One area of the curriculum that is o�en neglected or pushed aside is physical educa�on or movement. Yet physical educa�on is cri�cal to the educa�on of the whole child, not only for children's health, but also for influences on the other areas of development. When it seems difficult to find �me for movement experiences, one way to make them happen is to incorporate them into the wider curriculum. Two physical educators and researchers (Payne & Rink, 1997) agree with this point:
Because movement is concrete and ac�ve in nature, cri�cal concepts from other content areas, such as shape, design, spa�al awareness, math principals [sic], or le�ers of the alphabet, are easily integrated into learning experiences. In addi�on, movement experiences are abundant with opportuni�es to help children be crea�ve and develop problem‐solving skills. (p. 160)
The following curriculum web, shown in Figure 4.4, is adapted from Payne and Rink's work (1997) and demonstrates some opportuni�es for nes�ng physical educa�on across the curriculum. Your Turn: One Subject or Skill across the Curriculum is an opportunity to use the same basic web to incorporate a subject or skill across the en�re curriculum.
Figure 4.4: Curriculum web for nes�ng physical educa�on across the curriculum
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French educators express the importance of movement for socializa�on and self‐ expression.
Adapted from Payne, V. & Rink, J. (1997). Physical educa�on in the developmentally appropriate integrated curriculum. In C. Hart, D. Burts, & R. Charlesworth (Eds.), Integrated curriculum and developmentally appropriate prac�ce: Birth to age eight. Albany: State University of New York Press.
YOUR TURN: One Subject or Skill across the Curriculum
Perhaps you have a favorite subject you would like to emphasize for this exercise, or a skill that you think is important. Consider crea�ng this web twice, once for preschool and once for kindergarten or the primary grades. Are there ac�vi�es that would work in both? Are there others that are developmentally appropriate for only one web? Template 4.7 (h�ps://media.thuze.com/MediaService/MediaService.svc/constella�on/book/AUECE430.13.1/{pdfs}temp_4.7.pdf) provides li�le direc�on other than the format, because you will be choosing the subject or skill and the areas of the curriculum it will cross.
ECE in Mo�on: Helping Them Flourish/Socializa�on and Motor Skill Development
Cri�cal Thinking Ques�ons
What benefits, besides social ones, are there to teaching children movement?
How does motor skill development help foster and improve a child's self‐ image and sense of fulfillment?
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Chapter Summary This chapter has provided some prac�cal ways to apply what has been presented in this text's first three chapters. The materials from figures, templates, and planning boxes can be used and adapted for future teaching.
Considera�on when crea�ng curricula should be given to assessment, connec�ons to models, curriculum context and long‐term goals, developmentally appropriate prac�ce, diverse needs, environment, family involvement, goals and objec�ves for the specific curriculum, instruc�onal materials, legal requirements, management and guidance, and methods of teaching. They do not all need to be considered for every plan.
Single subjects can be enriched by nes�ng skills.
A curriculum can be integrated through the use of themes and units.
A curriculum can be integrated through child‐ or teacher‐ini�ated projects.
Structure in a project is created as a class decides what it wants to research.
A single subject or skill can be integrated across the en�re curriculum.
Reflec�ons and Cri�cal Thinking 1. There are, in this chapter, a dozen issues listed as important in curriculum development. Which do you think are the top three? Why?
2. Are any of the 12 issues unimportant in your opinion? Why?
3. You no doubt no�ced that the curriculum examples given throughout the chapter did not a�end, at least in a no�ceable way, to all of the issues. In your opinion, could the examples have been improved upon by the addi�on of other issues? Describe which ones and why.
4. Of the various formats (templates) for planning, which one(s) do you think you will use most o�en in your own teaching? Explain why you think this will be the case.
5. What do you think will be the most challenging aspects of curriculum planning in your career? What will be the most enjoyable?
Websites for Further Teaching Assistance Project Learning Tree. According to its website, Project Learning Tree is "an award‐winning environmental educa�on program designed for teachers
and other educators, parents, and community leaders working with youth from preschool through grade 12." Click on "Curriculum" to find many ways to infuse environmental concepts into preschool and primary curricula. www.plt.org (h�p://www.plt.org)
PBS Teachers Early Childhood. This website for teachers from preschool through grade 2 provides ideas for thema�c units and ar�cles on the subject of curriculum integra�on. There are also �ps for sharing such ideas with parents and families. www.pbs.org/teachers (h�p://www.pbs.org/teachers)
Chapter 4 Flashcards
Templates From This Chapter
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Click on each template to download the pdf.
Template 4.1 (h�ps://media.thuze.com/MediaService/MediaService.svc/constella�on/book/AUECE430.13.1/{pdfs}temp_4.1.pdf)
Template 4.2 (h�ps://media.thuze.com/MediaService/MediaService.svc/constella�on/book/AUECE430.13.1/{pdfs}temp_4.2.pdf)
Template 4.3 (h�ps://media.thuze.com/MediaService/MediaService.svc/constella�on/book/AUECE430.13.1/{pdfs}temp_4.3.pdf)
Template 4.4 (h�ps://media.thuze.com/MediaService/MediaService.svc/constella�on/book/AUECE430.13.1/{pdfs}temp_4.4.pdf)
Template 4.5 (h�ps://media.thuze.com/MediaService/MediaService.svc/constella�on/book/AUECE430.13.1/{pdfs}temp_4.5.pdf)
Template 4.6 (h�ps://media.thuze.com/MediaService/MediaService.svc/constella�on/book/AUECE430.13.1/{pdfs}temp_4.6.pdf)
Template 4.7 (h�ps://media.thuze.com/MediaService/MediaService.svc/constella�on/book/AUECE430.13.1/{pdfs}temp_4.7.pdf)
Key Terms Click on each key term to see the defini�on.
fragmented curriculum model (h�p://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUECE430.13.1/sec�ons/cover/books/AUECE430.13.1/sec�ons/cover/books/AUECE430.13.1/sec�ons/cover/books/AUECE430.13.1/sec�ons/cover/books/AUECE430.13.1/sec�ons/cover#)
A curriculum model in which the focus is on a single sub ject. Also known as a dispersed model.
immersed curriculum model (h�p://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUECE430.13.1/sec�ons/cover/books/AUECE430.13.1/sec�ons/cover/books/AUECE430.13.1/sec�ons/cover/books/AUECE430.13.1/sec�ons/cover/books/AUECE430.13.1/sec�ons/cover#)
A curriculum model in which the class (or a single child) focuses on a topic of inquiry that o�en incorporates more than a single subject.
nested curriculum model (h�p://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUECE430.13.1/sec�ons/cover/books/AUECE430.13.1/sec�ons/cover/books/AUECE430.13.1/sec�ons/cover/books/AUECE430.13.1/sec�ons/cover/books/AUECE430.13.1/sec�ons/cover#)
A curriculum model in which skills are inserted into a single academic subject.
themed curriculum model (h�p://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUECE430.13.1/sec�ons/cover/books/AUECE430.13.1/sec�ons/cover/books/AUECE430.13.1/sec�ons/cover/books/AUECE430.13.1/sec�ons/cover/books/AUECE430.13.1/sec�ons/cover#)
A curriculum model that involves a collec�on of learning expe riences related to a single theme. It may or may not include integra�on of more than one academic subject.
webbed curriculum model (h�p://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUECE430.13.1/sec�ons/cover/books/AUECE430.13.1/sec�ons/cover/books/AUECE430.13.1/sec�ons/cover/books/AUECE430.13.1/sec�ons/cover/books/AUECE430.13.1/sec�ons/cover#)
A curriculum model in which a single theme or topic is inte grated across two or more subjects.